Catalogue of the Marine Mollusks of Japan, with Descriptions of New
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i r 0m%^^MHHM^^M^%PM€MM%w%B:0^%::§, a^'iaia g j.ii'E'ga,'gig j ffKiitaa 1/IM$ '-X '3m JZ f^/L%BeLy of Moil CATALOGUE OF THE Marine Mollusks of Japan WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES IfcSS^ °^ ^-Sbsi^ AND NOTES ON OTHERS ^ ^tOty COLLECTED BY FREDERICK STEARNS BY HENRY A. PILSBRY Conservator Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ^^A^THsoJvi3;^ MAY 3 1988 DETROIT PUBLISHED BY FREDERICK STEARNS 1895 //o^UX^-^^ ^ . PREFACE. nrmS catalogue grew from the research incidental to the identifi- * cation of the mollusca procured by Mr. Frederick Stearns dur- ing two visits to Japan. A portion of the collection made in 1889- '90 having been submitted to the writer for identification, it was found to contain a number of new and interesting species, some of which were described and figured in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 189 J, and in the The Nauti- lus. A catalogue ot this collection (pp. 20, 1 plate) was prepared by Mr. Stearns, and widely circulated among naturalists. A much more extensive collection was secured by Mr. Stearns upon bis second visit to Japan, and it was found necessary to review so considerable an amount of conchological literature in its identifi- cation, that it seemed desirable to collate the references to Japanese mollusks subsequent to the date of Dunker's excellent work, Index Molluscomm maris Japonici, as well as those not contained in that catalogue, and, together with descriptions and figures of the new forms discovered by Mr. Stearns, to publish a new catalogue of Japanese marine mollusca. The present volume contains about 500 species more than Dunker's Index, although a considerable number of forms enumerated by him are herein considered synonyms or are rejected from the Japanese list. 40 species and 8 varieties believed to be new are described, including some of which diagnoses have already appeared in the Nautilus, and the species of certain families, such as Patellidce, Fissureltidce, etc., are somewhat critically revised. In the families Rissoidce, Eulimidce and Pyramidellidic a con- siderable number of forms collected by Mr. Stearns remain un- identified. Although some of them are doubtless new, the literature of these groups has been so overloaded with Arthur Adams' des- criptions which do not describe, that intelligent work upon the Japanese forms is impossible. The literature of descriptive zoology furnishes but few instances of work more superficial and worthless than that of this industrious dilettante. (iii) .y.^)U\'\.. .M'.a. ; IV PREFACE. The work consists of three portions : a list of marine mollusks which have been stated to inhabit Japan from Yezzo to Kiushiu, with references to description or figures of most species, and enumer- ation of the special localities at which each species has been found by previous naturalists or by Mr. Stearns. This is followed by a catalogue of the Inland mollusks taken by Mr. Stearns in Japan ; and finally a list of mollusks of the Loo Choo group procured by Mr. Stearns is given. I have identified the specimens collected in Japan ; those from the Loo Choo Islands were identified partly by Mr. Stearns, partly by myself (see p. 160). Recent investigations have added no very important facts to the general conclusions of Lischke regarding the status of the Japanese mollusk fauna in comparison with the Indo-Pacific faunas. The percentage of species peculiar to Japan has been considerably increased, however, and probably will be further augmented although no doubt recent political events have added a considerable number of tropical species to what must hereafter be considered Japanese seas. The classification used in the following pages while not entirely that of any one of the manuals, it is hoped will be found convenient for reference. The current generic nomenclature has been revised in certain cases; and for perhaps the first time in the century, cer- tain Linnrean names, such as Lijua lima and Delphinula delphiimla have been restored to their rightful places. It may be noticed that some new specific names employed here- in resemble the names of certain localities or islands of the Japanese Empire; but we must here explicitly declare that between such specific and geographic names no necessary connection exists ; and the former, except where the contrary is stated, should be taken as mere arbitrary or meaningless words. They will, therefore, not be subject to change on account of modifications in the current mode of transliteration from Japanese to the Roman character, nor from other causes. Philadelphia, August, 1895. H. A. P. INTRODUCTION. DURING 1889-'90, the publisher of this Catalogue spent nearly a year in Japan, and some weeks in China. The journey was de- in quest of health and the pleasure of travel. Much