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Scuola Normale Superiore Di Pisa Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Classe di Scienze Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie Ecole´ Doctorale de Sciences Math´ematiques de Paris Centre Laboratoire de Probabilit´es et Mod`eles Al´eatoires Pathwise functional calculus and applications to continuous-time finance Calcul fonctionnel non-anticipatif et application en finance Candia Riga Tesi di perfezionamento in Matematica per la Finanza Th`ese de doctorat de Math´ematiques Dirig´epar Rama Cont, co-dirig´epar Sara Biagini Rapporteurs: Hans F¨ollmer et St´ephane Cr´epey arXiv:1602.04523v1 [math.PR] 14 Feb 2016 Pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le 26/06/2015, devant un jury compos´ede: Ambrosio Luigi Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Examinateur Biagini Sara Universit`adi Pisa Co-Directeur Cont Rama Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie Directeur Cr´epey St´ephane Universit´ed’Evry Rapporteur Marmi Stefano Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Examinateur Tankov Peter Universit´eDenis Diderot Examinateur ii Abstract This thesis develops a mathematical framework for the analysis of con- tinuous-time trading strategies which, in contrast to the classical setting of continuous-time finance, does not rely on stochastic integrals or other prob- abilistic notions. Using the recently developed ‘non-anticipative functional calculus’, we first develop a pathwise definition of the gain process for a large class of continuous-time trading strategies which include the important class of delta- hedging strategies, as well as a pathwise definition of the self-financing con- dition. Using these concepts, we propose a framework for analyzing the perfor- mance and robustness of delta-hedging strategies for path-dependent deriva- tives across a given set of scenarios. Our setting allows for general path- dependent payoffs and does not require any probabilistic assumption on the dynamics of the underlying asset, thereby extending previous results on ro- bustness of hedging strategies in the setting of diffusion models. We obtain a pathwise formula for the hedging error for a general path-dependent deriva- tive and provide sufficient conditions ensuring the robustness of the delta hedge. We show in particular that robust hedges may be obtained in a large class of continuous exponential martingale models under a vertical convexity condition on the payoff functional. Under the same conditions, we show that discontinuities in the underlying asset always deteriorate the hedging perfor- mance. These results are applied to the case of Asian options and barrier options. iii iv Abstract The last chapter, independent of the rest of the thesis, proposes a novel method, jointly developed with Andrea Pascucci and Stefano Pagliarani, for analytical approximations in local volatility models with L´evy jumps. The main result is an expansion of the characteristic function in a local L´evy model, which is worked out in the Fourier space by consid´ering the adjoint formulation of the pricing problem. Combined with standard Fourier meth- ods, our result provides efficient and accurate pricing formulae. In the case of Gaussian jumps, we also derive an explicit approximation of the transition density of the underlying process by a heat kernel expansion; the approxi- mation is obtained in two ways: using PIDE techniques and working in the Fourier space. Numerical tests confirm the effectiveness of the method. Sommario Questa tesi sviluppa un approccio ‘per traiettorie’ alla modellizzazione dei mercati finanziari in tempo continuo, senza fare ricorso a delle ipotesi probabilistiche o a dei modelli stocastici. Lo strumento principale utilizzato in questa tesi `eil calcolo funzionale non-anticipativo, una teoria analitica che sostituisce il calcolo stocastico solitamente utilizzato in finanza matematica. Cominciamo nel Capitolo 1 introducendo la teoria di base del calcolo fun- zionale non-anticipativo e i suoi principali risultati che utilizzeremo nel corso della tesi. Il Capitolo 2 mostra in dettaglio la versione probabilistica di tale calcolo, soprannominata Calcolo di Itˆofunzionale, e mostra come essa per- metta di estendere i risultati classici sulla valutazione e la replicazione dei derivati finanziari al caso di opzioni dipendenti dalla traiettoria dei prezzi. Inoltre illustriamo la relazione tra le equazioni alle derivate parziali con coef- ficienti dipendenti dal cammino e le equazioni differenziali stocastiche ‘back- ward’. Infine prendiamo in consid´erazione altre nozioni deboli di soluzione a tali equazioni alle derivate parziali dipendenti dal cammino, utilizzate nella letteratura nel caso in cui non esistano soluzioni classiche. In seguito, nel Capitolo 3, costruiamo un modello di mercato finanziario in tempo continuo, senza ipotesi probabilistiche