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From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, pl From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, playful artifice, and surreal juxtaposition, together with a completely new conception of the work of art as a material thing. Collage quickly became essential to the idea of the modern, leaving its mark on almost every art movement since, from Dada and Constructivism, via Surrealism, Pop, and Situationism, to the digital techniques of today. This book, the first comprehensive survey of the technique, explores in full the theoretical implications and political messages behind the work of the past century, explaining how the process was intimately linked to other revolutions in art practice. It covers the many offshoots of collage, including assemblage, montage, photomontage, and decollage. Along the way it outlines a new vision of modern art springing from this most simple and democratic of techniques. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published June 17th by Thames Hudson first published November 1st More Details Original Title. Other Editions 1. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Collage , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Mar 09, Kevin rated it really liked it Shelves: artsy-graphic-esque , nonfiction-or-memoir. A pretty thorough though sometimes stiff and overly academic look at the history of collage art up until the 90s at least. Pretty great sampling of work. University of Southampton Institutional Repository. Collage: The Making of Modern Art. Thames and Hudson Ltd. Taylor, Brandon. Record type: Book. Abstract The book is the most complete account of a central technique of modern visual art, and the first to establish its many and fertile innovations. Full text not available from this repository. More information Published date: Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton, both members of the group, made ample use of the collage method. Paolozzi created collage-type scrapbooks while Hamilton juxtaposed all sorts of materials. My Marilyn from is made from oil paints and photographic sheets on panel. In the States, at the peak of the Vietnam war, Martha Rosler started creating photomontages reminiscent of John Heartfield, critiquing the military conflict and the complacency of the American consumer. Meanwhile, Rosalyn Drexler collaged pictures from B-movies and tabloids directly onto her canvases, and then painted over them in a very neat, flat style. This detailed and eclectic timeline of collage offers a deep insight into the important periods and artists in the history of collage art. Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of this article to discuss all the contributors to this artistic method. Yet it has become clear that collage has been telling the story of each different artistic generation and the world they experienced in fascinating ways. Today, many young artists continue to work with collage. It is a language of its own, a specific way of thinking, seeing, working and being. Young artists return to this world where they tear, rip, paste, work with their hands. Zoubok continues to note that collage can be understood as the foundation of the digital experience — its layering and interpolation are rooted in collage culture. Read our next chapter on collage to discover five extraordinary contemporary collage artists around the world working with the medium in innovative ways. Special thanks to Pavel Zoubok for the invaluable insight and information he provided during the research stages of this article. Art Movement: Cubism — Artland. Art Movement: Surrealism — Artland. Art Movement: Pop Art — Artland. Articles and Features. The History of Collage in Art. Constructivism and Suprematism. Matisse Cutouts. Yet she was still creating her own monumental abstractions in her head, she had a monumental vision on a very intimate scale. Collage in Post-War New York. California Collage. Collage in Pop Art. The Continuation of Collage. Relevant sources to learn more:. The History of Collage in Art - Tracing the Medium | Artland Magazine

Max Ernst blended the visual and the verbal in his collage novels from the late s. In , Louis Aragon organised an exhibition dedicated solely to collage at the Galerie Goemans. Man Ray and Picabia were included in this exhibition, even though they did not actually make collage but did work with the collage principle. It is the collage-type effect which produces the gap between these two. Soon after, in , he started a series called Spanish Dancer , three works in which he suddenly abandoned literal painting and instead stuck all kinds of objects to a non-canvas surface. In the late s, in the last decade of his life, Henri Matisse made a significant shift in his artistic methodology and turned to cut paper as his primary medium, using scissors as his tool. His new creations were called cut-outs. Using gouache paint, Matisse would colour sheets of paper and cut these sheets into different shapes and sizes. Often, they were inspired by the natural world — flowers and plants — and at other times they were abstract. Then, he arranged those different cut-outs into lively compositions. They started out modest in size, but over time they grew in scale, becoming as large as murals. The cut-out medium allowed Matisse to finally make the kind of monumental works he had wanted to make for a long time, transcending the confines of easel painting and working with a new type of free reign. The paper cut-outs could be pinned into place, easily rearranged, and seamlessly fused colour with his signature arabesque lines. His line drawing, he had once said, most directly translated his emotions. Now, with the cut-outs, his saw himself as drawing with scissors. It became the place where some of the most audacious, avant-garde art of the times was shown. Joseph Cornell is particularly interesting as a complex, shy figure who lived all his life with his mother and never had a formal art education. Yet, his Surrealist assemblage works housed in shallow wooden boxes were to make him one of the