Index

Abkhazia 148, 155–56, 171, 172, Algeria: 226: arms imports 28, 29, 30, 60, 80 Chechnya and 230 debt to USSR 82 Abu Dhabi defence exhibition 113 USSR and 61 Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Aliev, President Heidar 155 Physics 215 Almaz 139 ACDA see under United States of Alpha Class submarine 139 America An-12 aircraft 64 Admiralty shipyard 200fn, 202–3 An-24 aircraft 62 Aerospace Tech Systems Corporation 91 An-72 aircraft 137 Aérospatiale 135 ANC (African National Congress) 69 Afghanistan 3, 28, 29, 30: Angara anti-aircraft system 42 Chechnya and 230 Angara missile complex 65 debt to USSR 82 Angola: Africa: arms imports 3, 24, 28, 29, 30, 64, arms imports 22, 24 67–68, 83, 222 debts to Russia 42fn Cuba and 67fn, 68 military expenditure 24 South Africa and 67, 68 wars in 44 USA and 67, 68 see also under names of countries Antey 267 Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Antonov aircraft 153, 170 Control (1996) 192 Antonov Design Bureau 170 Agreement on the Creation of a Unified Arab countries: Air Defence System of CIS Member arms imports 28, 30, 83, 135 States (1995) 165 conflict between 60 Agreement on the General Conditions militarization 43 and Mechanism for Support of the see also following entry and under Development of Production names of countries Cooperation of Enterprises and Sectors Arab–Israeli wars 41, 42, 44, 60, 65, 81, of CIS Participating States (1993) 163 83–84 Agreement on the Powers of the CIS Arjun tank 33 Supreme Defence Agencies (1992) Armenia: 161–63 air defences 166 Agreement on the Principles Governing arms from Russia 13, 224–25 the Provision of Arms, Military CFE Treaty and 147, 148 Equipment and Other Material Supplies Russia and 13, 154, 155, 167, 168, 171, for the Armed Forces of the 224–25 Commonwealth Member States and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Organization of Research and see under United States of America Development Work (1992) 162 arms trade: Akhalkalaki base 172 after-sales service 95 Akhaltsikh depot 147 changes in 1–6, 16–37 Aktau 174 cold war end and 1, 2, 16–37, 95 288 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE commercial factors 2–3 CFE Treaty and 147, 148 competition increased 92, 94–99, 112 Chechnya and 230 control of 8–9, 96–99 Russia and 35, 154–55, 157, 167, 168, counter-trade see offets 171 decline in 19, 94 Ukraine and 155 defining 17, 18 demand for 2, 3, 22, 24, 25, 137, 223, Backfire aircraft 210 227 Baikal 134 economic conditions and 24–28 Baker, James 94, 98 financing of 3 Baklanov, Oleg 83 illegal 161, 174 Baltic states 217: illicit 217–32 illicit arms transfers and 226, 227, 231 industrial factors 2–3, 17 Russia’s troop withdrawals 34 legislation and 8–9 see also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania non-military goods 17–18 Baltiyskiy Zavod 138–39 non-military technologies 17–18 Barantsev, V. I. 140 offsets 26, 134–35 Barre, Siad 62 politico-military issues 16–17 Basic Proposition of the Military prices 17 Doctrine 130 production technologies 17 Batumi base 172 protectionism 94–99 Be-200 aircraft 144 recipient perspectives 22–24 Belarus: regional distribution 22 air defences 166 spare parts 95–96 arms exports 154, 169 state involvement in 16–17 arms industry 151 supplier changes 26–28 arms production 169 US share 22–23 CFE Treaty and 147, 148 value of 19, 24 military–technical cooperation with see also arms exports and arms imports Russia 114, 157–58, 167, 168, under names of countries 169–70 Asia: Russian troops in 137 arms imports 22, 23, 76, 77, 80, 114 Belousov, I. S. 72 military expenditure 25 Beppayev, General Sufian 155 Russia part of 198–99 Bertsch, Gary 222 wars in 44 biological weapons see nuclear, see also under names of countries biological and chemical weapons Asia, Central 167, 174 Black Sea Fleet 170, 212 Asia, North-East: arms imports 23 BM-21 multiple-rocket launch system 62, see also under names of countries 64 Asia, South-East: BM-24 multiple-rocket launch system 64 arms imports 95, 114, 183 BMP-1 APC 185, 205 Russia and 35 Bombora airfield 155–56 see also under names of countries border security forces 218, 226 Avduevskiy, Vsevolod 197 Bosnia and Herzegovina 192 Aven, Pyotr 196 Brezhnev, General Secretary Leonid 61 Aviakor industrial association 170 Bryantsev, Major 60 Azerbaijan: BTR-80 APC 190, 206 arms shipments from 227 Buchacz, Jacek 187, 189 INDEX 289 Bulganin, Nikolay 55, 60 arms imports 4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 30, 55, Bulgaria: 58, 59, 76, 89, 115, 143, 169, 183, arms exports 54 194, 197, 200–5: arms imports 29, 30, 79, 80, 185–86 inventory of 208–9 arms industry 21, 185–86 payment for 198, 203–5 CFE Treaty and 186 value of 205 military aid to 185–86 arms industry 21, 23, 213: military–technical cooperation 185, conversion 215 193 arms production, licensed 213 Russia and 180, 193 barter 198 Russia’s debts to 80 Guidelines for Conventional Arms WTO’s collapse and 179 Transfers and 96–97 Burlakov, Matvey 225 ground forces 205–6 Bush, President George 94, 96 Korean War and 56, 57, 58 military personnel exchanges 214 C3I systems 27 military–technical cooperation Canada: arms exports 20 194–216 