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THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study. -
Bonus Material
Hallmark Hall of Fame: 236th Presentation THE COURAGEOUS HEART OF IRENA SENDLER Bonus Material Section I: Behind Irena Sendler’s story & The Irena Sendler Project Section II: A Tribute to Irena Sendler Section I Behind Irena Sendler’s Story & The Irena Sendler Project Standing less than five feet tall, Irena Sendler is remembered as the “Little Giant” by the aging survivors she rescued as children from the Warsaw ghetto during World War II. Her heroism as a leader of the Polish underground who saved 2,500 Jewish infants, adolescents and teens is chronicled in the Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler. Sendler was a social worker raised by Catholic parents who taught her to respect all people and try to help anyone in need, regardless of their religion, social status or nationality. When her father was dying of typhus, he told his 7-year-old daughter that if she saw someone drowning she should try to rescue that person, even if she could not swim. “A requirement dictated by the heart,” Irena Sendler said later. When Nazis walled up Polish Jews to keep them cornered for shipment in rail cars to death camps, they were also subjecting them to starvation and disease. Sendler’s outrage at such cruelty overcame fears for her own safety and inspired her to act. Disguised as an infection control nurse, she sometimes entered the ghetto three times a day to persuade parents to let her smuggle their children out using false identities. Sendler carefully recorded each child’s Jewish name, Polish name and address on scraps of tissue paper she would hide in glass jars to be buried so birth parents could find them after the war. -
STORIES of POLISH RESISTANCE About Half of the Six Million European Jews Killed in the Holocaust Were Polish
STORIES OF POLISH RESISTANCE About half of the six million European Jews killed in the Holocaust were Polish. In 1939 a third of the capital city Warsaw, and 10% of the entire country was Jewish. By 1945 97% of Poland's Jews were dead. These eleven examples of Polish resistance do not proport to give an overview of what happened in Irena Maximilian Emanuel Mordechai Witold Poland during The Holocaust. They have been Sendler Kolbe Ringelblum Anielewicz Pilecki chosen to reflect the unimaginably difficult choices made by both Jews and non-Jews under German occupation – where every Jew was marked for death and all non-Jews who assisted their Jewish neighbours were subject to the same fate. These individuals were not typical; they were exceptional, reflecting the relatively small Janusz Jan Zofia Father Jan & Józef & proportion of the population who refused to be Korczak Karski Kossak- Marceli Antonina Wiktoria bystanders. But neither were they super-human. Szczucka Godlewski Zabinski Ulma They would recoil from being labelled as heroes. They symbolise the power of the human spirit – their actions show that in even the darkest of Created by times, good can shine through… STORIES OF POLISH RESISTANCE Maximilian Kolbe Emanuel Ringelblum Mordechai Anielewicz Witold Pilecki Janusz Korczak Jan Karski Zofia Kossak-Szczucka Father Marceli Godlewski Jan and Antonina Zabinski Created by Józef & Wiktoria Ulma IRENA SENDLER 1910 - 2008 Irena Sendler was an exceptional woman who coordinated an Underground Network of rescuers that enabled many Jewish children to escape the Warsaw Ghetto and survive The Holocaust. Her father was a doctor who died during a typhus epidemic in 1917 after helping many sick Jewish families who were too poor to afford treatment. -
ACLS Reads 2016 Booklist Layout 1
Pathways to History: Remembering Rescue & Pathways to History: Remembering Rescue & Resistance During World War II Resistance During World War II Main Book: Once My Name Was Sara Main Book: Once My Name Was Sara by Betty Grebenschikoff by Betty Grebenschikoff Additional reading on this topic: Additional reading on this topic: CHILDREN’S PICTURE BOOKS CHILDREN’S PICTURE BOOKS The Butterfly by Patricia Polacco The Butterfly by Patricia Polacco The story takes place during the Nazi occupation of France The story takes place during the Nazi occupation of France when a child’s mother hides a Jewish family in their basement. when a child’s mother hides a Jewish family in their basement. The Grand Mosque of Paris: A Story of How Muslims Rescued Jews The Grand Mosque of Paris: A Story of How Muslims Rescued Jews During the Holocaust by Karen Ruelle and Deborah DeSaix During the Holocaust by Karen Ruelle and Deborah DeSaix The story of heroic Parisian Muslims who rescued Jews. The story of heroic Parisian Muslims who rescued Jews. Irena's Jars of Secrets by Marcia K. Vaughan and Ron Mazellan Irena's Jars of Secrets by Marcia K. Vaughan and Ron Mazellan The book details the life of rescuer, Irena Sendler, The book details the life of rescuer, Irena Sendler, whose efforts saved 2500 Jewish children. whose efforts saved 2500 Jewish children. FICTION FOR CHILDREN FICTION FOR CHILDREN Number the Stars by Lois Lowry Number the Stars by Lois Lowry A young girl and her family risk great danger A young girl and her family risk great danger as they shelter Jews from the Nazis. -
