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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16299-9 - The Artist and the Scientists: Bringing Prehistory to Life Peter Trusler, Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich Index More information

Index

Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations Aboriginal culture, 69 monsoon country, 169 Bushman habitations, 207, 212 acid etching (preparation), 97 Australia Post, 67, 83, 193, 200, 206, 214, Bushman rock art, 212 Africa, 148, 265 224–5, 256–7, 295 Bushy-tail Blowout (Wyoming), 193 ‘Agronomic Revolution’, 231 Australian Megafauna philatelic issue, Alcoota, 163, 166, 167–9, 174 258–9, 263, 268, 271, 272, 273, 277, calcite, 108 Alerces National Park, 189, 190, 191, 192 279, 281 Callitris, 96 All about Dinosaurs, 14 Australia’s Dinosaur Era philatelic issue, Cambrian, 219 Allocasuarina, 96 118–19, 124–5, 264 Camens, A., 262, 274 Allosaurus, 120 Creatures of the Slime philatelic issue, 198 Campbell, K., 98–9 Alola Foundation, 285 Philatelic Group, 256–7, 260–3, 265 Capello, M., 184, 188, 193 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), ‘Australia’s Dinosaur Era’, 124–5 Carey, S., 274 16–17, 27, 164–5 Australian Aboriginal mythology, 165 cassowaries, 92, 148 ammonites, 46 Australian Academy of Sciences, 47 cathartid vultures, 163 anagalids, 56 Australian Dinosaurs stamps, see Australia Post cave art, 265 anhigas, 52 Australian Emperor Dragonfly,141 Central Australia, 54, 59, 84 See also snake birds ‘Australian megafauna’, 67, 258–9 cephalopods, 99, 195 Anhimidae, 169 Australian Museum (Sydney), 66, 82, 98 Ceratodus, 143, 144 Anseranas, 169 Australian Natural History, 88 ‘Cerro los Chivos’, 196 anseriforms, 169 Australian Research Council, 20 Charnia, 219 Antarctic Circle, 108 Australian Research Grants Committee, 24, Charniodiscus, 218, 219 Antarctica, 17, 54, 55, 120, 122, 184, 265 26–7 Chasmatosaurus, 55 ANZAAS (Australia New Zealand Association for Australosphenida, 242 Childs Frick Laboratory, 16, 165 the Advancement of Science), 78, 84 Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, 215, 223, 230 China, 46–7, 54, 64, 65, 67–9, 144, 186, 203, Araucaria araucana, 192 avian relationships, 168 234, 240 araucarian, 187, 188 Cultural Revolution, 46 Archangel’sk, 204, 207 Bacchus Marsh, 24–5, 26, 29, 30, 33, 68, 261 Chinese–English Dictionary and English– Archbold, N., 99 Ballarat Field Naturalists Club, 8 Chinese Dictionary of Paleontology terms, 47, Archer, M., 109–10 Bartholomai, A., 17–18 47–8, 65 Arctic, 209 Benitez, A, 186 Chinsamy, A., 123 Argentina, 82, 183, 189, 190, 191, 192, ‘Beothukus – Newfoundland’, 226 Chubut Province (Patagonia), 182–5, 183, 193, 193–4, 196, 197 Bierstadt, A., 129 196, 197 Arminiheringia, 82 billabong, 111, Chubut River, 184, 188, 197 artistic representations 112–13 Cifelli, R., 242 coloration, 92 binocular depth perception, 43 cultural distortion, 128 bio-illustration, 40 Cimolesta, 56 cultural factors, 132 biomat, 216, 230 Clark, R., 256 emotional element, 72–3 Birds of Australian Gardens, 40, 261 Clarke, A.C., 203 graphic skills, 39 Birds of Prey, 224 Cleeland, C., 80, 88, 96, 106, 117 motion, 74 ‘Bishops’, 252–3 cnidarians, 219 Asa Zoo, 106, 138 ‘Bishops – hypothetical posture studies’, 249 Coccolepis woodwardi, 142 Asia, 265 Bishops whitmorei, 239, 241, 242, 248, 251, Coccosteus cuspidatus, 100 ‘Asian Cainozoic fauna’, 56 252–3 Coffa, F., 52, 200, 203 Atlascopcosaurus, 124–5 Bock, W., 149, 164–5 collagen, 149, 154 Attenborough, D., 211 borhyaenid marsupial, 82 Columbia University, 16–17, 19, 46, 163–5 Audubon, J.J., 37 brachiopods, 286 condors, 189 ‘Aurora’, 104, 122–3, 251 ‘Bradgatia – partial reconstruction, ConocoPhillips, 257, 286 Ausia, 207, 209 Newfoundland’, 224 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas ausktribosphenids, 249, 251, 290 Brodkorb, P., 16 y Técnicas (CONICET), 193 Ausktribosphenos, 248 Brown, L. (Capability), 129 Constantine, A., 188, 204 ‘Ausktribosphenos nyktos – mandible’, 233 browsing kangaroo, 59 continental drift, 164 Australasian avifauna, 164 bryozoans, 286 Cooper, R., 149–50 Australia, 120, 124–5, 169, 184, 186, 201, Buenos Aires, 193 cormorant, 51–2, 53, 60 213–14, 216, 220, 225, 230, 252–3, Bullock Creek, 148, 168–9, 174 Corriebaatar marywaltersae, 243, 246 257, 289 Bullockornis planei, 166 Couzens, J., 66

