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' fol·m·.~ '10. 300 tRe• 10. 741 tt:1E~~ . 9: SOCIET'(~~D SOC!f'l·~ONSCIENCE, 9a- American Ways of life
N ITI:I> S r ATLS DI:.PA K I Ml- 1 01· 1'111:. INTI:.KIOK lfOlt NPS USE ONLY · NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF IUSTORIC PLACES AECEivtQ INVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORM O~TE ENTERED
SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS TYPE All ENTRIES ·- COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS
HISTORIC I • T. Montgomery Hause ANDt OR COMMON I • T. Montgomery Hause IJLOCATION
STREET & NUMBER West Main Street _ NOT FOR PUB LICA fiON CitY TOWN CQI)IGQESSIQN~L OIS,Tf\ICT
'I ' 'I . ,...... Vlf\N!JY.OF ' I .. , .. Second . STATE ~:.QIJ NTY CODE oUIIVOr '011 IICLASSIFICATION
CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE _ DISTRICT _ PUBLIC ~ OCCUPIED _ AGRICUUURE - MUSEUM ~BUILDINGIS) ~PRIVATE - UNOCCUPIED . COMM ERCIAL _ PARK STRUCTURE _ BOTH _ WORK IN PROGRES~ EDUCATIONAL ~P AIVA TE RESIDENCE _ SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE ENTERTAINMENT __ RELIGIOUS _ OBJECT _ IN PROCESS K. YES RESTRICTED _ GOVERNME NT _ SCIENTIFIC _ BEING CONSIDERED -- YES UNRESTRICTED _ INDUSTRi a L _ TRANSPORTATION •• NO _ MILITARY _ oTHER Dormitory DOWNER OF PROPERTY
NAME Mr. Henry Chapma_n..LChief Grand ~cr~~ - --s-TR-E-,EI:-:-N -:U-,M7B E::::R:-· Knights & Daughters of Tabor, Post Office Drawer G
Cl 1 ~ TOWN STATE Maund Ba au _ v1c1N1TY oF Mississi LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION
COURTHOUSE REG ISTR Y OF DEEDS, ET C cirCUit clerk STREET & NUMBER Bolivar Caun Courthouse ~~~------~ST~A~TE~------CITY TOWN Cleveland Mississippi II REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITlE None Known DATE _ FEDERAL -STATE _ COU NTY _ LOC AL ----D~E~P-::-OS~IT::::O~R-Y::::FO~R------
SURVEY RE CORDS
---~CI ~TY-:T::::O-:W-:N------·------ST_A_TF______· · · ~~-~IGNIFICANCE
PER IOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE -- CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW _ PREHISTORIC _ARCHEULUuY-PREHISTORIC ~CO MM UNITY PLA NNING _ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTU RE _ RELIGION _ 1400-1499 _ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC _ CO NSER VATI ON _ LAW _ SCI ENCE _ 1500-1599 _AGRICULTU RE _ ECONOMICS _ LITERATURE _SCU LPTU RE • _ 1600-1699 _ARCHITECTURE _ EDUCATI ON _ M ILITARY _SOC IA UHUMANITARIAN _ 1700-1799 _ART _ f: NGINEERING _ MUSIC _THEATER ~ 1800-1899 _ CO MMERCE ~ EX P LO R ATI ON / S E TI LEMEN T _ PH ILOSOPH Y _ TRANSPORTATION _ 1900 _ CO MMUNICA liONS _ INDUSTRY _ PO LI TICS/ GOVE RNMENT ~OTHER !SPECIFY) _ INVENTION Afro-American History
SPECIFIC DATES 1887 BUILDER/ ARCHITECT Not Known
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
Located in the Mississippi Delta region of Bolivar County, the town of Mound Bayou was one of a number of black settlements which was established during the post-Reconstruction period. It represents one of many important attempts by blacks of that era to establish independent communities in which they could exercise self-government.
The present town of Mound Bayou had its inception in a former settlement. Isaiah Thornton Montgomery and his cousin Benjamin Green were the slaves of the family of the Confederate President Jefferson Davis. As an alternative to the institution of slavery, it was Jefferson Davis' idea that blacks be isolated on their own settlements. At the conclusion of the Civil War, in 1865, an actual settlement was established on the former Jefferson plantation of Brierfield at Davis' Bend, twenty miles south of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River. The settlement survived for eighteen years. How ever, because of the problem of recurring floods of the Mississippi, the relatives and friends of Montgomery and Green, all of whom were former slaves of the Davis plantation, abandoned the small settlement and moved to Vicksburg where they awaited another opportunity to establish their own community.
The Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railroad was granted a large tract of land in the state. This grant was made to encourage the development of agriculture, trade and commerce in the fertile delta along the Mississippi River from Memphis to Vicksburg. As a result, fruition was given to the establishment of Mound Bayou. It was the belief of railroad company officials that only members of the black race had the ability to adapt to life in a semi-tropical climate which was conducive to maleria. The assistance of Isaiah Montgomery was sought in soliciting black workers. He, realizing the possibilities that it offered for another attempt at black self-government, began an immediate investigation of its feasability. He finally decided upon the site of the present town of Mound Bayou, named for a large Indian Mound, located at the site of the convergence of two bayous which drained the region.