Thanks to William Szych for Starting This Reading List. Most of the Books Below Can Be Found on Amazon Or Other Sites Where
Thanks to William Szych for starting this reading list. Most of the books below can be found on Amazon or other sites where you can read reviews of the books (Google Search). Remember you can usually request your local library to get books for you through regional book-lending agreements. If you know of other books that you think should be added, let us know. This list includes some works of historical fiction. 1. 22 Britannia Road, a novel by Amanda Hodgkinson 2. 303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter Squadron 3. A Death in the Forest (Poland’s Daughter: A Story of Love, War, and Exile) by Daniel Ford 4. A Long Long Time Ago and Essentially True, by Brigid Pasulka 5. A Memoir of the Warsaw Uprising, by Miron Bialoszewski 6. A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II. Lynne Olson and Stanley Cloud 7. A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country, by Benjamin Weiser 8. A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II 9. An Army in Exile—the Story of the Second Polish Corps, by Lt. General W. Anders 10. Andrew Bienkowski: One life to Give: A Path to Finding Yourself by Helping Others 11. Andrzej Pityński Sculpture. Anna Chudzik (Editor), Andrzej K. Olszewski, Irena Grzesiuk-Olszewska (Introduction) 12. As Far As My Feet Will Carry Me by Josef Bauer 13. Bieganski: The Brute Polak Stereotype in Polish-Jewish Relations and American Popular Culture by Danusha Goska 14. -
Holocaust Resources with Decscription
Things We Couldn’t Say (Book) - the true story of Diet [pronounced Deet] Eman, a young Dutch woman who, with her fiancé, Hein Sietsma, risked everything to rescue Jews imperiled by Nazi persecution in occupied Holland during World War II. Throughout the years that Diet and Hein aided the Resistance - work that would cost Diet her freedom and Hein his life - their courageous effort ultimately saved the lives of hundreds of Dutch Jews. This book is Diet Eman's account of that tumultuous period. The first-person narrative vividly captures the events of her brave saga - from her initial engagement with Hein in the Resistance operation, to her eventual arrest and imprisonment at the Vught concentration camp, to the final grim toll of the war that devastated all of Europe. Diary entries that Diet and Hein logged during the war as well as excerpts from personal letters that passed between the two young lovers detail their thoughts and emotions during those years. Diet Eman's Things We Couldn't Say is an unforgettable story of heroism, faith, and - above all - love. It is also one of the great Christian stories of the twentieth century - the story of two people whose faith compelled them to stand up to the most sinister evil their generation has ever witnessed. Hidden In Silence (DVD) - Przemysl, Poland, WWII. Germany emerges victorious over the Russians, and the city comes under Nazi control. The Jewish are sent to the ghettos. While some stand silent, Catholic teenager Stefania Podgorska chooses the role of a savior and sneaks 13 Jews into her attic. -
Taube Philanthropies' 2015 Irena Sendler Memorial
TAUBE PHILANTHROPIES’ 2015 IRENA SENDLER MEMORIAL AWARD PRESENTED TO KRZYSZTOF CZYŻEWSKI Social activist, scholar and founding director of the Borderland Foundation honored for fostering multicultural heritage in Poland, especially Jewish heritage 2015 Irena Sendler Memorial Award Recipient Krzysztof Czyżewski at ceremony on July 3 KRAKÓW – At the Tempel Synagogue on July 3, during the Jewish Culture Festival, Taube Philanthropies Executive Director Shana Penn presented the 2015 Award to a pioneer in multicultural civic engagement in Poland. Taube Philanthropies awarded Krzysztof Czyżewski, a social activist, scholar, and founding director of the Borderland Foundation (Fundacja Pogranicze) in Sejny, which is committed to building bridges between cultures and ethnicities. As she presented the award to him, Penn said of Czyżewski’s work, “This isn’t