Caspian Sea 174 military technology transfer 213–15 Caucasus, Group of Russian Forces in 13, navy 211–13 224–35 Russia, relations with 4, 35, 194–216 Central America 1, 28 shipbuilding 211 see also under names of countries USSR, relations with 23, 55, 59, 194 Central Directorate of Collaboration and Chubais, Anatoliy 37 Cooperation see GUSK CIS (Commonwealth of Independent Central Directorate of Economic States): Cooperation with Countries of Socialist air defence system 164–67, 175 Democracy 53 Almaty meeting (1995) 163, 165 Central Engineering Directorate see GIU arms exports 256, 257 Central Technical Directorate see GTU arms imports 158 CFE Treaty (Treaty on Conventional arms industries and Russia 88 Armed Forces in Europe, 1990): arms arms production cooperation 158, 163 trade and 95 arms repair 157 Chad: arms imports 43 Ashkhabad meeting (1993) 163 Chechnya 217, 226: bilateral cooperation 165, 166, 167–75 All-National Congress of the Chechen Chechnya and 230 People 228 Concept of Collective Security of arms seized in 229–30 Participating States 163 arms supplies to 228–31 conversion projects 175 National Guard 227 Council of Defence Ministers 162, 163, war in 35, 137, 226, 231 164 Checinski, Michel 85 Council of Heads of State 161, 163, 166 chemical weapons see nuclear, biological Interstate Economic Committee 166 and chemical weapons Joint Armed Forces 159, 161, 162, 163, Chernomyrdin, Viktor 109, 172, 175, 181 223 China: Kiev meeting (1992) 161 air force 206–10, 214 Military Cooperation Coordination armed forces modernization 205, 216 Headquarters 163 arms exports 20, 23, 43 military integration 161–67 290 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE Military–Technical Committee 164 Ethiopia and 62 military–technical cooperation 146–76: Grenada and 78 incentives for 152–58 military assistance to 48, 80 legal framework 158–64, 175 USSR and 48, 70 national armies created 175 Cyprus 226–27 Russia and 35, 114, 146: Czechoslovakia 217: arms transfers from 5, 114 arms exports 40, 54, 62 military–technical cooperation 135, arms imports 29, 30, 79 152–61, 275 WTO’s collapse and 179 standardization of arms 163 see also following entry and Slovakia see also under names of countries Czech Republic: COCOM (Coordinating Committee for arms imports 29 Multilateral Export Controls) 96: arms industry 21 dissolution of 96 NATO and 182, 186, 192 embargo relaxed 1–2 Russia and 180, 186 cold war: arms trade and 2 D-27 engine 170 militarization and 43 D-436 engine 170 military assistance and 38 Dagestan 221, 230 see also following entry Dassault Aviation 190 cold war end: Davydov, Oleg 73, 187, 189 arms trade and 1, 2, 16–37, 95, 217 Defence Council: military reform and 34 conflict and 217 Defence Industry, Ministry of: nationalism and 95 arms exports and 52, 109, 118, 123, colonial system 38, 60, 61 241, 245, 249, 253, 254, 255, 257, Committee of State Security see KGB 258, 259 Commonwealth of Independent States see arms industry and 129 CIS arms production and 131 communications systems 26, 27 Council on Defence Industries and 160 Communist Party of the Soviet Union creation 36, 111, 263fn (CPSU) 32, 46, 49, 50, 51, 61, 66, 67, dissolution of 36, 117 70, 113, 231 subcontractors 88 Congo, Democratic Republic of 67 Defence Ministry 228: Conventional Arms Transfer Talks 1fn, arms export data 12 96 arms exports and 43, 49–50, 108, 109, Cooperation with CIS Member States, 113, 115, 117–23, 159, 238, 241–42, Ministry of 153, 274 245, 249, 254, 257–58, 268–69, 279: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance revenue from 14, 35, 51, 119 (CMEA): arms industry and 15, 37, 88, 129 arms trade and 78–80 arms procurement and 15 dissolution of 3, 135, 178–79, 190 expenditure priorities 35–36 membership of 3fn military reform 34 counter-trade see arms trade, offsets military–technical cooperation and 118, Croatia 192 254 Cuba: privatization and 132 Angola and 67fn, 68 Rosvooruzhenie and 117, 118, 119 arms imports 3, 28, 29, 30, 47 spare parts 51 debt to USSR 82 surplus equipment and 224, 228 INDEX 291 training of foreign servicemen 52, 118, Libya and 69 119, 120 UK and 64 Delta GALS-5 aircraft 144 USSR, break with 84 Deshpande, Air Marshal K. A. 32 Elcibey, President Ebulfez 155 Deutch, John 217 El Salvador 70 developing countries: EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation arms imports 42, 52, 54, 60–61, 95, Front) 67 117 Eritrea: conflicts between 60–66 arms imports 43 debts to USSR/Russia 64, 82, 114 Ethiopia and 67 military aid to 60–66 Estonia: military expenditure 25 arms smuggling and 221, 231 Dhlakama, Afonso 68 illicit arms sales 137, 227 Dnepropetrovsk 157 Ethiopia: Dobrzanski, Stanislaw 188, 189 arms imports 24, 29, 43, 62, 67 DV-2 engine 191 debts to USSR/Russia 64, 82 Dvina anti-aircraft system 42, 62 Eritrea and 67 Somalia and 61, 62 East–Central Europe: Sudan and 62 aircraft for 184 USA and 62fn arms exports 184 USSR and 61 arms imports 112, 183 Europe: arms industry 177, 178, 185 arms imports 22, 23, 76, 77 arms modernization 115 security in 1 definition 3fn see also under names of countries military expenditure 177 Exocet missile 135 military–technical cooperation