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-16299-9 - The Artist and the Scientists: Bringing Prehistory to Life Peter Trusler, Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich Index More information

INDEX 305

cranes, 148 Ektopodon, 59 Gomez, E., 183 Crapp, A., 262 elephant birds, 148 Gondwana, 97, 188, 193, 250 ‘Creatures of the slime’, 198, 206, 257, 265 Emeriza impetuani, 228 ‘Gondwanan Triassic fauna’, 55 Cretaceous mammals, 67 emus, 148, 151, 169 Gould, J., 34 crevasse splay deposit, 111 enantiornithines, 144, 145 Grazhdankin, D., 201 crinoids, 286 Eocene, 54 Great Barrier Reef, 99 crocodiles, 80, 285 ‘Eocene Messel fauna, Germany’, 57 ‘Great Russian Dinosaurs’, 21, 82–3, 120, Crompton, A.W., 236 Eomanis, 57 200–2, 256 cryptic patterns, 91 Ernanodon, 56 Greening of Gondwana, 81 CSIRO (Commonwealth Science and Industrial Erxleben, J., 38 Gregory, J.W., 162–3 Research Organisation), 51 eupantotheres, 244 Grey, K., 203 cultural interaction, 68–9 Eurotamandua, 57 Griphognathus whitei, 98, 99, 102 Cuneo, R., 182–3, 188, 193 Evans, G., 83, 200 gypaetines, 163, 164 Ewing, M., 17 Dabis Formation, 228 hadrosaurs, 116 Darragh, T., 24–6 Fahey, S., 263 Haeckel, E., 37 darters, 52 Fan, J., 67 Haig, D., 285 Darvall, P., 201–2 feathers, 92, 144, 155, 156 Hall, B., 70, 86, 88 Darwin, C., 182 Fedonkin, M., 21, 200, 201, 202–3, 204, 205, Hambleton, R., 257 Darwin (NT), 172 206, 207, 209, 211, 213, 230 Hambleton Ruff group, 257 Davies, T., 67 Fenton, C.L., 48, 49, 54 Hamilton, K., 202, 257 Dickinsonia, 290 Fenton, M., 46, 48, 49, 54, 56 Happy Birthday Old Timer, 288 Dili, 285, 288 Ferguson, W.H., 107, 117 Hasegawa, Y., 202 Dinornis, 154 Fernandez Estancia (Chubut Province), 184–5 Hecht, M., 86 dinosaur art, 4, 129 Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, 261 Heezen, B., 17 Dinosaur Cove, 12, 109–11, 116–17, 126, 184, Filmer-Sanky, P., 153 ‘Hell’s Dinos’, 289 283, 290 finite element analysis, 30, 31 herbivorous dinosaurs, 133 dinosaurs, 74, 182, 188, 200, 256–7, 264, 270 Fitzroya cupressoides, 189, 190, 191 Herman, J., 110 animation of, 74 flamingo,60 Hernianax papuensis, 141 ‘Dinosaurs from China’, 21, 48, 62, 65, 67, 70, Flannery, T., 20, 27, 37, 106, 109, 120 hibernation, 123 71, 75, 109 Flat Rocks, 116, 117, 248 Hildebrand, M., 163 Dinosaurs of Darkness, 104, 122, 289, 290 flightlessness (birds), 92 Hillary, E., 78 Diprotodon optatum, 2, 22, 24, 25–7, 27, 28, Flinders Ranges, 203, 206, 214, 216, 217, Hine, K., 25 29–30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 250, 220, 221 Hoban, M., 260–1 258–9, 261–2, 275, 276, 279, 280, 294 Flinders University, 261–2 Hoffmann, C., 204, 214 diprotodontid track-way, 261, 276, 280 Fordyce, E., 152 holdfast, 219 draftsmanship, 39 Fortey, R., 5 Hunt, N., 206 Dromornis stirtoni, 160, 166–7, 169, 172, fossil analysis, computer techniques, 30 174–7, 173–5, 177 Fractofusus, 214 ichthyosaur, 292, 296 dromornithids, 16, 18, 79, 84, 148, 165, 167, freshwater fish, 144 ‘Ilbandornis’ lawsoni, 166 169 Friedrich, C.D., 129 ilkaite, 108 footprints, 79, 261 Friends of the National Museum, 110 insects, 138, 144 palate, 148 From Small Things Big Things Grow, 67 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and drop soil structure, 109 Paleoanthropology (IVPP), 47–8, 64–5, 67, Droser, M., 214, 220 Galapagos Islands, 16, 163 71, 234 DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project), 17 Gallimimus bullatus, 120 International Geological Correlation Program duck-billed dinosaurs, 116 gastroliths, 51, 52 (IGCP), 493, 205, 260 Dürer, A., 37 Gehling, J., 21, 203, 205, 206, 214, 216, 220, Inverloch, 106, 108 du Toit, 50, 164 260 Iron Curtain, 200 Gelt, D., 203, 290 Ivantsov, A., 213, 230 Eagle’s Nest (Vic.), 106, 107 Genyornis newtoni, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 88–9, ‘Early Miocene lake fauna of central Australia’, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94–5, 96–7, 166, 168, 168, Japan, 64, 106, 138, 206 60 170–1, 258–9 ‘Japanese Giant Salamander’, 139, 140 Eastmanosteus calliaspis, 98, 99, 102–3 giant salamander, 106, 138 jellyfish, 225 echidna, 117, 235 ginkgo, 144 Jensen, S., 203 ecocline, 172 Glenie, R., 106 Jurassic, 180, 194 ‘Ediacara’, 221 Glossopteris, 50 Jurassic Park, 83, 193, 256, 295 Ediacarans, 199, 205, 206, 207, 208, 216, goanna, 80, 85 217, 219, 224–5, 230, 257, 290 Gogo, 97–8 Kadimakara, 52, 168 frond-like organisms, 219, 225 Gogo nodule, 97 kangaroo, short-faced, see Procoptodon goliah education in science, 9 ‘Gogo reef reconstruction’, 99, 102 Keep, M., 285