nostalgia. This isn’t utopian. This is radical recovery of memory for the purpose of civic and multicultural engagement. The activities of the Borderland Foundation combine hands-on cultural activism with literary and intellectual endeavors to recover the East European borderlands’ diverse and multilingual heritage. Its humanistic goal is to overcome regional and nationalistic divisions and to build bridges between local ethnic groups, thus promoting dialogue among various, and at times conflicting, identities, memories and religions.” Czyżewski was one of the first activists who helped foster a multicultural heritage in Poland after the fall of Communism, in which Jewish culture plays a major part. Czyżewski established the Borderland Foundation (Fundacja Pogranicze) in Sejny in 1990, Borderland Center of Arts, Cultures, and Nations in 1991, and Borderland Publishing House (Wydawnictwo Pogranicze), as well as the magazine Krasnogruda, in 1993. -
Jan Karski Conference
JAN KARSKI CONFERENCE SEPTEMBER 19-20, 2014 LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO Lake Shore Campus 1032 West Sheridan Road MEMORY & RESPONSIBILITY “My faith tells me the second Original Sin has been committed by humanity: through commission, or omission, or self-imposed ignorance, or insensitivity, or self-interest, or hypocrisy, or heartless rationalization. This sin will haunt humanity to the end of time” DAY 1 – Friday, September 19, 2014 Piper Hall at Loyola Lakeshore Campus 08.30 – 09.00 REGISTRATION 09.00 – 09.15 WELCOME REMARKS Michael Garanzini, SJ, President of Loyola University Chicago Thomas Regan, SJ, Dean of College of Arts and Sciences Bozena Nowicka McLees, Director of the Interdisciplinary Polish Studies Program 09.15 – 10.00 KEYNOTE ADDRESS BY Senator Dick Durbin 10.00 – 11.30 PANEL 1: Jan Karski and His Legacy. The Man and His Unfinished Mission Moderator: Wanda Urbanska, Jan Karski Educational Foundation, Chicago Presenters: E. Thomas Wood, Author of Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, Nashville “Jan Karski: Reflections on a Man” Ewa Wierzyńska, Polish History Museum and Fundacja Edukacyjna Jana Karskiego, Warsaw “Memory Revived – The Jan Karski Unfinished Mission Program” Michael Berenbaum, American Jewish University, LA “Jan Karski and the Context of American Responses toward the Murder of European Jews” 11.30 – 12.00 Coffee break 12.00 – 1.30 PANEL 2: Memory of Other 20th Century Genocides Moderator: Robert Kostro, Polish History Museum, Warsaw, Poland Presenters: John Kurowski, Kurowski Schultz LLC, IL “The Shadow -
Irena Sendler and the Children of the Warsaw Ghetto by Susan Goldman Rubin Illustrated by Bill Farnsworth
Holiday House Common Educator’s Guide Core Connections Inside H “A moving tribute to a courageous woman.” —Booklist (starred review) H “Arresting oil paintings pair with vivid prose [in this] haunting and unflinching portrait of human valiance.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) Themes • Anti-Semitism • Survival • Hope • Fear • Courage • Identity Grades 3 up HC: 978-0-8234-2251-7 • $18.95 PB: 978-0-8234-2595-2 • $8.99 Irena Sendler and the Children of the Warsaw Ghetto by Susan Goldman Rubin illustrated by Bill Farnsworth About the Book Irena Sendler was a diminutive Polish social worker who helped spirit nearly four hundred children out of the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. Irena Sendler was a young Catholic social worker in Warsaw when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. Realizing that the fate of the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto was death, Sendler joined an underground organization called the Council for Aid to Jews. Operating under the code name of “Sister Jolanta,” Irena arranged for nearly four hundred children to be smuggled out of the ghetto. Older children left through the sewers or with “work brigades,” and younger ones were taken out in ambulances and toolboxes. They were all placed in safe houses or orphanages. Their names were changed to protect them; but Irena kept a list of their real identities, which she safely buried in two bottles beneath an apple tree. This is her story. 1 4.L.4, 4.RI.2 Pre-Reading Activity Ask students to read about anti-Semitism at the following website: www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005175. -
IRENA SENDLER in the Name of Their Mothers