with Export Control Committee see KEKMO Russia 3, 114, 177–93 NATO military standards and 183, 184 F-14 aircraft 143 privatization 185 F-15 aircraft 143 Russia, relations with 35, 135, 179, F-16 aircraft 95, 97, 143, 190 180, 182, 184, 193 F-18 aircraft 143, 190 Russia’s debts to 12 Fakel 195 Russia’s troop withdrawals 34, 223 Federal Border Troops 126, 221 USSR’s collapse and 179–80 Federal External Intelligence Service 104, see also under names of countries 108, 242, 245, 249, 254, 255 Economic Cooperation with CIS Member Federal Security Service: States, Ministry of 160–61 arms exports and 108, 113, 114, 115, Economy, Ministry of 36, 123, 126, 129, 121, 126, 218, 221, 227, 230, 242, 160, 241, 245, 249, 254, 255 245, 249, 254, 255 Ecuador 43 Finance Ministry: Efrat, Moshe 81, 82 arms exports and 241: Egypt: revenue from 14, 133 arms exports 65 arms industry and 129 arms imports 24, 64–65, 80, 81–82, 83, debts to arms industry 128 84 financial–industrial groups see under arms industry 22 Russia debt to USSR 84 Flanker aircraft see Su-27 aircraft 292 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE Florence agreement see Agreement Russia and 154, 155–56, 167, 168, on Sub-Regional Arms Control 171–72, 226 (1996) German Democratic Republic: FMLN (Farabundo Martí National arms exports 54 Liberation Front) 70 arms imports 29, 30, 79, 80, 13 FNLA (National Front for the Liberation Germany: of Angola) 67 arms exports 20, 21, 75, 204 Foreign Affairs, Ministry of: arms industry 25 arms export data 12 military expenditure 25 arms exports and 12, 50, 51, 99, 104, military–technical cooperation with 108, 109, 110, 115, 118, 120, 123, Russia 135 239, 241, 242, 243, 249, 254, 255, unification 28 269, 270, 273, 275 Russia’s troop withdrawals from 225 military–technical cooperation and 239, see also previous entry 241 GIAT 135 Foreign Economic Relations, Ministry of Gidromash 266 see MFER GIU (Glavnoye inzhenernoye Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, upravleniye): Ministry of 270–78 arms exports and 50, 117, 200 Foreign Trade, Ministry of 59 creation 53 France: reparations and 54 arms exports 20, 21, 23, 75, 94, 95, 97, GKI (Gosudarstvenny komitet po 206 upravleniu imushchestva) 37, 132 arms imports 23 GKVTP (Gosudarstvenny komitet Guidelines for Conventional Arms voyenno-tekhnicheskoy politike) 103, Transfers and 97 104, 108, 109, 159, 183, 255, 256, 257, military expenditure 25 268, 269 military–technical cooperation with Glaziev, Sergey 196 Russia 114, 135 Glukhikh, Viktor 130, 196 FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Glybin, Yuriy 128 Mozambique) 68 Gorbachev, President Mikhail: Friedman, Norman 196 arms exports and 100 FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation China and 194 Front) 70 foreign relations and 3, 28 Fyodorov, Aleksey 144 Goskomoboronprom see State Committee on Defence Industries Gagra 156 Goskomstat 87, 88, 128 Gaidar, Yegor 76, 205 Gosplan 50, 53 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 156 Govurukhin Commission 228, 229–30 Garang, Colonel John 70 Grabowski, Tadeusz 187 Gates, Robert 195 Grachev, Pavel 154, 169, 170, 171, 188, GEC Marconi 90 194, 199, 225 Georgia 217: Grad multiple-rocket launch systems 69 Abkhazia and 148, 155–56, 171, 172 Granit financial–industrial group 166 air defences 166 Greece: arms imports 155–56, 172 military–technical cooperation with arms shipments from 227 Russia 114 CFE Treaty and 147, 148, 172 Grenada 77 INDEX 293 Griff Class ship 174 Inkombank 134, 203 Gripen (JAS-39) aircraft 190 Interdepartmental Commission on Gromyko, Andrey 60 Military–Technical Cooperation Grumble missile see S-300 air defence between Russia and Foreign States see system KVTS GTU (Glavnoye tekhnicheskoye Interdepartmental Coordinating Council upravleniye) 50, 54, 117 for Military–Technical Cooperation Guatemala 70 between the Russian Federation and Gudauta base 148, 156, 172 Foreign States see KMS Guidelines for Conventional Arms Interdepartmental Coordinating Council Transfers (1991) 96, 98, 233 for Military–Technical Policy of the GUMVS (Glavnoye upravleniye Russian Federation see KMSVTP mezhdunarodnogo voyennogo Interior Ministry 126, 218, 221, 227, 230 sotrudnichestva) 120, 121 Internal and Foreign Trade, Ministry of Guseinov, Suret 155 53 GUSK (Glavnoye upravleniye po International Aircraft Engines 170 sotrudnichestvu i kooperatsii) 50, 54, International Aircraft Project 170 117 International Monetary Fund 24–25 Inter-regional Volgo-Kama Bank of Han Class submarine 212 Reconstruction and Development 170 Honduras 70 Ioseliani, Dzhaba 155, 171 Hungary: Iran: arms exports 54 arms imports 4, 5, 29, 76, 143 arms imports 29, 30, 79 Chechnya and 230 military–technical cooperation 190–91 Russia and 35 NATO and 182, 192 Iraq: Russia and 189, 190–91 arms embargo on 23, 96, 99, 112 Russia’s debts to 80 arms imports 1, 3, 29, 30, 63, 64, 65, Huzar programme 187 83, 96, 100, 143 Chechnya and 230 Il-10 aircraft 48, 55 cold war end and 95 Il-14 aircraft 64 debts to USSR/Russia 82–83, 100 Il-28 aircraft 55 Kuwait and 1, 23 Il-76 aircraft 191 oil exports 83 Ilyushin aircraft 153 UN and 23, 96 Ilyushin financial–industrial group 175 