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Lics in Baltimore Even Be Rossi German Catholics_Layout 1 12/23/2011 11:14 AM Page 103 The LamenTabLe TribuLaTions and Landmark ConTribuTions of baLTimore ’s German CaThoLiCs : 1784–1877 here were German Catho - InauspIcIous BegInnIngs lics in Baltimore even be - The German Catholics of Balti - Tfore there was a Catholic more, at least ten percent of the parish in the state of Maryland or, city’s four-thousand-member Ca - for that matter, a Catholic bishop tho lic population, had early on or diocese in the new United voiced the need to protect their States of America. German rights as equal members of the Catholics were certainly in the metropolitan Church. 4 In fact, town as early as 1784, because, in they gained the distinction of that year, the leader of all being the first of the Catholic for - Catholics in America expressed eign-language-speaking groups to publicly his concerns about them. question episcopal policy with A group of German Catholics had regard to Catholic immigrants. broken away from Saint Mary’s This was nowhere more evident Church in Philadelphia, Pennsyl - than in a famous clash of philoso - vania, then under the authority of phies and personalities between the Reverend John Carroll, the Americanism of John Carroll, “Superior of the [Roman Catholic] who in 1789 would be come the Mission in the thirteen United first Catholic bishop and in 1808 States,” 1 and Father Carroll spoke the first archbishop of Baltimore, out against their insurrection and the determination of the because, he argued, such like German Catholics, clergy and actions would be imitated by laity, in his diocese, to set up on German Catholics in the projected their own authority their own eth - “Roman Catholic congregation of nic parishes. Baltimore-town,” which was the The German National Parish next year, 1785, to be incorporated in Baltimore, which would in due by the Assembly of Maryland. 2 course become one of the para - What Carroll feared would be imi - mount contributions of Germans tated in Baltimore was the dissat - to the Roman Catho lic Church in isfaction of the Philadelphia Ger - Maryland, had, on the other hand, man-speaking congregants with an inauspicious founder. His name the ministrations of the English- was John Baptist Causse, and he language priests in that city. 3 was, to use the pejorative designa - Rossi German Catholics_Layout 1 12/23/2011 11:14 AM Page 104 TRIBUlATIoNS ANd CoNTRIBUTIoNS tion coined by Benedict of Nursia, Sunday for the first time divine a gyro vague or wandering friar. 5 Services in their own language at Because of him and another the house of John Brown, near German priest, both of whom were Centre Market.” 7 The gauntlet had resident in Baltimore in the 1790s, been thrown down. the German National parish in that That Sunday, February 19, city had a belated birth and a more than divine Services in the somewhat restricted impact on the German language were held in Catholic Church in the United Baltimore’s Catholic community. States. From his pulpit Carroll delivered The dire need for German- himself of a jeremiad, a fearful speaking priests in Pennsylvania sermon, excommunicating Causse by the year 1791 compelled and all “German Roman Catho - Bishop Carroll, elected by his cler - lics” who continued to resort to gy as the first Catholic bishop of him. Twice burned, Father Causse the United States only two years moved on soon afterwards to before and a prelate of Ameri - greener, if unspecified, pastures of canizing tendencies who looked the lord! 8 upon the development of ethnic Matters within Baltimore’s parishes with, at best, serious mis - Ger man Catholic flock did not givings, to grant Father Causse improve with Father Causse’s priestly faculties in his diocese in departure. At the beginning of order to serve the German 1797, a German Fran ciscan, Catholics of Philadelphia. In short Frederick Cesarius Reuter, ap - order, however, in that same peared in Baltimore with respect - annum , Carroll suspended able credentials in hand. He was Causse’s faculties for “insolence soon employed by Bishop Carroll 6 and insubordination.” to attend to the needs of the still- The disobedient priest, unde - small German Catholic communi - terred, arrived in the city of ty in that city. Father Reuter was, Baltimore, the very seat of nonetheless, in short order on a Carroll’s diocese, on February 17, ship heading to Rome, where he 1792, and without delay placed in lodged charges against Carroll, the Maryland Journal the follow - who, he claimed, scorned the ing announcement: “The German Germans, allowing no sermons or Roman Catholics will open next instructions in their native tongue, —104 — Rossi German Catholics_Layout 1 12/23/2011 11:14 AM Page 105 RoSSI and excommunicated those who Hardly was construction violated his prohibitions. Reuter begun on the chapel, Saint John’s returned to Balti more in January on Saratoga Street, before Reuter of 1799 and triumphantly placed set off a second time for Europe, in Carroll’s hand a letter from on this occasion armed with Propa ganda Fide (Propagation of appeals from the German Catholic the Faith), the Vatican’s Congre - congregation of Baltimore as rep - gation for the Missions, critical of resented by fifty-three lay trustees, his treatment of the Germans. 