Many of the settlers of the former colony came to Mound Bayou in July 1887, and began to carve a town out of the wilderness and swampland. It was the inspiration of Montgomery that caused other blacks from Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia to join the effort. These settlers had one common motivation: they wished to live free froro the annoying and unnecessary restraints imposed by continued residence to basic concepts of universal equality. ..
Form No ·10-300a ·(Rev 10 · 7.41 UNITl:.OSI'AILSOLP/\Rl~l! :--.101 I'IILI~ILRIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED • NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED
CONTINUATiON SrlEET SIGNIFICANCE ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGEJWO
The prosperity Mound Bayou experienced, almost from its inception, was attributed to its location along the railroad. Communication was facilitated by trade with other regions of the country by the railroad. Its location in the fertile Mississippi Delta region allowed Mound Bayou to produce cotton on a scale greater than that of any other region in the state.
Under the leadership of Montgomery, Mound Bayou by the turn of the century had developed into one of the mostprosperoL.fi and thriving communities in the state. In 1904, the Bank of Mound Bayou was founded by John Francis and Charles Banks. Its rapid growth necessitated the amendment of its original d-arter to increase its capital from $10,000 to $25,000. By 1907, the largest enterprise of its kind in the state, the Mound Bayou Oil Mill and Manufacturing Company was erected at an investment cost of $100,000.
Finally, in 1912, Mound Bayou's petition to Mississippi Governor Earl Brewer for a town charter and status as a town was immediately accepted. The charter established an aldermanic form of government with a mayor, town marshall, and five aldermen as the elected officials. Throughout most of the town's history, these positions have been held by black men and women.
In the realm of education, teaching and learning played a significant role from the town's beginning. In 1892, the two co-founders, Isaiah Montgomery and Benjamin Green, recognizing the importance of schools, donated a tract of land for educational purposes. Montgomery's sister, Mary, a former student of Oberlin College, was the town's first teacher giving instruction in her home. The American Missionary Association joined with Montgomery and Green in their efforts and for twenty years the organization assisted them by sending money, supplies and teachers to what soon became known as the Mound Bayou Normal and Industrial Institute. Professor B. F. Ousley was the first principal, serving in that capacity for more than sixteen years.
Finally, in 1920, the school was enlarged into the Mound Bayou Consolidated Public School. It was the only school for black children in the county. Moving into a three-story, fireproof trick building with sixteen well-equipped classrooms, an auditorium, the school had an enroll ment of 850 students. The school's first two principals, Professor J. M. Mosley and Professor John H. Powell, were graduates of Alcorn College in Lorman, Mississippi. In addition to the conventional diploma-granting curriculum, the high school soon offered vocational training in the industrial arts, agriculture, stenography, typing and bookkeeping.
By the turn of the century, Mound Bayou had begun massive improvements in its physical appearance. Numerous shops, stores, fraternal buildings, institutional buildings and private residences were con~tructed. It was likewise during this period, 1910, that the Isaiah T. Montgomery house was constructed. This house stands typical of the progress and the development of the town. .. . ·Fern) No 10-300a . ·:Rev .10 741 lJN lri · D S I A II SL>I.PA KI \11~ 1 01 1111 · 1. IIRIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NA fiONAL PA RK SE RVICE RECE IVED NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY-- NOMINATION FORM ~IE ENTERED
CONTI NUAiiON SHEET SIGNIFICANCE ITEM NUMBER 8 PAGE THREE
It was through the direct efforts of 1. T. Montgomery, who was founder and first mayor of the town, which inspired and helped lead the town to its productive years. Montgomery possessed a diversified background with experience in accounting, real estate and civil engineering--not to include his effectiveness as a politician. Montgomery was most active in the Republican Party, and he represented Bolivar County in the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890. Having vested interests in real estate, Montgomery grew in this black community, to be one of the wealthiest men in this county, black or white. Isaiah T. Montgomery died in 1924 leaving a legacy of industrious leadership. Through his successful accomplishments during the post-Reconstruction era, he negated the accepted postulate that blacks were incapable of independent community development and self-government.
@ . ' , .• :DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE
_ EXCELLENT _ DETERIORATED UNAL fER ED X ORIGINAl Sll ~ _ GOOD _ RUINS ~ALTERED MOVED DAII .>£.F AIR ._ UNEXPOSED • DESCRIB E THE PR ESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN ) PHY SICA L A PPEA IMNCE:
The house is a 1910 red brick structure of two stories over a full above-grade basement, irregular in plan, with hipped roof and gables over projections. The front has a spacious porch with square Doric columns resting on brick piers extending to grade, and is reached by a wide flight of masonry steps. The windows are single light double-hung wooden sash. The double front doors have a transom, full width of the opening. The com ice is of simple treatment consisting of frieze board and extended eaves board •
• Form No' 10 -JOOa ' ':Rev 1"0 -74) . . UNITI::OSrA·Il:SOl:PAKI:\11 t\1 01 nJLif'lli·KIOR FOR NPS USE ONLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY·· NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED
CONTI N U AIION .:; riEET BIBLIOGRAPHY ITEM NUMBER II 9 PAGE TWO
Lee, G. A. "Mound Bayou, the Negro City of Mississippi," The Voice of the Negro. January, 1906.