Iraq–Iran War 23, 41, 61, 65 IMF see International Monetary Fund Irkutsk 36, 144, 201 Impex 215 Irkutsk Aviation Production Association India: 144, 200 arms imports 4, 14, 29, 30, 32, 33, 64, Islamic fundamentalism 69, 199–200 76, 80–81, 115, 183 Israel: arms production 66 arms industry 21 debts 82–83 Lebanon and 69 military expenditure 15, 33 see also Arab–Israeli wars military–technical cooperation and 66 Italy: Pakistan, conflict with 61 arms exports 206 Russia, relations with 32, 33 military–technical cooperation with USSR coup attempt and 32 Russia 135 294 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE Izhevsk 227 Kilo Class submarine 200, 201, 203, 204, Izhevsk Mechanical Plant 226 211, 214 Kim Il Sung 48, 59, 60 J-10 airframe 214 Kirov 138 Japan 23, 199, 211, 215 Kirov Class submarine 137 JAS-39 Gripen aircraft 190 Kirov Plant 201 Jiangwei Class frigate 211 Kitovani, Tengiz 155, 171 Jordan 29, 60, 230: Klimov 191 Chechnya and 230 KMS (Koordinatsionny mezhvedomstvenny sovet po voyenno- Ka-27 helicopter 142, 211 tekhnicheskomy sotrudnichestvu Ka-31 helicopter 142 Rossiyskoy Federatsii s inostrannymi Ka-32 helicopter 142 gosudarstvami) 282–84 Ka-50 helicopter 142 KMSVTP (Koordinatsionny mezh- Kalashnikov 134 vedomstvenny sovet po voyenno- Kalashnikov rifles 42 tekhnicheskoy politike) 108, 121, 243– Kaliningrad 189, 226 46, 249, 253, 254, 255, 265, 266, 267, Kamov 137, 142–43 272, 279 Kamov, N. I. 142 Kokoshin, Andrey 37 Karmanovskiy, S. 139 Kolodzejczik, Piotr 188 Kaul, Air Chief Marshal S. K. 32 Komorowski, Bronislaw 188 Kazakhstan: Komsomolsk-na-Amure 36, 144 air defence 165, 166 Korea, North: arms exports 154, 174 arms imports 3, 28, 29, 48, 55, 112 arms imports 30, 173, 174 arms industry 21 arms industry 151–52, 173 debts to USSR 82 CFE Treaty and 147 military aid to 56–60, 80 military–technical cooperation with USSR’s support 56–60 Russia 114, 167, 168, 172–74 Korea, South: naval base 174 arms imports 23 nuclear facilities 157 arms industry 22 officer corps 157 Korean War 42, 48, 56–60 Russia and 158, 167, 168, 172–74 Kotelkin, Alexander 75, 135, 183 test ranges 174 Kozyrev, Andrey 97, 98, 114, 197 USA and 174 Krasnoye Sormovo 200, 201, 202, 203 KEKMO (Komitet eksportnogo kontrolya Krishnaswamy, Air Vice-Marshal S. 32 Ministerstva oborony) 120, 121, 249 Kronstadt patrol craft 211 KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy Kub missile complex 65 bezopasnosti) 66, 218 Kuchma, President Leonid 157, 170 Kharbin Commercial Trade Company Kurdish people 70 215 Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) 221 Kharkov State Aircraft Enterprise 170 Kuwait: Khizha, Georgiy 224 arms imports 24 Khripunov, Igor 222 invasion of 1, 23, 96 Khrushchev, First Secretary Nikita 70 Kuzyk, Boris 103, 182–83, 197 Kiev Aircraft Plant 170 Kvadrat anti-aircraft system 64 Kiev Design Bureau 153 Kvasha, N. I. 129, 141–42 INDEX 295 KVTS (Komitet voyenno-tekhnicheskogo Lin-tao 211 sotrudnichestva) 103, 108, 200 Li Phar 60 Kwasnewski, Alexander 182 Lithuania 221, 227 Kyrgyzstan: Loara programme 187 air defences 166 Lobov, Oleg 191 Russia and 167, 168 Lockheed Martin 190 Lora Trading Company 227 La-9 aircraft 55 Luhu Class destroyer 211 Latin America: Lukashenko, President Alexander 169 arms imports 24, 77, 183 Lukyanenko, Levko 192 military expenditure 24 Luna rocket system 64 Russia and 70 see also under names of countries McDonnell Douglas 190 Latvia 221, 227 Main Administration for International Law on Defence (1996) 129 Military Cooperation see GUMVS Law on Principles of State Policy on Maksimov, Lieutenant-Colonel Yuriy 60 Military and Technical Cooperation Malakhit 139–41 with other States (draft) 7–8, 9–10, 107 Malaysia 213: Law on Privatization of State-Owned and arms imports 4, 28, 30, 90–91, 115 Municipal Enterprises (1991) 132 Maley, Mikhail 197 Law on State Procurement 130 Malutka anti-tank system 64 Law on State Regulation of Foreign Mao Zedong, Chairman 55, 59 Trade Activity (1995) 250–52 MAPO (Moscow Aviation Production Law on the Conversion of the Defence Organization) 110, 111, 200, 202 Industry (1992) 37, 130, 249–50 see also MiG-MAPO Law on the Defence Order and the Status Mashzavod plant 203, 211 of Plants which Fulfil It (draft) 88 Mengistu, Lieutenant-Colonel Haile Law on the Formation of Financial– Mariam 61 Industrial Groups 130 MFER (Ministry of Foreign Economic Lazurit 129, 139, 141–42 Relations) 54, 73, 86, 102, 108, 109, Lazur plant 215 110, 113, 200: League of Assistance to Defence arms exports and 239, 240, 241, 242, Enterprises 86, 136 243, 249, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, Lebanon 40, 69, 222: 259–62, 270–78, 280 Chechnya and 230 Mi-1 helicopter 62 Lebed, Alexander 181 Mi-4 helicopter 64–65 Leclerc tank 135 Mi-8 helicopter 62 Leninskiy Komsomolets 139 Mi-24 helicopter 142 Libya: Middle East: arms embargo on 23, 99, 112 arms control in 96, 98 arms exports 43 arms imports 22, 23–24, 28, 40, 76, 77, arms imports 3, 28, 29, 30, 64, 65, 83, 183 84, 143, 100 arms trade and 1 debts to USSR/Russia 64, 100 Chechen diaspora in 230 Egypt and 69, 84 militarization 43 Syria and 84 see also under names of countries Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) 