9 members of the laity intimately involved in the management of Incensed by this act of insub - parish affairs. The trustees com - ordination, Carroll wrote the act - plained of Carroll’s summary ing prefect of the congregation, actions and requested an autono - Cesare Cardinal Brancadoro, mous German Catholic diocese emphatically denying all charges and a German bishop. This time except that of refusing to allow Reuter received a stern rebuke Reuter to publish a catechism he from Propa ganda Fide and he had written in German. Carroll returned to Balti more somewhat thought it “entirely out of place for chastened. 11 the supreme power of the With the collapse of the Apostolic See to be interposed by schism in Philadelphia in 1802, you to the weakening of the ordi - Carroll allowed Reuter to assume nary jurisdiction of the Episcopal permanent charge of the German see,” and all without consultation congregation in Baltimore and or even warning, “for if this juris - granted the trustees permission to diction perish there will remain no conduct a lottery to pay the debts bridle with which to control the contracted in the building of the conduct of clergy or laity.” 10 church. In octo ber 1802, Carroll It was the strongest letter blessed the Church of St. John the Bishop Carroll ever dispatched to Evangelist. on the same occasion, Rome. He nevertheless granted he promised to grant it parochial Reuter conditional faculties as a status in one year if Reuter and the priest of the diocese of Baltimore trustees conducted themselves in and permission to build a chapel an appropriate manner. This of ease, that is, a place of worship proved to be a vain hope. At the dependent on the cathedral church. settlement of the lottery, wealthy —105 — Rossi German Catholics_Layout 1 12/23/2011 11:14 AM Page 106 TRIBUlATIoNS ANd CoNTRIBUTIoNS subscribers were reimbursed, ed trustees, German or otherwise, poorer ones not. An affluent from hiring and firing their pastors trustee insisted that a shed be built at will. 15 for his horse and sedan chair, and The defendants, Reuter and in the quarrel that ensued Carroll the German trustees of St. John the sided with the trustees and Reuter, Evan gelist Congregation, con - who opposed the demanding tended before the court that they parishioner. 12 possessed an ecclesiastical right of By 1802 Reuter was once patronage. Father Brosius, repre - again suspended by Carroll, this senting Bishop Carroll, as ordi - time for “scandalous conduct”. A narius of the diocese of parishioner reported that his wife Baltimore, claimed that according had been intimate with Reuter. to current Roman Catholic canon The offended husband assaulted law no such right existed and, the priest in public, and a distaste - therefore, “only those were right - ful trial ensued. It was Reuter who ful pastors who had received and had taken the man to court, but the continued to retain an appointment priest was awarded damages of from the ordinary” (bishop) of the only one cent by an unfriendly diocese. 16 jury. 13 When Carroll appointed the The German trustees and Reverend Francis X. Brosius to Reuter claimed that Brosius had replace Reuter, a riot broke out been appointed pastor: inside the church edifice itself …without previous con - between the supporters of Reuter sent and approbation of the and those of his replacement. 14 majority of the members of the said corporation and in The case finally reached the opposition to their declared Balti more courts in May 1805. It wishes and choices and was to prove significant in both contrary to the rules, laws the history of the Catholic Church and canons of the Catholic Church, and we do further in the United States and the annals certify that [according to] of American juris prudence. The the fundamental laws, court ultimately issued an explicit usages and canons of the interpretation of the meaning of German Catholic Church aforesaid to which we jus patronatus , one that upheld a belong, that the members Catholic bishop’s right of ecclesi - of the church who found astical discipline and that prohibit - and build and contribute to —106 — Rossi German Catholics_Layout 1 12/23/2011 11:14 AM Page 107 RoSSI the support of the church The germans make a DIf fer- and the pastor thereof have ence the sole and exclusive right of nominating and appoint - Although the last decades of the ing their pastor and that no eighteenth century and the early other person whether bish - years of the nineteenth are often op or pope have a right to appoint a pastor without thought of as a period marked by the assent and approbation the discreditable introduction for of the congregation or a German Catholicism in Maryland, majority of the same.
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