most important artists of the 20 th century working in collage and assemblage. It was around the time that Pollock was lost in his alcoholism and unable to paint that she retreated to her little studio and found solace in the cutting, tearing, and pasting of her collage work. Exhibiting alongside Krasner in was the collage artist Ann Ryan. Ryan had seen a Kurt Schwitters show in and became deeply inspired. Incredibly, Ryan rarely worked on a larger scale than postcard size. Yet she was still creating her own monumental abstractions in her head; she had a monumental vision on a very intimate scale. Californian art was therefore, in a sense, free to develop fully of its own accord. Collage and assemblage became important elements of this development. Clay Spohn, for example, who had studied under Fernand Leger in Paris in the s, made mixed media-works and assemblage from all kinds of found objects — scrap metal and other cast-off materials. Los Angeles after became a melting pot of cultures, and artists like Bertold Brecht and Man Ray even lived there for some time, bringing a touch of Europe and its avant-garde with them. Details if other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Collage by Brandon Taylor. From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, pl From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, playful artifice, and surreal juxtaposition, together with a completely new conception of the work of art as a material thing. Collage quickly became essential to the idea of the modern, leaving its mark on almost every art movement since, from Dada and Constructivism, via Surrealism, Pop, and Situationism, to the digital techniques of today. This book, the first comprehensive survey of the technique, explores in full the theoretical implications and political messages behind the work of the past century, explaining how the process was intimately linked to other revolutions in art practice. It covers the many offshoots of collage, including assemblage, montage, photomontage, and decollage. Along the way it outlines a new vision of modern art springing from this most simple and democratic of techniques. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published June 17th by Thames Hudson first published November 1st More Details Original Title. Other Editions 1. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Collage , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. It charts the connections of collage with neighbouring concepts such as montage, assemblage, and gives new information on artists from California to Moscow, with Western and Central Europe presented with a formidable range of artists, movements and styles. Downloads from ePrints over the past year. Other digital versions may also be available to download e. This repository has been built using EPrints software , developed at the University of Southampton, but available to everyone to use. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue without changing your settings, we will assume that you are happy to receive cookies on the University of Southampton website. University of Southampton Institutional Repository. Collage: The Making of Modern Art. Collage - Wikipedia

Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. Preview — Collage by Brandon Taylor. From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, pl From the seminal moment in when the young Picasso took a piece of brown card pasted with a "Magasins du Louvre" label and converted it into a new kind of picture, collage has been at the heart of modern art. Indeed, in seeking to transform the discarded scraps and residues of everyday life, the technique found extraordinary new opportunities for subversive rupture, playful artifice, and surreal juxtaposition, together with a completely new conception of the work of art as a material thing. Collage quickly became essential to the idea of the modern, leaving its mark on almost every art movement since, from Dada and Constructivism, via Surrealism, Pop, and Situationism, to the digital techniques of today. This book, the first comprehensive survey of the technique, explores in full the theoretical implications and political messages behind the work of the past century, explaining how the process was intimately linked to other revolutions in art practice. It covers the many offshoots of collage, including assemblage, montage, photomontage, and decollage. Along the way it outlines a new vision of modern art springing from this most simple and democratic of techniques. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published June 17th by Thames Hudson first published November 1st More Details Original Title. Other Editions 1. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about Collage , please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 3. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. September Pablo Picasso has just returned to Paris after an intensive working period with Georges Braque in Sorgues. He immediately goes in to buy it. Back in the studio, he starts pasting rectangular patches onto the surfaces of several large charcoal drawings. The drawings and the paper intersect and interact in a way that will bring a totally new direction to the art of both Braque and Picasso. The tension of the combined tactility and visuality creates a rupture, a jolt. The early collages are also filled with fragments from popular songs, fake wood-grain paper, and snippets of bodies, faces, instruments and other objects. Picasso was in the process of studying and dissecting objects like a surgeon dissecting a corpse. The Spanish artist Juan Gris, a deeply committed two-dimensional artist, used collage to continue to develop his two-dimensional art. Futurist artists quickly took over the collage style as well. Then there was Balla, who used collage to craft visually mobile versions of three- dimensional constructions. Here, significantly, the revolutionary experiments undertaken in art were a collaboration between writers and visual artists. The word was the primary terrain of exploration, and was an important element in