306 INDEX

Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., 242 McKenna, M., 16, 165 Nama Group, 209, 228 Kimberella, 205 McNamara, G., 26 Namibia, 203, 214, 216, 228, 229 kiwis, 148, 151 megafauna, 85, 263–5, 274, 277 Namibian Geological Survey, 230 kiwi feather clothing, 154 Megafauna: Facts and Fun for Students, 263 Narbonne, G., 203, 214, 225, 227 Klein, C., 203 megafauna stamps, 263, 271, 277, National Geographic Society, 20, 188, 230 Knight, F., 52, 168 Megalania prisca (Varanus priscus), 76, 80, 81, National Museum in Timor Leste, 80, 285 Komarower, P., 203 85–8, 87, 89, 90, 91–2, 93, 94–5, 96–7, National Museum of New Zealand, See Museum Komodo Dragon, 80, 85, 88–9 258–9 of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Kool, G., 116, 260 Megalapteryx didinus, 146, 149–53, 150, 154, National Museum of Victoria, See Museum Kool, L., 106, 116, 117, 260–1 155, 157, 159 Victoria Koolasuchus cleelandii, 106, 108, 136–7, 141, Megirian, D., 148, 168, 172 Nature, 243 144 Meldrum, M., 33 naturalism in art, 58 Koonwarra, 138, 144 Merritt, J., 8, 33 nautiloid, 102–3 Kryoryctes cadburyi, 117 Mesodma, 188 Nautilus, 46 Kühne, W., 236, 242 Mesozoic fauna, 68, 183 Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), 47 Kyoto, 206, 261 Mesozoic mammals, 194 Neoceratodus, 98 Messel, 58 neognathous, 148 La Brea tar pits, 163 Messelobunodon, 57 Neophrontops, 163 La Colonia Formation, 188 micropalaeontology, 203 Neoproterozoic, 207, 213, 261, 290 LaFlamme, M., 227 microscopic evidence, 133 New South Wales, 243 lagerstätte, 144 mihirungs, 148, 165 New Zealand, 148, 150, 153–4 Lake Callabonna (SA), 25, 88, 92 Miller, A., 163–4 Newfoundland, 10, 203, 215, 223, 225 Lake Eyre Basin, 162 Miller, L., 163 Ngapakaldia, 59 Lance Creek (Wyoming), 193 Minmi paravertebra, 120, 124–5 Nile, 184 Lanus, D., 183, 186 Miocene, 54, 59, 60, 178–9 non-avian dinosaurs, 116 Latimeria, 98 ‘Miocene fauna of central Australia’, 59 Norris, R., 201 Latz, P., 172 missing data, 194–5, 250, 291 North American fossil vultures, 16 Lawson, P., 162 Mistaken Point, 10, 223 Northern Territory, 169 Leaellynosaura amicagraphica, 81, 83, 104, moas, 149–51, 153–4 Northern Territory Museum, 82, 148 112–3, 114, 115, 114–16, 118–19, 120–3, mummified, 148,151 , 153 124–5, 127, 130–1, 132–3 See also Megalapteryx