Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2018.04.04 Accepted: 2018.08.15 Volume 19, Issue 6, November 2018, pages 65–74 Published: 2018.11.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/91879 Estimating Environmental Impact Potential of Small Scale Fish Processing Using Life Cycle Assessment Rahayu Siwi Dwi Astuti1, Hady Hadiyanto1,2* 1 Master Program of Environmental Studies, School of Postgraduate Studies Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 2 Chemical Engineering Departement, Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Post-harvest handling / processing of fishery commodities requires large amounts of water and energy to overcome their perishable properties. Water is needed as raw/auxiliary material and to ensure that the production process and its environment meet the sanitary and hygiene principles. Meanwhile, large amount of energy is required for the transportation of raw materials and products, cold chain system during the process and operations of processing machines. They contribute towards the environmental impact of fish processing. This study used life cycle assess- ment to estimate the potential environmental impact of small scale mackerel fish processing. The results showed that the fish processing has contributed to 0.079 kg SO2 eq acidification potential, 9.66 kg CO2 eq climate chang- GWP 100, 0.02 kg PO4 eq Eutrophication-generic, 0.17 kg 1.4 DCB eq human toxicity-HTP inf, and 0.0015 kg ethylene eq photochemical oxidation-high NOx. Wastewater treatment implementation simulation showed elimi- nation of direct emissions that contribute to eutrophication and increasing the potential of other process associated with energy consumption. Keyword: wastewater treatment, fish processing, life cycle assessment INTRODUCTION phosphate and high amount of nitrates (Duangpa- seuth et al., 2010). Energy is used to operate ma- The life cycle of a fishery product begins chinery, produce ice, heating, cooling and drying with the capture. When fish are removed from the (Arvanitoyannis & Kassaveti 2008). ocean, cold chain systems and sanitation guaran- Considering the high amount of organic tees are required. The perishable nature of fishery material, an effective method for treating the commodities requires hygienic and cold chain industrial waste is a biological treatment, but it conditions for their handling. As a consequence, must be conducted under optimum conditions the handling process need large amount of water (Sunny & Mathai 2013). One of the wastewa- and energy, and in turn produce large volumes of ter treatment methods of food industry that wastewater as well (Hall & Kose 2014). Hall and contain high amount of organic matter is an- Kose (2014) describe four common problems of aerobic-aerobic biofilter method. This method sustainability in fisheries processing technology, is believed to have high waste degradation ef- which include energy consumption, water con- ficiency, reach up to 95%. Integration of these sumption, waste control and by-product develop- two methods, in addition to providing better re- ment. Water usage in the pretreatment stage in- sults, can also reduce the energy consumption cludes the process of handling fresh fish storage, and sludge production (Sunny & Mathai 2013, weeding process as well as cleaning equipment Said 2017). At the anaerobic stage, the organic and work area (Doorn et al. 2006, Duangpaseuth pollutants in the waste water are decomposed et al., 2010). The generated wastewater contains into CO2 gas without energy use, but ammonia organic matter (fat, protein and suspended solids), and H2S are not removed. Furthermore, the un- 65 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(6), 2018 organized organic material remains, described 1. Identification of the opportunities to im- in the aerobic stage, in which the organic ma- prove the environmental aspects of a product terial is decomposed into CO2 and water, am- throughout its lifecycle, monia to nitrite and subsequently nitrates, and 2. Decision making in industry or organization H2S into sulfate (Said 2017). 3. Marketing (e.g. providing support in the form The decomposition process at the anaerobic of claims for environmental performance) stage involves 4 groups of bacteria, namely hy- drolytic bacteria, fermentative acidogen bacteria, The scope of the LCA study on a system of acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic bacteria. fishery products includes pre-manufacture, manu- These four bacteria convert organic matter into facture, packaging and distribution, and end use. The assessment can be based on the energy and CH4 and CO2, as well as a little NH3, H2 and H2S (Said 2017). At the aerobic stage, the bacterial water consumption and waste production. The metabolism process breaks down organic materi- six common categories of environmental im- pacts in LCA of the fisheries industries are global als into a simple form of CO2, H2O, oxide com- pounds such as nitrates, sulfates, phosphates and warming, acidification, eutrophication, ozone the formation of new cell mass. In general, the depletion, land use and