33 MiG-9 aircraft 58 Limbank 134 MiG-15 aircraft 55, 57, 58 296 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE MiG-17 aircraft 64 Nambiar, K. A. 32 MiG-19 aircraft 62 Namibia 67, 68 MiG-21 aircraft 32, 33, 62, 66, 84, 96, NATO: 188 enlargement of 153, 182, 189–90, MiG-23 aircraft 62, 64, 66, 96, 213 192–93 MiG-27 aircraft 32, 66 military expenditure 25, 177fn MiG-29 aircraft 32, 65, 90–91, 111, 134, Partnership for Peace 174 173, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191, 195, 200 Nazarbayev, President Nursultan 172, MiG-31 aircraft 214 173, 174 MiG Design Bureau 202, 214 Netherlands: arms exports 20 MiG financial–industrial group 202 Netscape 27 MiG-MAPO (Moscow Aviation Nicaragua 43, 70: Production Organization) 11, 134, 191 arms imports 3, 28, 29 Mikheyev, S. V. 142 Niyazov, President Saparmurat 174fn military doctrine 26 Nizhniy Novgorod 111, 131, 134, 139, military exhibitions 41, 42 141, 196, 201, 203, 211, 212, 215 military expenditure 24–25: NLFE (National Liberation Front of cuts in 3, 177 Eritrea) 43, 67 see also under names of countries Novecon 195 Military–Industrial Commission 72 Novosibirsk 144 military technology, spread of 2 nuclear, biological and chemical weapons Mil, M. L. 142 96, 122 Mineyev, Yuriy 139, 140 Numeiri, President Gafaar Mohammed Minoboronprom see Defence Industry, 69, 81 Ministry of Mirage-2000 aircraft 97, 190 Oboronexport 102, 117, 200 Mirage aircraft 95 Oceania 22, 24 Missile Technology Control Regime Ocean Shuttle 141 (MTCR) 105 Office of the President 37 Mitterrand, President François 95 Ogaden 62 Moldova: oil 43, 63, 79, 83, 84, 186 arms exports 154 OKB-2 142 CFE Treaty and 147, 148 Oleksy, Josef 188 CIS and 162 Onaksimbank 134 military–technical cooperation 162, On measures to improve the system of 167, 168, 170–71 management of military–technical Russia and 35, 148, 167, 168, 170–71, cooperation with foreign countries 226 decree (1997) 10, 278–79 Mongolia 80: On measures to strengthen state control debt to USSR 82 of foreign trade activity in the field of Morocco 60, 68 military–technical cooperation decree Mozambique: arms imports 68 (1997) 10, 279–81 MPLA (Popular Movement for the On military–technical cooperation of the Liberation of Angola) 67, 68 Russian Federation with foreign Murmansk Parakhodstvo 138 countries decree (1995) 115fn, 238 On the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Nadibaidze, General Varden 171, 172 the State Company Rosvooruzhenie Nagorno-Karabakh 154 decree (1997) 10, 281–82 INDEX 297 On the order of the sale and use of NATO and 182, 188, 189–90, 192 military property being released decree privatization 187 (1992) 224 public opinion 188 On the State Committee of the Russian Russia and 188, 189–90 Federation on military–technical policy Slovakia and 192 decree (1994) 103 Ukraine and 188, 192 On the struggle against corruption in the USA and 188 system of government service decree Polisario Front 68 (1992) 224 Politburo 49, 50, 59 Osa missile complex 65 political movements: arms exports to OSCE (Organization for Security and 66–70 Co-operation in Europe): Criteria on Portugal 68 Conventional Arms Transfers 99, Povazhska Stroyanye 191 234–35 Principal Guidelines for the Evolution of Ossetia see South Ossetia CIS Integration (1992) 146 Promexport 10, 109, 119, 279, 280, 281 Pajak, Roger 81 Prominvestbank 170 Pak, Zinoviy 36, 37, 130, 180 Proshenetorg 134 Pakistan 61 Prudnikov, Colonel-General Viktor 165, Pak Sobon 60 166 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) PT-91 Twardy tank 187 69 Pyankov, Colonel-General B. Y. 157 Panama 70 Pyotr Velikiy 138 Papa Class submarine 139 Paracel Islands 211 Rao, Narasimha 32 Parliament 7, 8, 9: RD-35 engine 191 Federation Council 8 Regulations on licensing in the Russian State Duma 7, 8, 37, 129, 171–72, 224: Federation of special assembly transfer Defence Committee 13, 224 for production of armaments and Patriot missile system 41 weapon systems in the CIS member Pechora anti-aircraft complex 62 states 159 Perry, William 215 Regulations on Military–Technical Persian Gulf 2: Cooperation of the Russian Federation arms imports 19, 21, 135 with Foreign Countries 158–59, 238–43 Persian Gulf War 19, 41, 95 RENAMO (National Resistance of Peru 29, 43 Mozambique) 68 Petropavlovsk 151 Rodionov, Igor 182 Philippines 213 Rogachev, Igor 196 Piranha submarine 137, 139 Rokhlin, Lev 13, 224 Plotnikov, Nikolay 167 Romania 217: PO-2 aircraft 48 arms exports 54 Poland: arms imports 29, 79 arms exports 58 arms industry 21 arms imports 29, 30, 80 Russia and 189 arms industry 21, 186–90 West and 20fn military expenditure 177fn, 187 Romeo Class submarine 211 military–technical cooperation 187, Rossiyskiye Tekhnologii 10, 109, 279, 188, 189 280 298 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE Rosvertol 134 competitiveness of 14 Rosvooruzhenie 10, 107, 109, 110, 111, control of 98, 99–100, 104–13, 109, 114, 117, 121, 159, 200: 100, 112–16, 120–21, 122, 125, arms export data 4, 11, 12, 73, 74, 80 201, 218, 226, 236–82, 255–62 arms exports and: counter-trade see offsets banks dealing with 134 credit and 183 Defence Ministry and 117, 118, 119 