didinus O Mundo Perdido Timor-Leste, 284–8, 286, Leahy, N., 261, 263 mollusc, 205 287 Leonov, M., 203 Molnar, R., 96, 106 Old World vultures, see gypaetines Le Pichon, 17 Monash Science Centre, 20–1, 20, 141, 153, Oliver, W.R.B., 149 Leptoceratops gracilis, vii 201–2, 256, 260–1, 263 O’Neil, G., 257 Libby, W., 15 Monash University, 19–21, 32, 34, 40, 65, Opdyke, N., 109 Lightning Ridge, 243 80, 82, 138, 150, 154, 200, 203, 256, Ornimegalonyx, 61 lithographic drawing, 38 261, 262 ornithomimosaur, 123 Lithops, 228 Monet, C., 35 orthographic drawing, 43, 248 Logan, M., 201–2 monitors, 85, 88 ostriches, 148, 151 Long. J., 20, 98, 106, 274 monkey puzzle tree, 192 Otago Museum (Dunedin), 152–3 Los Altares (Argentina), 183 monotremes, 117, 235, 242, 244, 251 Otway Basin, 112–13, 132 lungfish, 99, 133,143 , 144 as‘living fossils’, 250 Otway beach, 290 Luo, Z., 242 Morton, S., 82, 203, 243 Otway Ranges, 109–11, 116 Lystrosaurus, 44, 50, 55 Moscow, 200, 206, 213 Ovenden, F., 78 motorcycle rally (Rapid City), 289 Owen, R., 24, 37 MacIntosh, J., 186 Mount Everest, 78 oxbow lake, 111, 116 Mackenzie Mountains, 203 Murray, P., 148, 168–9, 172, 175, 261–2 Magnificent Mihirungs, 169, 175, 177, 261 multiple working hypotheses, 133 Pacific Science Explorer Expo, 260 magpie geese, 148, 176 multituberculates, 188, 243 palaelodids, 60 Mallophaga, 149 Museo Ciencias Bernardino Rividavia, 193 palaeobotanical reconstruction, 126 Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis, 64, 65, 66, Museo Paleontologico Egidio Feruglio (MEF), Palaeocene, 54, 56 66–7, 72, 75 182–3, 185, 188, 193 palaeognathous, 148 Marino-Hadiwardoyo, 51 Museum of Comparative Zoology (Berkeley), 86 palaeolatitude estimate, 109 marsupials, 238, 251 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, palaomagnetic data, 109 mastodon, 64 149–50, 152 palaeoniscoid, 142 Mayr, E., 164–5 Museum Victoria, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 52, palaeoornithology, 256 McClellan, E., 66 64–65, 67, 70, 75, 82, 83, 86, 138, 200, Paleontological Institute (Russian Academy of McCoy gallery (National Museum of Victoria), 256, 262, Sciences), 21, 83, 138, 200–2 66–7, 88 Muttaburrasaurus langdoni, 120, 121, 122, Precambrian Laboratory, 203, 205, 213 McEvey, A., 18, 32–4 123–4 panoramic scenes, 54, 270