photochemical smog reaction is (Said 2017): (Hall & Kose 2014). Energy consumption in pre-manufacturing Organic compounds + O à CO + H O + 2 2 2 stage is the use of fuel in the process of fish + new cells + energy catching and transporting from the landing site The main processes used in wastewater treat- to a fish processing plant. The formulas to es- ment to reduce nitrogen are nitrification and deni- timate emission of a fishing vessel energy con- trification, involving autotrophic bacteria. During sumption are provided in Boer, et al. (Rizaldi nitrification, ammonia is converted to nitrites by Boer et al., 2012). Meanwhile, the consump- nitrosomonas bacteria; then, nitrites are con- tion of electrical energy is related to the indirect verted to nitrate by nitrobacterial bacteria. In this emissions generated. The emission was estimat- process, N2O can be produced even if it is not an ed using Widiyanto, et al. (Widiyanto, Kato, & intermediate product. The nitrification process re- Maruyana, 2003) models. quires a considerable amount of oxygen – 3.43 g Other environmental impacts connected to to oxidize nitrogen to nitrite, and 1.14 g to oxidize fisheries products system that deserve attention is nitrogen to nitrate (Said 2017, Snip 2010). the waste produced, both solid and wastewater. Denitrification occurs under anoxic condi- The proportion of solid waste depends on the pro- tions, where heterotrophic bacteria use nitrate, portion of the body of each species of fish and the nitrite, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide as electron type of product. The wastewater depends on the acceptor. In this process N2O becomes an inter- water volume used and fish processing method. mediate material. Thus, N2O can be produced and Generally, water is mostly used in fish washing released by the imperfect denitrification process and the process of maintaining sanitation and (Snip 2010, Said 2017). hygiene of machinery and equipment, as well as - - rooms and employees. The fish processing waste- NO3 à NO3 à NO à N2O à N2 (1) water contains contaminants in soluble, colloid A method used to assess potential environ- and particulate forms, high BOD content, fat, and mental impact of a fishery product system is Life mineral (Tay et al. 2004). Fish filleting can pro- Cycle Assessment (LCA). ISO 14040 1997 ex- duce 1–3 m3 of waste water with COD content of plains that LCA is a technique to assess the en- 4–15 kg (Arvanitoyannis & Kassaveti 2008). The vironmental aspects and potential impacts of a high organic matter released into the environment product. LCA is carried out throughout the prod- has the potential of causing eutrophication. uct life cycle, including raw material extraction, Life cycle processes of wastewater treatment production process, usage to waste disposal (cra- facility, as described previously, produce emis- dle to grave). The categories of environmental sions either directly due to biological processes or impact common to LCA are the use of resources, indirectly as a result of energy consumption. As- human health and ecological consequences. LCA sessment of the potential environmental impacts can be utilized in (International assessment – of the life cycle of some wastewater treatment Principles and framework, 1997): plants had been done in several places using the 66 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(6), 2018 LCA (Foley et al. 2010; Glick et al. 2005; Kal- Life Cycle Inventory bar et al. 2013; Snip 2010). Glick dan Guggemos (2013) used the LCA to estimate the environmen- The analysis was restricted to energy, water and raw fish consumption, excluding environ- tal impact of the manufacturing, construction, us- mental loads of other raw materials, packaging age and maintenance phase of the facility. plastics and transportation. The formulas to es- As previously described, the major emissions timate emissions from fuel consumption for sea generated in biological waste processing are CH , 4 transport, i.e. (Sunny et al. 2015) are as follows: CO2 and N2O. CH4 and N2O have high GWP val- ues, while the resulting CO2 is considered safe Tier-2: because it is biogenic origin. IPCC, 2001, noted (2) ∑ that CH4 has 23 value of GWP andTier N-22:O has 296 = × × values of GWP (Midgley et al. 2001). The aims of this study are to assess the en- where: = ∑ Emission = emission × of CO 2×, CH 4 or N2O vironmental impacts of amplang processing, and Fuel consumptionab = vessel fuel what are the potential environmental impacts consumption NK when a sewage treatment facility is implemented a = fuel caloric value a EFa = Emission factor of CO , CH or N O in an amplang product system. 2 4 2 according to fuel type (kg/TJ) (Table 1) a = fuel type (solar, IDO etc.) b = vessel / motor type RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Emissions per 1 kW of electrical energy gen- System boundary and functional unit erated were estimated using a model developed by Widiyanto et al. (2003) and shown in Table 2. The study was conducted at a fish processing SME in Kumai Sub-district in July 2017, using the secondary data obtained from SMEs and the Table 1.