customs service and 11 profits and 133 decline in 4, 15, 20, 94, 107, 113 revenue from and 13–14, 86, 87 demand for 34 charges of 204 detention of 222 complaints against 204 difficulties of 112–13 contracts and 11 economic aspects 71–92 creation of 103, 117 economic factors 2, 5, 28, 129–30, criminal proceedings against 137 196, 197 criticisms of 87, 204–5 embargoes and 248–49 investment and 134 financial aspects 6, 11, 90–91 military–technical cooperation and 110, foreign policy and 2, 5, 15, 154–56 117, 119 future of 14–15, 33–37 prices and 89, 204 hard currency and 28, 72, 76, 89, 92, regulations and 246–48, 254, 279, 280, 100, 112, 113, 196, 197, 201, 203 281–82 illegal 133, 136–37 training of foreign servicemen 120 illicit 217–32 Rubin 139, 141 increase in 4, 75, 116, 183 Russia: industrial factors 2, 5 air defence 165–67 internal conflict over 113 armed forces: joint ventures 34 arms sales by 137, 222–26 legislation and 8, 9, 107, 219 see crime and 218, 222–26 also under Laws General Staff of 120, 121 licences 11, 101, 102, 103, 107–11, inter-service conflict 218 119, 121, 133, 159, 204, 253–59, modernization 129, 181–82 259–62 social programmes 197 managing 9–10, 200–5 arms export data 7, 11–13, 72–76 market expansion 115 arms exports: marketing 95, 113 after-sales service 95, 113, 115 market research 118 arms industry and 3, 6, 14, 15, 34, military exhibitions and 42, 118 36, 71, 124–45, 133–37, 195, 196, motives for 5, 71, 99, 122, 144–45, 201, 203 195–98 Asia, East 114 offsets and 11, 91, 134 Asia, South-East 114 patterns of 28–33 barriers to 6, 113 policy on 5, 7–10, 93–106, 116, 135, barter 113, 134, 183, 198, 203 180–81 certification of companies see prices 87–91, 119 licences production process management changes and 3–6, 107, 116 202–3 cold war end and 94–97 profits 72, 91–92, 130, 133, 134, 136 commercialization 100, 112, 113, recipients 28, 29, 76, 77 183, 205 regulations 236–82 INDEX 299 researching 6–7 state purchases 5, 36, 97, 102, 126, revenue from 13–14, 99–100 127, 195–96 distribution of 13–14 unemployment 97 security and 15, 99, 122–23 USSR’s collapse and 148–52 spare parts 10, 113, 184 see also Russia: defence enterprises state monopoly 5, 93, 101, 104, 111, arms procurement 35, 36, 126–30 116, 117 arms technology exports 6 transparency 13 arms trade, role in 3–6 value 4, 10–12, 72–76, 197 banks 6, 11, 160 volume 4, 10, 12–13, 182 borders 221, 222 West and 114 Central Bank 11, 91, 128, 160, 204 arms imports 137, 221, 227, 257 CFE Treaty and 147, 148 arms industry 124–45, 129–30, 181: CIS states and 146–76 arms exports and 36, 102, 110, 111, computer industry 34 226–27 Constitution 9 conversion 37, 100, 102, 103, 139, consumer goods 197–98, 203 141, 146, 158, 197, 215 conventional arms control and 97–98, crisis in 71, 102, 112 105 decline in production 97, 111, Council of Ministers 103 127–28, 130–31, 148–52, 195–96 criminality in 218, 221, 231 definition 130 customs 221, 222 design bureaux 36, 202 debts owed to 47, 64 employment 97, 123, 148–49 see also under names of countries government support 35 defence enterprises: inheritance of 28 arms exports 124–45, 133–37, investment 103, 112 144–45 joint-stock companies 132, 202 cooperation between 124 joint ventures 34, 133, 136 investment 133 management 125 reorganization 137–45 military reform and 28 see also Russia: arms industry military–technical cooperation and defence science 132 102, 103, 107, 252–53 dual-use technology 105, 121, 135, non-military sales 5 144, 248–49 one-factory towns 129 economic policy 34–36, 182 ownership 131–32 export controls 102 see also under privatization 37, 101, 125, 132, 202 arms exports production 130–31 financial aid to 197 production associations 202 financial–industrial groups 6, 36, 125, profits and 102, 111, 133, 134 136, 143–44, 147, 170 protectionism 97 firearms, possession of 220–21 research and development see foreign policy 4, 28, 35, 135, 146, Russia: military R&D 180–82, 198 restructuring 36–37 inflation 3–4, 34 state debt to 128 intellectual property, export controls state, relationship with 99, 100, 101, 105, 106 110–12, 114, 124, 125, 127, 129, legislation types 8 132, 181 military doctrine 158 300 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE military expenditure 3–4, 15, 28, 35, SA-5 anti-aircraft system 42 36, 112, 127, 223 SA-10 missile system see S-300 air military R&D 15, 36, 181 defence system military reform 28, 34, 35, 181–82 Saab group 190 military–technical cooperation 118–20: Sadibekov, Colonel Zhailaubai 174 commercialization 100 Sahara, Arab Democratic Republic of 68 control of 103–5, 108, 109, 110, 121, St Petersburg 131, 201 238–43, 278–81 Salo, Vladimir 37 coordination of 103–4 Samoylov, Viktor 86 disagreements about 93–94 SA-N-6 missile see S-300 missile system incentives for 152–56 Sapegin, Colonel-General Sergey 166 legal basis 7–8, 9–10, 158–61 Sapsayev, General Valeriy 174 ministries responsible for 160 Saudi Arabia: policy changes 94, 102, 181 arms imports 24 West and 135 Chechnya and 230 NATO and 193 Savings Bank of Ukraine 170 near abroad and 15, 135, 153 Selassie, Emperor Haile 67 president’s powers 9 Severodvinsk 139 privatization 37, 101, 125 