e con un orizzonte tempo- rale finito, dove i tempi di transazione sono rappresentati da una sequenza crescente di partizioni temporali, il cui passo converge a 0. Identifichiamo le traiettorie ‘plausibili’ con quelle che possiedono una variazione quadratica finita, nel senso di F¨ollmer, lungo tale sequenza di partizioni. Tale condizione di plausibilit`asull’insieme dei cammini ammissibili rispetta il punto di vista v vi Sommario delle condizioni ‘per traiettorie’ di non-arbitraggio. Completiamo il quadro introducendo una nozione ‘per traiettorie’ di strate- gie auto-finanzianti su un insieme di traiettorie di prezzi. Queste strategie sono definite come limite di strategie semplici e auto-finanzianti, i cui tempi di transizione appartengono alla sequenza di partizioni temporali fissata. Iden- tifichiamo una classe speciale di strategie di trading che dimostriamo essere auto-finanzianti e il cui guadagno pu`oessere calcolato traiettoria per traiet- toria come limite di somme di Riemann. Inoltre, presentiamo un risultato di replicazione per traiettorie e una formula analitica esplicita per stimare l’errore di replicazione. Infine, definiamo una famiglia di operatori integrali indicizzati sui cammini come delle isometrie tra spazi normati completi. Il Capitolo 4 utilizza questo quadro teorico per proporre un’analisi per traiettorie delle strategie di replicazione dinamica. Ci interessiamo in par- ticolare alla robustezza della loro performance nel caso della replicazione di derivati dipendenti dalla traiettoria dei prezzi e monitorati in tempo con- tinuo. Supponiamo che l’agente di mercato utilizzi un modello di martingala esponenziale di quadrato integrabile per calcolare il prezzo e il portafoglio di replicazione; analizziamo quindi la performance della strategia di delta- hedging quando viene applicata alla traiettoria realizzata dei prezzi del sot- tostante piuttosto che a una dinamica stocastica. Innanzitutto, consid´eriamo il caso in cui disponiamo di un funzionale di prezzo regolare e mostriamo che la replicazione tramite delta-hedging `ero- busta se la derivata verticale seconda del funzionale di prezzo ha lo stesso segno della differenza tra la volatilit`adel modello e la volatilit`arealizzata dei prezzi di mercato. Otteniamo cos`ıuna formula esplicita per l’errore di replicazione data una traiettoria. Questa formula `el’analogo per traietto- rie del risultato ottenuto da EL Karoui et al (1997) e la generalizza al caso dipendente dalla traiettoria, senza ricorrere a delle ipotesi probabilistiche o alla propiet`adi Markov circa la dinamica reale dei prezzi di mercati. Pre- sentiamo infine delle codizioni sufficienti affinch´eil funzionale di valutazione abbia la regolarit`arichiesta per tali risultati sullo spazio dei cammini con- vii tinui. Questi risultati permettono di analizzare la robustezza delle strategie di replicazione dinamica. Forniamo una condizione sufficiente sul funzionale di payoff che assicura la positivit`adella derivata verticale seconda del fun- zionale di prezzo, ovvero la convessit`adi una certa funzione reale. Analiz- ziamo ugualmente il contributo di salti della traiettoria dei prezzi all’errore di replicazione ottenuto agendo sul mercato secondo la strategia di delta- hedging. Osserviamo che le discontinuit`adeteriorano la performance della replicazione. Nel caso speciale di un modello Black-Scholes generalizzato uti- lizzato dall’agente, se il derivato venduto ha un payoff monitorato a tempo discreto, allora il funzionale di prezzo `e localmente regolare su tutto lo spazio dei cammini continui stoppati e le sue derivate, verticale e orizzontale, sono date in forma esplicita. consid´eriamo anche il caso di un modello con volatilit`adipendente dalla traiettoria dei prezzi, il modello Hobson-Rogers, e mostriamo come il problema di pricing sia anche in quel caso riconducibile all’equazione di pricing universale introdotta nel secondo capitolo. Infine, mostriamo qualche esempio di applicazione della nostra analisi, precisamente la replicazione di opzioni asiatiche e barriera. L’ultimo capitolo `euno studio indipendente dal resto della tesi, svilup- pato insieme ad Andrea Pascucci e Stefano Pagliarani, in cui proponiamo un nuovo metodo di approssimazione analatica in modelli a volatilit`alocale con salti di tipo L´evy. Il risultato principale `eun’espansione in serie della funzione caratteristica in un modello di L´evy locale, ottenuta nello spazio di Fourier consid´erando la formulazione aggiunta del problema di ‘pricing’. Congiuntamente ai metodi di Fourier standard, il nostro risultato fornisce for- mule di ‘pricing’ efficienti e accurate. Nel caso di salti gaussiani, deriviamo anche un’approssimazione esplicita della densit`adi transizione del processo sottostante tramite un’espansione con nucleo del calore; tale approssimazione `eottenuta in due modi: usando tecniche PIDE
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