time was of many voted to making a typical collection of Japanese art work kinds. I had been, for some years before visiting Japan, much marvellous interested in its history, political evolution, and in the collected delicacy of many of its art products, and had studied and the latter with interest. The result was a collection of over fifteen thousand objects in metal, lacquer, pottery, bronzes, fabrics, etc. This collection has been catalogued, mounted and presented to the Detroit Museum of Art. Being also interested in natural history, I attempted to make a collection of the mollusks of the country, commencing first with such species as I found in the markets of Tokyo and Yokohama, and finally employing an intelligent Japanese fisherman —Morita geto—who traversed the entire east coast from Tokyo, along Sagama and Saruga and the coasts of the Provinces Kii, Awa and Toza, along the north shore of the Inland Sea as far as Bingo, and, by aid of the fisherfolk, obtained nearly a thousand forms of marine life. Crustacea An account by ]\Ir. J. E. Ives of the Echinoderms, and Pycnogonida collected, will be found in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. some of the Philadelphia for 1891, p. 210, plates YII-XII ; and Mollusks are described and illustrated by Mr. Pilsbry in the same volume, pp. 165, 471, plates IV, XVII, XVIII, XIX. The Japanese fishermen, by the use of drag and dredge-nets, gather not only fish, but largely mollusks, working in water some- times as deep as thirty fathoms. The region visited lies between 83° and 36° north latitude, and 132° and 141° east longitude, on the east coast of the Japanese Islands. Here the Kuro-Shiwo or "Pacific Gulf Stream" flows north-easterly, and the presence of this warm current accounts, possi- bly, for the occasional finding of strictly tropical species. (V) VI INTRODUCTION. In December, 1891, I set out upon a winding journey around the world, first spending the winter on the Hawaiian Islands, where I made some collections of shells, thence proceeded to Japan, where the following summer was passed. Here I traveled more exten- sively than during my former visit, the itinerary covering almost the entire length of the Empire, from the Province of Satsuma in the south, to Sapporo, the capital of the Island of Yezzo, in the north. Profiting by the experience of my first visit, I availed myself of the assistance of coast-fishermen in collecting the rarer forms of mollusks, and, while the territory covered does not greatly exceed that of the earlier visit, much new material was obtained. My Japanese collector, Morita Seto, spent a year—1891-2—in the Loo Choo Islands, collecting shells. But, as the fauna of that Archipelago is more closely allied to that of the Indo-Pacific region than the fauna of the Japanese waters, the results of the expedition were not so valuable as anticipated. In conclusion it should be stated that I have spent an active business life as a manufacturing pharmacist, until circumstances permitted me within recent years to retire from active work in that profession, and devote ray advanced years to travel, and to at least a superficial study of natural history ; and hence I beg to be con- sidered only as an amateur in conchology, and the public will understand that whatever of scientific merit this volume possesses, is due to ray friend and editor Prof H. A. Pilsbry. Note:—Very many of the species enumerated in this Cata- logue, to which my name is attached as collector, may be had in exchange by conchologists and collectors. Upon application, printed lists of such duplicates will be forwarded. Many species of which but few specimens were obtained upon my first visit, were found more abundantly on the second. Frederick Stearns, Detroit, Michigan, U. S. A. List of Abbreviations Used for the Prin- cipal Authorities Cited. I. AVORKS ON THE FaUNA OF JaPAN AND NoRTH-EAST AsiA. Mai Ross. Beitrage zu einer Malacozoologia Rossica, von Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. St. Petersburg, 1847. Sib. Eeise. Dr. A. Th. von MiddendorfF's Reise in den Ausser- sten Norden und Osten Siberiens. II, Zoologie, Mollusken, bearbei- tet von A. Th. von Middendorff. St. Petersburg, 1851. Amurl. Moll. Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-Lande, in den Jahren 1854-1856, etc., von Dr. Leopold v. Schrenck. II, Mol- lusken des Amur-Landes und des Nordjapanischen Meeres. St. Petersburg, 1867. Moll. Jaj). Mollusca Japonica, a Guilielmo Dunker, Stuttgart, 1861. J. M. C. Japanische Meeres-Conchylien, von Dr. C. E. Lischke, I, II, III, Cassel, 1869-1874. Faun. Jap. Fauna Molluscorum extramarinorum Japonite, etc., von Dr. W. Kobelt. Frankfurt a. M., 1880. Index. Index Molluscorum maris Japonici, a Guilielmo Dunker, 1882. II. Monographic and Iconographic Works. Man. Conch. Manual of Conchology, by George "W. Tryon, Jr., Philadelphia, 1878-1895. First series, Marine Univalves, Vols.