Shaposhnikov, Marshal Yevgeniy 223 raw materials and 152 Shazli, General Sa’ad el-Din 81 scientific knowledge, export controls Shenyang Aircraft Factory 213 105 Shevardnadze, President Eduard: Security Council 108, 191 Abkhazia and 155–56, 171 security policy 4, 28, 99 Russia and 155–56 shipbuilding: USSR’s arms export policy and 7 production 131 USSR’s foreign policy and 3, 28 reorganization 138 Shilka anti-aircraft gun 64 strategy lacking 141 Shilka anti-aircraft system 42 troops abroad 34 Shmarov, Valeriy 170 USA, relations with 34 Shtemenko, General 59, 60 USSR’s dissolution and 64, 71 Shulanov, Alexander 86, 136 West, relations with 5, 34, 35 Shulyavskiy, O. B. 138 Russian–Armenian Treaty on Military Silayev, I. S. 143 Cooperation (1995) 154 Simonov, M. P. 143 Russian–Georgian Agreement on Trade Singapore: arms industry 21 and Economic Cooperation (1996) 171 Slovakia: Russian–Georgian Treaty of Friendship arms imports 30 and Military Cooperation (1994) 171 arms industry 21 Russian–Belarussian Treaty of Federation CFE Treaty and 191 (1996) 169–70 economic reform 191 Russian–Belarussian Treaty on Friend- Poland and 192 ship and Cooperation (1995) 169 Russia and 180, 191–92 Russia’s debts to 80 S-75 anti-aircraft system 65 Ukraine and 191 S-125 anti-aircraft system 62, 65 Smerch rocket artillery system 190 S-300 air defence system (Grumble) 41, Smolensk army base 137 133, 206, 212 Sokol 134, 201, 202 SA-2 anti-aircraft system 42 Sokolniki 142 INDEX 301 Somalia: Strela-2 anti-aircraft missile 65 arms exports 62 Su-7 aircraft 65 arms imports 64 Su-24 aircraft 65, 143 Ethiopia and 61, 62 Su-25 aircraft 171 Soskovets, Oleg 76, 108 Su-26 aircraft 143 South Africa: Su-27 aircraft 89, 143, 144, 191, 200, Angola and 67, 68 202, 203, 207, 210, 212, 213 anti-apartheid struggle 68–69 Su-29 aircraft 143 arms industry 22 Su-30 aircraft 33, 144 South China Sea 213 Su-31 aircraft 33 Southern Machine Construction Plant 157 Su-35 aircraft 213 South Ossetia 172, 226 submarines: manufacture 137, 139, 141 South-West Africa 68 submarines, miniature 137, 139 Sovremenny Class destroyers 211 Sudan: Spetsvneshtekhnika 102, 117 arms exports 43 SPLA (Sudanese People’s Liberation arms imports 43, 62, 81 Army) 69, 70 conflict in 69–70 Spratly Islands 211, 212 Ethiopia and 62 Stalin, Joseph 48, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60 USSR and 69–70 Starodub, Yuriy 128 Suez Crisis 64 State Committee on Defence Industries Sukhoi 111, 143–44, 191 (Goskomoboronprom) 36, 72, 73, 101, Sukhoi aircraft 137 102, 111, 117, 130, 132, 226, 263, 264, Sukhoi Design Bureau 202, 213 265, 266, 267 Sukhoi, P. O. 143 State Committee for External Economic Sungari Sino-Russian joint venture 215 Cooperation of the Council of Ministers Sunkara Class ship 174 53 Sun Microsystems 27 State Committee for External Economic Svechnikov, Sergey 183 Relations of the Council of Ministers 54 SWAPO (South-West African People’s State Committee for Industrial Policy 76 Organization) 68 State Committee for the Management of Sweden: arms exports 20, 21 State Property see GKI Syria: State Committee on Military–Technical arms imports 3, 28, 29, 30, 40, 64, 65, Policy see GKVTP 80, 83, 112 State Committee on Statistics see debts to USSR/Russia 64, 82 Goskomstat Lebanon, invasion of 40 State Customs Committee 254 State Planning Commission see Gosplan T-34 tank 48, 56 Statute on the Procedure for Provision of T-43 Class minesweeper 211 Goods (Work, Services) Within the T-54 tank 64, 65, 69, 205 Scope of Production Cooperation and T-55 tank 62, 64, 65, 69, 205 Specialization of Production between T-62 tank 42, 62, 64, 65, 213 Enterprises and Sectors of the Russian T-72 tank 41, 42, 65, 155, 172, 185, 205, Federation and other Members of the 206 CIS 159 T-80 tank 32, 113, 135, 201, 204, 224 Strategic policy of Russia towards CIS Taiwan: member states decree (1995) 160 arms imports 23, 94–95, 97, 196 Strela-1 anti-aircraft missile 65 arms industry 23 302 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE defence cooperation 23 military–technical cooperation with Tajikistan: Russia 114, 156–57, 162, 167, 168, air defences 166 170, 193 Russia and 35, 167, 168, 226 Poland and 188, 192 Tamko 135 Russia and 151, 158, 167, 170, 193 Tashkent Aircraft Plant 153 Russian troops in 137 Tashkent Treaty on Collective Security Slovakia and 191 (1992) 146, 172, 174 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Tbilisi 147, 154, 172 air defence system 165 Tbilisi Aviation Industrial Association armed forces, primacy of 85 171 arms export data 6–7, 72, 79 Ter-Petrosyan, President Levon 154 arms exports: terrorists 122, 137 administrative arrangements for Tokobank 134 53–54 TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front) after-sales service 95 43 arms industry and 46–47, 71, 92 trade exhibitions 133 barter and 46, 47, 48, 49, 64 trading companies 124–25, 204–5 categories, balance of 30, 31 Transcaucus Military District 147, 155 clearing arrangements 80–83, 92 Triton submarine 139 CMEA countries 78–80 Tu-2 aircraft 55, 57 contracts 51, 52 Tu-16 aircraft 64 control of 44 Tula 201, 227 costs and 46 Tuleyev, Aman 153 credit and 46, 47, 48, 63–64 Tunguska