INDEX 307

parallax, 40, 249 digital line graphic, 227 See also anhingas pardalote, 6 pectinate-shaped, 214 Solenodon, 61 Paris Basin, 16 spindle-shaped, 214 South Africa, 206 Parvancorina, 207 Rapid City, 289, 290 South African Museum, 123 Pascual, R., 188 ratites, 148, 151 South America, 148, 169, 180, 184 Paso de Indios, 182–3 realism, 40, 42 South Australia, 88, 203, 217 Patagonia, 196, 243 realistic art, 35 South Australian Museum, 21, 80, 82, 168, ‘Pat’s prize locality’, 183 Remington, F., 129 203, 260, 262 Pawley, K., 138 Renault, L., 286 South Dakota School of Mines, 290 Pectinifrons abyssalis, 214 retro-deformation, 249 South Gippsland, 138 penguins, 185 reverse engineering, 86 South Pole, 133 pennatulaceans, 219 rheas, 148 Southern Hemisphere, 242 permafrost, 108 Rich, L., 20, 78, 115, 138, 185 Spielberg, S., 182, 193, 256, 295 Phanerozoic matgrounds, 231 Rich, T., 20, 78 Spriggina, 222 phenoxyethanol, 149 Ritchie, A., 98 Stein, G.W.H., 164 philatelic researchers, 256 Riversleigh, 166 stereophotograph, 247 Pholidocercus, 57 RNA, 149, 151 Steropodon galmani, 243 phorusrhacoids, 148 Roberts, M., 263 Stewart, I., 26 photography, 38, 154, 156 rock breakers, 110 Stirling and Zietz expedition, 88–9, 168 photorealism, 96 rock drills, 110 Stirton, R.A., 15–16, 18-19, 162–4 Picasso, P., 38–9 Romeo, E., 193 stomach stones, See gastroliths Pickering, D., 261, 274 Rowley, M., 154 Stone, D., 200 pigmentation, 92 Royal Flying Doctor Service, 162 stromatolites, 49 Pittosporum, 96 Rozanov, A., 21, 202 Strzelecki Group, 248 placentals, 238, 240 Ruff, N., 256 Strzelecki Ranges, 110, 116 Plane, M., 166 Runnegar, B., 203 Stubbs, G., 37 plastic flow, 250 Russia, 138, 200–1, 203, 214, 219, 225, 230, submolariform, 242 plate tectonics, 164, 184 257 Sumatra, 51–2 Platypterigius australis, 292, 296 ‘Summer solstice ephemera 1’, 141 platypus, 18, 117, 235 San Joaquin Valley, 284 Sun, A., 65 Pleistocene, 54, 61, 80, 84, 86 San Remo, 106 Suz’ma River, 207 Pleistocene cave deposits, 262 Sanderson (née Barton), N., 117, 240 swamp harriers, 32 polar environment, 122 Sanson, G., 32 Swinkles, P., 66 polar winter, 123 Sarries, A., 188 Sword Gusmao, K., 285 Prato, 206, 261 sauropods, 180, 185–6, 188, 194 Sykes, L., 17 Precambrian matgrounds, 231 Schaeffer, B, 165 symmetry, 219 prehistoric humans, 265 Schaff, C., 243 Symposium on Gondwana Dinosaurs, 182 Procolophon, 55 Schopf, B., 203 Procoptodon goliah, 254, 258–9, 262, 266, Schroeder, N., 116 Taibesi Market, 285 267, 268 Science, 243 talonid, 235–6 Protoplotus beauforti, 50, 51, 53 scientific art, 73 tannin-stained water, 144 pseudotalonid, 236, 237 sclerophyllous tree, 126 Tarka, C., 165 pseudotribosphenic teeth, 234, 235, 236 screamers, 169, 177 Tasmania, 278 Pteridinium, 204, 228 sea-pens, 219 Tasmanian Museum, 82 pterosaur, 124–5 sea-squirts, 209 Tasmanian tigers, 82, 277, 281 Puerta, P., 183 Second International Symposium on Gondwana Tassell, C., 21, 26, 153, 200 Dinosaurs, 188 Tedford, R., 17–19, 163, 165 Qantas, 120, 122, 128, 182, 193, 202, 257, sedimentary structure, 108 Tehuelchesaurus benitezii, 180, 185, 186, 187, 291 Seilacher, D., 230 188, 193, 195, 196, 291 Qantassaurus intrepidus, 128, 182, 193, Serendipaceratops arthurcclarkei, vii Teinolophos trusleri, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248 252–3, 291 Shark Bay, 49 temnospondyls, 106, 136–7 Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, 21, 82, shrimps (freshwater), 144 Templeman, B., 81 153, 200 Shuotherium, 48, 50, 235, 238, 248 tendon, 156 Queensland Museum (Brisbane), 96 Shuotherium dongi, 234, 237, 238, 248 termite mound, 57 Quinkin, 165 Shuotherium shilongi, 237, 238 Tetun, 285–6 Siberia, 203, 209 Texas Tech University, 19 rails, 148 Sichuan, 186, 234 Tharp, M., 17 Rain, Steam and Speed, 35 signalling behaviour, 92 The Birds of Timor and Sumba, 164 Ramos-Horta, J., 284–5, 286, 288 Skinner, Morris & Mary, 165 The Fossil Book, 18, 46, 48–9, 50, 52, 54, 200, Rangea, 206, 229 Smith, D., 66, 78, 200 261, 274 rangeomorphs, 206, 226 snake birds, 51 The Land Before Time, 193

