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Tumbuhan Polong Berperawakan Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, 9(1), 2016, 44-56 Available online at http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah SUKU FABACEAE DI KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH, JAKARTA, BAGIAN 1: TUMBUHAN POLONG BERPERAWAKAN POHON FABACEAE IN ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH, JAKARTA, PART 1: LEGUME TREES Arifin Surya Dwipa Irsyam1*, Priyanti2 1Sekolah Pascasarjana Program Biologi Tumbuhan Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 2Program Studi Biologi Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta *Corresponding author: [email protected] Diterima: 07 Mei 2016. Direvisi: 01 Juni 2016. Disetujui: 10 Juni 2016. Abstrak Suku Fabaceae (polong-polongan) merupakan salah satu kelompok tumbuhan berbunga bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Berbagai jenis yang ditanam sebagai tanaman hias dan pohon peneduh di tempat umum, termasuk di kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan informasi mengenai keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan polong berperawakan pohon di kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode jelajah dan studi pustaka. Pengamatan lapangan dilakukan di kampus I dan II. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, didapatkan sebanyak 10 jenis anggota suku Fabaceae berperawakan pohon di lingkungan kampus. Kesepuluh jenis tersebut tercakup dalam 3 anak suku, 8 puak, dan 10 marga. Suku Fabaceae juga dipakai sebagai bahan ajar untuk mata kuliah Sistematika Tumbuhan. Kata kunci: Fabaceae; Kampus; Pohon; Sistematika tumbuhan; UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Abstract Fabaceae (legumes family) is one of the flowering plant families, which is economically important. Various species of Fabaceae were planted as ornaments and shade trees in public places, including in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Therefore, this research aimed to provide information on the diversity of legume trees in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Research was conducted by using survey method and literature review. Field observations were conducted in Campus I and II. This research obtained 10 species of Fabaceae family members, which were grouped into 3 subfamilies, 8 tribes, and 10 genera. Fabaceae family is also used as teaching material in Plant Systematics study/course. Keywords: Campus; Fabaceae; Plant systematics; Trees; UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Permalink/DOI: http//:dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v9i1.3257 Copyright © 2016, Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, p-ISSN: 1978-3736, e-ISSN: 2502-6720 Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, 9(1), 2016 PENDAHULUAN dan suara; serta menyediakan spesimen hidup Suku Fabaceae merupakan anggota dari untuk bahan ajar mata kuliah Sistematika bangsa Fabales yang dicirikan dengan buah Tumbuhan di Kampus UIN. Tanaman yang bertipe polong (Simpson, 2010; APG IV, berfungsi sebagai peneduh di Kampus UIN 2016). Suku ini terdistribusi secara luas di se- Syarif Hidayatullah dikelompokkan ke dalam luruh dunia dan terdiri atas 18.000 jenis yang 27 suku. Salah satunya adalah suku Fabaceae tercakup dalam 650 marga (Langran et al., (Priyanti, 2008a, 2008b; Hasanah, 2014). 2010). Berdasarkan ciri pada bunga dan biji, Makalah ini menyediakan informasi mengenai ahli botani membagi suku Fabaceae menjadi keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan polong tiga anak suku, yaitu Caesalpinioideae, berperawakan pohon di Kampus UIN Syarif Faboideae, dan Mimosoideae (Simpson, 2010; Hidayatullah yang bertujuan untuk memudah- Langran et al., 2010). Pada sistem klasifikasi kan mahasiswa dalam mempelajari keaneka- terdahulu, ketiga anak suku tersebut dianggap ragaman suku Fabaceae di kampus. sebagai suku yang berbeda (Cronquist, 1981). Suku ini merupakan salah satu suku tum- MATERIAL DAN METODE buhan berbunga yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan di kampus I dan II Banyak anggotanya telah dibudidayakan se- UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada bulan bagai tanaman pangan, penghasil buah, April 2016. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara tanaman hias, tanaman obat, penutup lahan, menjelajahi seluruh taman kampus (Priyanti, penghasil kayu, minyak, gom, pewarna alami, 2008a, 2008b) dan studi pustaka (Backer & insektisida, pengontrol erosi, dan pereklamasi Bakhuizen, 1963; Nielsen, 1992; Hou et al., tanah (Rachie et al., 1981; Simpson, 2010; 1996; Langran et al., 2010). Quattrocchi, 2012). Suku Fabaceae memiliki Spesimen yang dikoleksi kemudian di- perawakan yang beragam, mulai dari herba, catat nama jenis, nama lokal, perawakan, war- perdu, liana hingga pohon. Sebagian besar na daun, bunga, dan buah (Rugayah et al., anggotanya yang berperawakan pohon dan 2004). Spesimen diidentifikasi menggunakan liana memiliki bunga yang bentuk dan warna- pustaka sebagai berikut, Flora of Java vol. 1 nya indah, seperti Cassia spp., Erythrina spp., (Backer & Bakhuizen, 1963), Flora Male- Mucuna novoguineensis Scheff., dan siana vol. 11 part 1: Mimosaceae (Legumi- Strongylodon macrobotrys A.Gray. Oleh sebab nosae-Mimosoideae) (Nielsen, 1992), Flora itu, jenis-jenis tersebut banyak ditanam sebagai Malesiana vol. 12 part 2: Caesalpiniaceae penghias taman. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) (Hou et al., Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif 1996), Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak vol. 3 Hidayatullah terdiri atas kampus I dan kam-pus (Hou, 2000), dan Flora of China vol. 10: II yang masing-masing seluas ±68.754 m2 serta Fabaceae (Langran et al., 2010). Kunci ±75.230 m2. Selain terdiri atas bangunan untuk determinasi tingkat anak suku dan jenis perkuliahan, kampus I dan II juga memiliki disusun mengikuti Vogel (1987). area taman. Taman di kampus I mempunyai luas ±13.366 m2, sedangkan luas taman HASIL kampus II sebesar ±16.634 m2 (Tim Ais BMN Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, didapat- UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2014). kan 10 jenis tumbuhan polong berperawakan Salah satu perawakan tanaman yang pohon di kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. menghiasi taman-taman kampus adalah pohon Kesepuluh jenis tersebut tercakup ke dalam 3 yang mempunyai tajuk lebar dan bunga yang anak suku, 8 puak, dan 10 marga (Tabel 1). bervariasi bentuk serta warnanya. Keberadaan Ciri morfologi dari perwakilan masing-masing pepohonan di lingkungan kampus dapat mem- anak suku dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Kunci perindah, menyejukkan, dan meneduhkan ling- determinasi anak suku, marga, dan deskripsi- kungan di sekitarnya; mengurangi polusi udara nya diuraikan sebagai berikut: Copyright © 2016. Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, p-ISSN: 1978-3736, e-ISSN: 2502-6720| 45 Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi, 9(1), 2016 Kunci determinasi tingkat anak suku 2 a. Daun mahkota terdiri atas bendera, 1 a. Bunga bersimetri radial, daun kelopak sepasang lunas dan sepasang sayap, mengatup pada kuncup bunga, daun benang sari memberkas 2….…. Faboidea mahkota berlekatan…….... Mimosoideae 2 b. Daun mahkota terdiri atas daun mahkota 1 b. Bunga bersimetri bilateral, daun kelopak bagian tengah yang seperti bendera, menyirip pada kuncup bunga, daun sepasang daun mahkota tepi bagian atas, mahkota berlepasan……………...…….. 2 dan sepasang daun mahkota tepi bagian bawah, benang sari tidak dalam dua berkas………………….. Caesalpinioidea Tabel 1. Jenis tumbuhan polong berperawakan pohon di kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Anak suku Puak Jenis Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinieae Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne Cercideae Bauhinia purpurea L. Detarieae Tamarindus indica L. Faboideae Dalbergieae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Phaseoleae Erythrina cristagalli L. Mimosoideae Acacieae Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Mimoseae Adenanthera pavonina L. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Ingeae Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes Anak Suku Caesalpinioideae Hidayatullah terdiri atas 4 jenis (D. regia, P. Anak suku Caesalpinioideae terdiri atas pterocarpum, B. purpurea, dan T. indica) dan 171 marga dan 2.250 jenis (Clark, 2014a). Se- keempatnya dibagi dalam tiga puak yang bagian besar anggotanya terdistribusi di ka- berbeda. Jenis yang termasuk dalam puak wasan tropis. Kawasan Malesia tercatat me- Caesalpinieae yaitu D. regia dan P. Pterocar- miliki 200 jenis yang tercakup dalam 35 mar- pum. Keduanya termasuk dalam puak Caesal- ga dan sebanyak 30 jenis di antaranya meru- pinieae karena memiliki daun majemuk me- pakan tanaman budi daya serta introduksi (Hou nyirip ganda (Langran et al., 2010). Anggota et al., 1996). Secara morfologi, anggota dari puak Detarieae yang temukan di kampus UIN anak suku Caesalpinioideae memiliki ciri yang adalah T. indica. Puak tersebut memiliki daun khas, yaitu bunga bersimetri bilateral, daun majemuk menyirip dan kepala sari yang kelopak saling berlepasan atau berlekatan, bertipe dorsifiks (Langran et al., 2010). daun mahkota berjumlah lima helai yang saling Perwakilan dari puak Cercideae yang terdapat berlepasan dan menyirap pada kuncup bunga, di lingkungan kampus adalah B. purpurea. benang sari saling berlepasan atau berlekatan Berdasarkan ciri morfologinya, puak Cerci- di bagian pangkal, benang sari dimorfis atau deae merupakan puak yang paling primitif heteromorfis, dan secara umum bijinya tidak karena berdaun tunggal dengan 2 cangap, memiliki pleurogram (Hou et al., 1996; kadang-kadang berdaun majemuk berpinak Simpson, 2010; Clark, 2014a). Pleurogram daun dua, serta memiliki pertulangan daun merupakan garis berbentuk huruf U atau menjari (Hou et al., 1996; Langran et al., bentuk jorong yang patah di permukaan biji 2010). polong. Struktur ini banyak ditemukan pada Kunci determinasi jenis anak suku Mimosoideae (Beentje, 2010). 1 a. Daun tunggal dan bercangap dua, daun Catatan: Anak suku Caesalpinioideae
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