air defence system 32, 224 decision making 49–54 Tupolev aircraft 170 demonstrations 44–45 Tupolev Design Bureau 170 design bureaux and 52, 86 Turkey: domestic reforms and 84–91 arms smuggled to 221 economic aspects 45–49, 63–64, arms industry 22 71–92 Azerbaijan and 155 foreign policy and 1, 2, 3, 5 Chechnya and 230 free 46, 47 military expenditure 25 hard currency and 63, 72, 74, 77, military–technical cooperation with 83–84, 86, 89, 90–91, 100, 112 Russia 114 Korean War and 56–60 Russia and 35 licences 54 Turkmenistan: limitations of 42 arms imports 174 manufacturers and 46 Russia and 157, 167, 168, 174–75 military exhibitions and 41, 42 Type 636 submarine 33 military–technical cooperation 42, 52, 53, 117 Udmurtia 127 negotiations 89 Ukraine: non-socialist countries 80–83 arms exports 153 patterns of 38–39 arms industry 21, 151, 157 payment, forms of 48–49, 77–84 Azerbaijan and 155 political factors 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 93, 100 CFE Treaty and 147, 148 political movements and 66–70 CIS and 162 prices 46, 48, 78, 81, 85 –91 INDEX 303 principles behind 39–49 trading organizations 46, 50, 51, 86 profits and 46, 72, 91–92 troop withdrawals 34 quality of 42, 51 UN and 65 recipients 28, 29, 30, 64–66, 77–84 USA, collaboration with 28 re-exports 42–43, 51, 54 see also under names of ministries repair and maintenance 45, 46, 52 UNITA (National Union for the restraint 40–41 Total Independence of Angola) 67, secrecy 41, 93 68 security policy and 1, 43, 85 United Arab Emirates: socialist countries, to 51–52, 54–60, arms imports 28, 30, 115, 134–35 61, 78–80 USSR and 61 spare parts 51, 52, 95 United Kingdom: standardization and 52 arms exports 20, 21, 75, 94, 95 state monopoly 49, 93 arms imports 23 strategic factors 43–45 arms industry 25 value 72–76, 79–80 military expenditure 25 WTO and 43–44 United Nations: arms industry: arms embargoes 23, 99, 112, 192 distribution 151 arms transfer control 76 employment 148–49 Commission on Crime Prevention and managers 52 Criminal Justice 220 ministries involved 52–53 conventional arms control and 96–97 subcontractors 88 Register of Conventional Arms 12–13, China, relations with 23, 55, 59 155 conventional arms control and 96, 100 Security Council 1, 21, 23, 96 Council of Ministers 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, United States of America: 59, 223 ACDA 73–74 debts owed by 80, 113 arms exports 1, 19, 20–21, 22–23, 94, debts owed to 82–83, 84 95 dissolution of: CIA 195 armed forces and 147–48, 217 conventional arms transfers and 96, 97 arms industry and 28 foreign policy 8 effect of 28, 91, 147–52, 179 military expenditure on R&D 21 illicit arms sales and 223–26, 231: military technology 27 in Chechnya 228–29 technology transfers 26 military assets, division of 147 USSR, collaboration with 28 economy: Ural 138 military planning and 84 Uzbekistan: prices 85, 86, 87–91 air defences 166 training of foreign servicemen 44, 51, Russia and 167, 168, 175 52, 58 foreign policy 3 Vanous, Jan 79 military aid given by 44, 56, 57, 60–66, Varshavyanka Class submarine see Kilo 77–78, 80 Class submarine politics and 39–43 Varyag 212 trade: Vasilevskiy, Marshal Alexander M. 57, domestic reforms and 84–91 59 prices and 85, 86, 89 Vaziani airfield 156, 172 304 R US S IA AND THE ARMS TRADE Viet Nam 43: Yakovlev 191 arms imports 3, 28, 29, 30, 56, 143 Yalosbank 144 debt to USSR 82 Yekaterinburg 201 military aid to 42, 56, 80 Yeltsin, President Boris: Viet Nam War 42 Armenia and 154 Vijayanta tank 32 arms exports and 8, 10, 76, 196 Vneshtorgbank 134 Chechnya and 230 Volga anti-aircraft complex 62 China and 194 Volna 139 CIS and 146, 160 Votkinsk Mechanical Plant 127 India, visit to 32, 82, 198 Voyentech 224 Kazakhstan and 172, 173 VPK see Military–Industrial Commission Korea, South, visit to 199 Vyshinskiy, Andrey 60 military reform and 35 technical cooperation and 108 W-3 Sokol helicopter 187 Russia’s Eurasian identity and 199 Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO): Yugoslavia and 192 arms imports 28, 30, 47, 54–55 Yemen, North: arms production 54, 55 arms imports 29, 64, 65 debts owed to 47 USSR and 61, 65 dissolution of 3, 28, 135, 178, 217, 223 Yemen, South and 61 Joint Armed Forces 55 Yemen, South: legacy of 178–82 arms imports 29, 44, 64, 65 membership of 3fn USSR and 65 military–technical cooperation in 3, 78 Yemen, North and 61 Wassenaar Arrangement: Yeremichev, Vadim 134 control systems and 98, 104, 105 Yugoslavia 217: establishment 2 arms embargo 99, 112, 192 Russian arms exports and 115, 268–70 arms imports 29, 30, 222 Western Group of Forces 225 Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro): Western Sahara 68 arms embargo 99 Woody Island 211 arms imports 224 World War II 84, 122 arms industry 192 Wuhu air base 206 Yuilang Trading 215

Xing-Yui-Ju 215 Zaire see Congo, Democratic Republic Xinjian J-10 airframe 214 of Zambia: debts 64 Yabloko Party 199 ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Yak-9 aircraft 57 Union) 43 Yak-18 aircraft 48 Zaporozhe Aircraft Engine Plant 153, 156 Yak-41 aircraft 212 Zharkov, Nikolay 201 Yak-112 aircraft 144 Zhou Enlai 55 Yak-130 aircraft 191 Zimbabwe 43