308 INDEX

The last, last labyrinthodont?, 136–7 Turner, J.M.W., 35 watercolour painting, 40, 96 ‘The Last of the Mob’, 263, 278 turtles, 141, 144 Waterhouse Club, 220 The Lost World of Timor-Leste, 284–5, 286, 287 Tyrannosaurus rex, 31 Wegener, A., 50, 164 The Precambrian Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Wellington Caves, 25 Study, 203 University of California at Berkeley, 15–6, 86, Wells, R., 17, 261–2, 274 The Rise of Animals. Evolution and 162–3 Western Australian Museum, 98 Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia, 203, Department of Paleontology, 16 Western cultural history, 11 260 University of California at Davis, 163 White, M., 81 three-dimensional imaging technique, 40 University of California – South Australian White Sea, 138, 200–1, 203–5, 207, 209, 210, Thrinaxodon, 55 Museum expedition, 162 214, 216 thylacines, 277–8 University of Florida, 16, 109 Whitelaw, M., 109 Thylacinus cynocephalus, 258–9, 281 Upland Moa, 146, 152, 155, 157, 159 Wildlife Art Society of Australasia, 29, 32–4 Thylacoleo carnifex, 258–9, 261, 269, 271, See also Megalapteryx didinus Wildlife of Gondwana, 80–3, 97, 126, 153, 169, 272, 273 188, 201, 261, 263 Vacca, R., 183–4 Tianjin Museum, 64–5 Williams, C., 243 van Tets, G., 51, 168 Wilson, B., 64–5 Time magazine, 83, 120, 257 varanid, 85 Wise, G., 145 Timimus hermani, 104, 105, 120, 122–3 Varanus priscus, See Megalania prisca wishbone, furcula Timor-Leste, 257, 284–5 see Varanus komodoensis, 85 Wolf, J., 37 trace fossils, 230 Vendian Period, 205, 214 wombat, 29 Traynor, M., 66 Victorian coast, 126 Woodburne, M., 163 Trelew, 182, 185, 193 vine forest, 169 Worthy, T., 156, 274 Trembath, J., 202 visual distortion, 249–50 Wyatt Durham, 16, 163 Triassic, 54, 55 visual literacy, 74 tribosphenic mammals, 232, 237 volcanic ash, 181, 196, 215, 276, 277 Yaldwin, J, 149 molars, 235, 236 Vombatus ursinus, 29 Yangtze River, 203 Tribrachidium, 217, 219, 290 yinotheres, 234 Trigonid (teeth), 235, 236, 237 Walters, M., 203, 243 ‘Yorgia’, 210 trilobites, 286 Wang, B., 65 Trusler, G., 145 Wang, Y., 238 Zhang, Y., 67 Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72 Warren, A., 138 Zhou (Chow), M., 47–9, 65, 234, 236 tunicates, 209, 211 Warren, J., 19, 65 Zhou, S., 67