"Mound Bayou, Mississippi." Crisis, V. 36, June, 1929, p. 201.
Mound Bayou, Bol ivor County, Mississippi. New York, Trio Press. .. I 1 # '-: ,. .~ --- j . ·I· ...... - .--- I ~ -···0 L·\ ·"',I''!i \ '\',, .I J. -· I ''S • .. . .tl ." ",·. II • 11M : t. · : ~ • -.j I I -- I ' ' f \ \ 1, - :! ! '• ' '1. 31 ." '· ~ ...; -J .. - -~- · ~--~-.;,! 1, 45 I - ''''' ---=r, . ··---~- -... _·J ·=,.;,_;.-- .. 3 t, - .· .. ,- . 0 ••'' \ '· - . n~ " . '"-' ·-- ..0 •;, "- -- II I \ I. T. Montgomery House ' I U.S .G .S. 7.51 series mop T 2~ N~ I 230.0!)_0 . _ Mound Bayou, Mississippi Quadrangle ~(El . ,,., 1- "',. .· i ' I,,~ J UT M: 15/71 0070/3750650 I , • N I 33 .52'30" L_ ' · ll l ____ JO"•IS' 0'1 1---- 42'30" ·------~~--~----L----~£1 11 113 I J'Vlap:J'!d ed 1ted and oubl1shed 28! .,cF' SCALE . ll'J.~ Co'ltrol oy USGS and USC&GS \ '\ "C'1 ; -:-r ·~-c, r ~ · 1 I 7T~·. ~-- 1"7"' I v<,.,'b., P',"'>•r.->et•v by oh otoararnrnctroc methods 'rom acnal nhotographs *IMN I : 0<'0 0 I 000 2000 ,q'i' ' taken I ')64 fc 1 . d.t ·· ''·•· • :-we 11,. '\t·ll'• lt-d f.:nr:C' '" cl t pl d ltnPs ~Ahcrc o: I " A loy Vl>lhl•• on o l'~floll phnlor,rophs, 1 h1~ 1nfNmat10n IS unchecked UTM CRID ANO 19'-6 MAG NET IC NORrH DCCLINATION AI CEN I[R OF SHEET THIS MAP CO MPLIES WllH NAll1 FOR SALE BY U . S. GEOLOGICAL ® A FO LDER DESCRIBING TOPOGRAPHIC MAP ~ , . ""' I • ' I)MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Banks, Charles. Negro Town and Colony, Mound Bayou, Bolivar County, Mississippi: Opportunities Open to Negro Farmers and Settlers. Mound Bayou, Mississippi: Demonstrator Print. The Founding of Mound Ba ou, Bolivar Count , Mississi Semi-centennial Celebration, Ju y • C eve an : eve and Enterprise, (PARTIAL LISTING) [liJGEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACRFAGf OF NOMINATED PROPER IV _lli tb.Qll_ qrle acre UTM REFERENCES Al.!2J 171l~O!O?~OI 13.715,oJu15,0! B~ Jj,j I I I I I I ZONE EASTING NORTHING ZONE EASTING NORTHING cLLJ U 1 I 1 1 I I , I 1 I 1 1 I Dl.J.j I I 1 I I I I I I I VERBAL BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION The I. T. Montgomery House sits on a city lot in Mound Bayou, Mississippi. From the point of intersection of the south property line, the house faces east, and N\ain Street, proceed west along this line about 90', then proceed north, along a rear fenceline, a distance of about 60', then east to a point of intersection with West Main Street, then south to the point of origin. LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES STATE CODE COUNTY CODE STATE CODE COUNTY CODf m~ORM PREPARED BY NAME I TITLE Lynne Gomez Graves, Historical Projects Director ORGANIZATION ------D-A-TE------Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation 30 October 1975 STREET & NUMBER TELEPHONE 1420 N Street Northwest CITY OR TOWN STATE Washington D.C. lflSTATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER CERTIFICATION THE EVALUATED SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE IS NATIONAL_ STATE __ LOCAL __ As the desrgnated State Hrstonc Preservatron Offrcer for the Nat ronal Hrstonc Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665). I hereby nomrnate this property for 1nclus1on 1n the National Reg1ster and certify that 11 has been. evaluated according to the cntena and procedures set forth by the National Park Servrce FEDERAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE TITLE DATE FOR NPS USE ONLY ., . I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS PROPERTY IS INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OATE DIRECTOR. OFFICE OF ARCHEOLOGY AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATTEST DATE KEEPER OFTHE NATIONAL REGISTER • I. T. Montgomery House, ~1ound Bayou, Mississippi Photo by Floyd Bailey for the ABC 1974 East facade looking west