the collage work of the artists. Lines suit only the world of bureaucracy and domestic correspondence… We came to the distribution of letter-sounds in space, just like Suprematism in painting. These phonic masses will be suspended in space and will produce for our consciousness the possibility of reaching even further from Earth. Stylistically, in their combinatory methods of pasted paper, the Dadaists shared many similarities with the Cubists. They are a denial of human egotism. It is John Heartfield who claimed to have invented photomontage, saying that he was already cutting and pasting photos in the trenches in They regarded themselves as engineers and their work as constructions which they assembled. It could be said, then, that she rediscovered the method in when she discovered montaged oleographs on a trip in the Baltics with Hausmann. After this, she started creating her photomontages, using the child-like technique of replacement — the wrong head on the wrong body, reshuffling images, etc. With her works, she explored gender roles and politics, calling into question the very way society viewed itself. The Dadaists and their techniques of relief assemblage, overpainting and photo-collage influenced Surrealism. The Surrealists were enchanted with text. Max Ernst blended the visual and the verbal in his collage novels from the late s. In , Louis Aragon organised an exhibition dedicated solely to collage at the Galerie Goemans. Man Ray and Picabia were included in this exhibition, even though they did not actually make collage but did work with the collage principle. Rowe was a member of the so-called Texas Rangers , a group of architects who taught at the University of Texas for a while. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an actual practice, Hoesli actively made collages as part of his design process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and frequently introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work. The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music , with the advances on recording technology, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the middle of the twentieth century. In the s, George Martin created collages of recordings while producing the records of The Beatles. In pop artist Peter Blake made the collage for the cover of the Beatles seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. In the s and s, the likes of Christian Marclay and the group Negativland reappropriated old audio in new ways. By the s and s, with the popularity of the sampler , it became apparent that " musical collages " had become the norm for popular music , especially in rap , hip-hop and electronic music. Miller aka DJ Spooky 's work pushed the work of sampling into a museum and gallery context as an art practice that combined DJ culture's obsession with archival materials as sound sources on his album Songs of a Dead Dreamer and in his books Rhythm Science and Sound Unbound MIT Press. In his books, "mash-up" and collage based mixes of authors, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud , James Joyce , William S. Burroughs , and Raymond Scott were featured as part of a what he called "literature of sound. Collage is commonly used as a technique in Children's picture book illustration. Eric Carle is a prominent example, using vividly colored hand-textured papers cut to shape and layered together, sometimes embellished with crayon or other marks. See image at The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Collage is sometimes used alone or in combination with other techniques in artists' books , especially in one-off unique books rather than as reproduced images in published books. Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative. The bible of discordianism , the Principia Discordia , is described by its author as a literary collage. A collage in literary terms may also refer to a layering of ideas or images. Collage is utilized in fashion design in the sketching process, as part of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with diverse materials such as paper, photographs, yarns or fabric bring ideas into designs. Collage film can also refer to the physical collaging of materials onto filmstrips. Canadian Film maker, Arthur Lipsett , was especially renown for his collage films, many of which were made from the cutting room floors of the National Film Board studios. The use of CGI , or computer-generated imagery , can be considered a form of collage, especially when animated graphics are layered over traditional film footage. David O. In this case, the effects serve to enhance clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film. When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars call a derivative work. The collage thus has a copyright separate from any copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works. Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased financial interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage such as hip hop music , some court rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement , thus shifting collage practice away from non-permissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing. The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists have argued that the first- sale doctrine protects their work. The first-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "first sale" of their work, although the Ninth Circuit has held that the first-sale doctrine does not apply to derivative works. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Technique of art production using assemblage of different forms. For other uses, see Collage disambiguation. Not to be confused with College. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Decoupage. Main article: Photomontage. Main article: Sound collage. Main article: Collage film. Visual arts portal Children's literature portal. Archived from the original on Creative Collage Techniques. North Light Books. Retrieved Stealingworth, , p. The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 27 August Time Magazine. Sound on Sound.

