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Duke University Dissertation CLM Haunted Paradise: Remembering and Forgetting Among Ascetics of the Egyptian Desert by Christine Luckritz Marquis Department of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Elizabeth A. Clark, Supervisor ___________________________ Lucas Van Rompay ___________________________ Annabel Wharton ___________________________ Zlatko Plee ___________________________ Carl Ernst Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT Haunted Paradise: Remembering and Forgetting Among Ascetics of the Egyptian Desert by Christine Luckritz Marquis Department of Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Elizabeth A. Clark, Supervisor ___________________________ Lucas Van Rompay ___________________________ Annabel Wharton ___________________________ Zlatko Plee ___________________________ Carl Ernst An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Christine Luckritz Marquis 2012 Abstract My dissertation explores how constructions of memory, space, and violence intersected in the history of early Christianity. It analyzes the crucial roles of memory and space/place in the formation, practice, and understanding of late ancient asceticism in Egypt’s northwestern desert (Scetis, Kellia, Nitria, and Pherme). After a “barbarian” raid of Scetis in the early fifth century supposedly exiled Christian monks from the desert, Egypt came to be remembered as the birthplace of ascetic practice. Interpreting texts (in Coptic, Latin, Greek, Syriac, and Classical Arabic) and archaeological remains associated with the northwestern Egyptian desert, my dissertation investigates ascetic ideas about the relationship between memories and places: memory-acts as preserved in liturgical and literary texts, memory in the liturgical contexts of church and cell, the ascetic use of Scriptural interpretation to thwart “worldly” recollection caused by demonic incitement to abandon the desert, and remembrance of a past moment through the perceived loss of Scetis. Wedding textual evidence, material culture, and theoretical insights, I highlight how the memorialization of a particular moment in the history of early Christian asceticism overshadowed other, contemporary late ancient asceticisms. My dissertation produces a new understanding of the negotiations between memory and space, often a process of contestation, and sheds new light not only on how violence was performed in late antiquity, but also on modern struggles over memorialized locales. iv Dedication To my wonderful husband, Tim, who has made my life so rich. v Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................x 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Memory...............................................................................................................................6 1.1.1 The Graeco-Roman Tradition of Ars Memoriae......................................................7 1.1.2 Memory Cultures: Collective and Cultural Memory............................................10 1.1.3 Memory and the “Material” Turn ..........................................................................12 1.2 Memory and Space..........................................................................................................14 1.2.1 A Desert Heterotopia ..................................................................................................15 1.2.2 The Desert “Lost”......................................................................................................18 1.3 Re-imagining Memory and Space.................................................................................20 2. Remembering God in “Liturgical” Texts: Eucharist and Prayer ......................................23 2.1 Eucharistic Liturgy in Egypt..........................................................................................29 2.1.1 Sources for the Eucharist...........................................................................................32 2.1.1.1 Fourth Century....................................................................................................32 2.1.1.2 Fifth Century .......................................................................................................38 2.1.1.3 Sixth to Seventh Century ...................................................................................40 2.1.2 Ascetics of the Northwest Desert and Eucharist ...................................................44 2.2 Egyptian Liturgical Texts: Prayer .................................................................................46 2.2.1 A “Rule of Prayer?” ...................................................................................................48 2.2.2 John Cassian on Prayer..............................................................................................50 2.2.3 Evagrius of Pontus on Prayer...................................................................................54 2.2.4 Isaiah of Scetis on Prayer ..........................................................................................57 2.2.5 “Anthropomorphite” Prayer ....................................................................................59 vi 2.2.6 Possible Interpretations of Prayer............................................................................63 2.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................................63 3. Egyptian Ascetic “Liturgical” Contexts:...............................................................................66 Churches, Cells, and Desert .......................................................................................................66 3.1 Spaces, Places, and Rituals.............................................................................................66 3.2 The Northwestern Desert...............................................................................................73 3.2.1 Scetis.............................................................................................................................73 3.2.2 Nitria ............................................................................................................................75 3.2.3 Kellia and Pherme......................................................................................................79 3.3 Kellia: A Case Study .......................................................................................................81 3.3.1 Topographical Development: Qus}ur el-Izeila........................................................83 3.3.2 Early Churches at Kellia............................................................................................85 3.3.3 Cells at Kellia ..............................................................................................................88 3.3.4 Memory in Church and Cell.....................................................................................90 3.4 Regaining Paradise?........................................................................................................93 3.4.1 Macarian Visits to the Garden of Jannes and Jambres..........................................93 3.4.2 Conceptualizations of Paradise..............................................................................104 3.5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................105 4. Fighting to Forget: Demons and Nostalgia........................................................................107 for the “World” ..........................................................................................................................107 4.1 Haunting Theory...........................................................................................................108 4.2 The Haunted Desert......................................................................................................110 4.2.1 The Valence of Terminology...................................................................................111 4.2.2 The Desert as “Other”?...........................................................................................112 4.2.3 The Desert: A Crucible of Asceticism(s) ..............................................................115 vii 4.3 Demons ...........................................................................................................................119 4.3.1 Emerging Late Ancient Demonology....................................................................121 4.3.2 Demonic and Monastic Bodies...............................................................................127 4.4 Ascetic Forgetting..........................................................................................................131 4.4.1 Fighting Forgetfulness.............................................................................................134
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