IRENA SENDLER In the Name of Their Mothers US Broadcast Premiere March 2011 March On National PBS Holocaust Remembrance Day Sunday May 1, 2011 10:00 PM Check local listings ...a remarkable testament to one of history's great, unsung heroines... Irena Sendler: In the Name of private homes. Soon they were workers or her organization, she Their Mothers is the true story of a appealing to Jewish mothers to was sentenced to death.!!She group of young Polish women, part with their children in order escaped on the day she was to be some barely out of their teens, to save them. Before the Nazis executed, thanks to her friends in who outfoxed the Nazis during burned the entire district to the the Resistance who had managed World War II to save the lives of ground, they had managed to to bribe a German guard. With thousands of Jewish children. smuggle out over 2,500 children. a new false identity, she continued For decades, Irena Sendler Over the next two years, they with her work until the end of the kept silent about her wartime would care for the children, war. work. Now, in the last long disguise their identities and move All of the children rescued by interviews she gave before she them constantly, to keep them Sendler’s network survived the died at the age of 98, she reveals from being discovered and war, and many were re-united the truth about a daring killed.!!They joined forces with with their families.! conspiracy of women in occupied the Polish Resistance to get money This one-hour program Poland. -
Sendler's List: Pleading Compromise to Save Jewish Children During The
Sendler’s List: Pleading Compromise to Save Jewish Children During the Conflict of the Holocaust Emerson Kidd-Benthall, Tara Shealy, Riley Whitecotton Junior Division Group Performance Process Paper: 500 Words Irena Sendler 1 Process Paper For our National History Day project we chose to research Irena Sendler, a Polish Catholic social worker who risked her life repeatedly to smuggle Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. Awed by her bravery, we struggled to see how her story fit the conflict and compromise theme. However, a common definition of compromise is to accept something that is unfavorable. Irena Sendler witnessed Adolf Hitler’s efforts to annihilate the Jews, and she realized there would be no traditional compromise to end this conflict. Instead, she asked Jewish families to compromise their determined commitment to family unity, separating over 600 children from their families, in an attempt to save them from certain death in Nazi concentration camps. We know that primary sources are powerful, so we started with websites and a visit to a local university library to search databases and identify literature. Our favorite resources included the Lowell Milken Center for Unsung Heroes, a center designed to connect students with little known people who have changed the world. We benefited greatly from the irenasendler.org website, which cautioned that much of the available information about Irena is inaccurate. We found primary source materials from the Jewish Historical Institute and the Ringelblum Archive. To help us sort through our collected sources, we were able to interview Megan Felt, a curator at the Milken Center who met Irena personally and reviewed many primary sources related to her work. -
Notes to Accompany the Powerpoint
Rescuers, A Model for a Caring Community Notes to accompany the PowerPoint. Birmingham Holocaust Education Center December 2009 1 Slide 1: TITLE SLIDE Rescuers are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy. They were ordinary people who became extraordinary people because they acted in accordance with their own belief systems while living in an immoral society. Righteous Gentiles is also a term used for rescuers. “Gentiles” refers to people who are not Jewish. The most salient fact about the rescues was the fact that it was rare. And, these individuals who risked their lives were far outnumbered by those who took part in the murder of the Jews. These rescuers were even more outnumbered by those who stood by and did nothing. Yet, this aspect of history certainly should be taught to highlight the fact that the rescuers were ordinary people from diverse backgrounds who held on to basic values, who undertook extraordinary risks. The rescuers were people who before the war began were not saving lives or risking their own to defy unjust laws. They were going about their business and not necessarily in the most principled manner. Thus, we ask the question: “what is the legacy of these rescuers that impact our lives and guide us in making our world a better place.” 2 Slide 2 Dear Teacher: I am a survivor of a concentration camp. My eyes saw what no man should witness: Gas chambers built by learned engineers, Children poisoned by educated physicians, Infants killed by trained nurses, Women and babies shot and burned by high school and college graduates, So I am suspicious of education.