Collage: The Making of Modern Art - ePrints Soton

Yet some artists are pushing the boundaries of digital image editing to create extremely time-intensive compositions that rival the demands of the traditional arts. The current trend is to create pictures that combine painting, theatre, illustration and graphics in a seamless photographic whole. Digital collage is the technique of using computer tools in collage creation to encourage chance associations of disparate visual elements and the subsequent transformation of the visual results through the use of electronic media. It is commonly used in the creation of digital art using programs such as Photoshop. A 3D collage is the art of putting altogether three-dimensional objects such as rocks, beads, buttons, coins, or even soil to form a new whole or a new object. Examples can include houses, bead circles, etc. It is the art of putting together or assembling of small pieces of paper, tiles, marble, stones, etc. They are often found in cathedrals, churches, temples as a spiritual significance of interior design. Small pieces, normally roughly quadratic, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, diminutive tessellae , are used to create a pattern or picture. The term "eCollage" electronic Collage can be used for a collage created by using computer tools. Pablo Picasso , Compotier avec fruits, violon et verre, Though Le Corbusier and other architects used techniques that are akin to collage, collage as a theoretical concept only became widely discussed after the publication of Collage City by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter. Rowe and Koetter were not, however, championing collage in the pictorial sense, much less seeking the types of disruptions of meaning that occur with collage. Instead, they were looking to challenge the uniformity of Modernism and saw collage with its non-linear notion of history as a means to reinvigorate design practice. Not only does historical urban fabric have its place, but in studying it, designers were, so it was hoped, able to get a sense of how better to operate. Rowe was a member of the so-called Texas Rangers , a group of architects who taught at the University of Texas for a while. Whereas for Rowe, collage was more a metaphor than an actual practice, Hoesli actively made collages as part of his design process. He was close to Robert Slutzky, a New York-based artist, and frequently introduced the question of collage and disruption in his studio work. The concept of collage has crossed the boundaries of visual arts. In music , with the advances on recording technology, avant-garde artists started experimenting with cutting and pasting since the middle of the twentieth century. In the s, George Martin created collages of recordings while producing the records of The Beatles. In pop artist Peter Blake made the collage for the cover of the Beatles seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. In the s and s, the likes of Christian Marclay and the group Negativland reappropriated old audio in new ways. By the s and s, with the popularity of the sampler , it became apparent that " musical collages " had become the norm for popular music , especially in rap , hip-hop and electronic music. Miller aka DJ Spooky 's work pushed the work of sampling into a museum and gallery context as an art practice that combined DJ culture's obsession with archival materials as sound sources on his album Songs of a Dead Dreamer and in his books Rhythm Science and Sound Unbound MIT Press. In his books, "mash-up" and collage based mixes of authors, artists, and musicians such as Antonin Artaud , James Joyce , William S. Burroughs , and Raymond Scott were featured as part of a what he called "literature of sound. Collage is commonly used as a technique in Children's picture book illustration. Eric Carle is a prominent example, using vividly colored hand-textured papers cut to shape and layered together, sometimes embellished with crayon or other marks. See image at The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Collage is sometimes used alone or in combination with other techniques in artists' books , especially in one-off unique books rather than as reproduced images in published books. Collage novels are books with images selected from other publications and collaged together following a theme or narrative. The bible of discordianism , the Principia Discordia , is described by its author as a literary collage. A collage in literary terms may also refer to a layering of ideas or images. Collage is utilized in fashion design in the sketching process, as part of mixed media illustrations, where drawings together with diverse materials such as paper, photographs, yarns or fabric bring ideas into designs. Collage film can also refer to the physical collaging of materials onto filmstrips. Canadian Film maker, Arthur Lipsett , was especially renown for his collage films, many of which were made from the cutting room floors of the National Film Board studios. The use of CGI , or computer-generated imagery , can be considered a form of collage, especially when animated graphics are layered over traditional film footage. David O. In this case, the effects serve to enhance clarity, while adding a surreal aspect to an otherwise realistic film. When collage uses existing works, the result is what some copyright scholars call a derivative work. The collage thus has a copyright separate from any copyrights pertaining to the original incorporated works. Due to redefined and reinterpreted copyright laws, and increased financial interests, some forms of collage art are significantly restricted. For example, in the area of sound collage such as hip hop music , some court rulings effectively have eliminated the de minimis doctrine as a defense to copyright infringement , thus shifting collage practice away from non-permissive uses relying on fair use or de minimis protections, and toward licensing. The copyright status of visual works is less troubled, although still ambiguous. For instance, some visual collage artists have argued that the first- sale doctrine protects their work. The first-sale doctrine prevents copyright holders from controlling consumptive uses after the "first sale" of their work, although the Ninth Circuit has held that the first-sale doctrine does not apply to derivative works. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Technique of art production using assemblage of different forms. For other uses, see Collage disambiguation. Not to be confused with College. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Decoupage. Main article: Photomontage. Main article: Sound collage. Main article: Collage film. Visual arts portal Children's literature portal. Archived from the original on Creative Collage Techniques. North Light Books. Retrieved Stealingworth, , p. The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 27 August Time Magazine. Sound on Sound. Albuquerque A. Koons , -- F. Decorative arts and handicrafts. Appropriation in the arts. Collage Swipe Comic strip switcheroo Photographic mosaic Combine painting. Drama Film Literary Theatre. Related artistic concepts. Standard blocks and forms. Related non- artistic concepts. Cultural appropriation Appropriation in sociology Articulation in sociology Trope literature Academic dishonesty Authorship Genius Intellectual property Recontextualisation. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October All articles needing additional references Articles containing French-language text Commons link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers. Namespaces Article Talk. Futurist artists quickly took over the collage style as well. Then there was Balla, who used collage to craft visually mobile versions of three-dimensional constructions. Here, significantly, the revolutionary experiments undertaken in art were a collaboration between writers and visual artists. The word was the primary terrain of exploration, and was an important element in the collage work of the artists. Lines suit only the world of bureaucracy and domestic correspondence… We came to the distribution of letter-sounds in space, just like Suprematism in painting. These phonic masses will be suspended in space and will produce for our consciousness the possibility of reaching even further from Earth. Stylistically, in their combinatory methods of pasted paper, the Dadaists shared many similarities with the Cubists. They are a denial of human egotism. It is John Heartfield who claimed to have invented photomontage, saying that he was already cutting and pasting photos in the trenches in They regarded themselves as engineers and their work as constructions which they assembled. It could be said, then, that she rediscovered the method in when she discovered montaged oleographs on a trip in the Baltics with Hausmann. After this, she started creating her photomontages, using the child-like technique of replacement — the wrong head on the wrong body, reshuffling images, etc. With her works, she explored gender roles and politics, calling into question the very way society viewed itself. The Dadaists and their techniques of relief assemblage, overpainting and photo-collage influenced Surrealism. The Surrealists were enchanted with text. Max Ernst blended the visual and the verbal in his collage novels from the late s. In , Louis Aragon organised an exhibition dedicated solely to collage at the Galerie Goemans. Man Ray and Picabia were included in this exhibition, even though they did not actually make collage but did work with the collage principle. It is the collage-type effect which produces the gap between these two. Soon after, in , he started a series called Spanish Dancer , three works in which he suddenly abandoned literal painting and instead stuck all kinds of objects to a non-canvas surface. In the late s, in the last decade of his life, Henri Matisse made a significant shift in his artistic methodology and turned to cut paper as his primary medium, using scissors as his tool. His new creations were called cut-outs. Using gouache paint, Matisse would colour sheets of paper and cut these sheets into different shapes and sizes. Often, they were inspired by the natural world — flowers and plants — and at other times they were abstract. Then, he arranged those different cut-outs into lively compositions. They started out modest in size, but over time they grew in scale, becoming as large as murals. The cut- out medium allowed Matisse to finally make the kind of monumental works he had wanted to make for a long time, transcending the confines of easel painting and working with a new type of free reign. The paper cut-outs could be pinned into place, easily rearranged, and seamlessly fused colour with his signature arabesque lines. His line drawing, he had once said, most directly translated his emotions. Now, with the cut-outs, his saw himself as drawing with scissors. It became the place where some of the most audacious, avant-garde art of the times was shown. Joseph Cornell is particularly interesting as a complex, shy figure who lived all his life with his mother and never had a formal art education. Yet, his Surrealist assemblage works housed in shallow wooden boxes were to make him one of the most important artists of the 20 th century working in collage and assemblage. It was around the time that Pollock was lost in his alcoholism and unable to paint that she retreated to her little studio and found solace in the cutting, tearing, and pasting of her collage work. Exhibiting alongside Krasner in was the collage artist Ann Ryan. Ryan had seen a Kurt Schwitters show in and became deeply inspired. Incredibly, Ryan rarely worked on a larger scale than postcard size. Yet she was still creating her own monumental abstractions in her head; she had a monumental vision on a very intimate scale. Californian art was therefore, in a sense, free to develop fully of its own accord. Collage and assemblage became important elements of this development. Clay Spohn, for example, who had studied under Fernand Leger in Paris in the s, made mixed media-works and assemblage from all kinds of found objects — scrap metal and other cast-off materials.

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