Natural Hazard Research

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AND ICE PROBLEMS

prepared by

E.C. Relph and S.B. Goodwillie

University of

,..,1968 ,.,.

Working Paper #2 PREFACE

This paper is one in a series on research in progress

in the field of human adjustments to natural hazards. It

is intended that these papers will be used as working documents by the group of scholars directly involved in hazard research as well as inform a larger circle of

interested persons. The series is now being supported

from funds granted by the U.S. National Science Foundation

to the University of Chicago and Clark University.

Authorship of papers is not necessarily confined to those working at these institutions.

Further information about the research program is

available from the following:

Gilbert F. White, Department of Geography, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U. S. A.

Robert W. Kates, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, U. S. A.

Ian Burton, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario, .

Requests for copies of these papers and correspondence

relating directly thereto should be addressed to Toronto. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page A. Bibliographies and General Studies · · · 1 B. Meteorological and Climatic Studies · · · · . . 2 C. Studies of the Impact of Snowfalls · · · 6 D. Perception of the Snow Hazard . . · · · · · . . 7 E. Methods and Costs of and Ice Control ...... 7 F. Methods of Snow Removal . . . . . · · · · · 12 A. BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND GENERAL STUDIES

The American City. New York: Snow and Ice Problems c. 1909 - , monthly. in Canada and the U.S.A., by Journal which devotes part of Marcel R. DeQuervain. its coverage to street and Technical Report No. 5 highway maintenance and (DBR 15). Ottawa: February, improvement. Contains articles 1950. on methods, planning and A report indicating the path organization of snow removal which future snow and ice and ice control particularly research in Canada should for the U.S.A. take. Discusses problems such as snowdrifts, avalanches, Bell, C. The Wonder of Snow. snow clearing, etc., and snow New York: Hill and Wang, 1967 and ice research in various countries. Canada. National Research Council. Bibliography of Snow Canada. National Research and Ice, compiled by D.C. Council. Division of Building Pearce. NRC 2534. Ottawa: Research. Department of undated. Transport. Meteorological Available on loan only. Branch. A Bibliography of Canadian Climate 1763-1957, Literature Survey of compiled by Morley K. Thomas. Use of Heat for Keeping Roads, NRC 6521. Ottawa: Queen's Sidewalks, etc. Clear of Snow Printer, 1961. and Ice, by B.G. White Nearly 1400 references, ranging (revised by P.T. Hodgins, from journals of early voyages 1957). NRC B.8. Ottawa: of exploration to current 1954. government publications concerning climatic factors Canada. National Research in all parts of Canada. Council. Division of Building Research. Available Snow and Cronin, F. "Snow: The Two­ Ice Publications. Faced Giant." Imperial Oil (Mimeographed. ) Review, XL (October, 1956), Publications from 1950's to 21-5. 1967. Public Works. Ridgewood, N.J.: Climatological Atlas . August, 1896 - , monthly. of Canada, prepared by Morley A monthly journal containlng K. Thomas. NRC 3151, DBR 41. many articles on snow and ice, Ottawa: December, 1953. methods of removal, planning Section 4 on snow deals with and organization and some maximum recorded depths of costs, particularly for U.S. snow, snow loads, mean annual cities and highways. and mean monthly snowfalls. Rapp, R.R., and Huschke, R.E. Weather Information: Its Uses, Actual and Potential. Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation, 1964. - 2 -

U.S. Army. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Bibliography on Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. 1951 - , annually. Includes annotated bibliography of snow and snow removal for publications from most regions of the world.

B. METEOROLOGICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDIES

Anderson, Harry W. Canada. National Research "Integrating Snow Zone Council. Associate Committee Management with Basin on Soil and Snow Mechanics. Management." Water Research. " of Snow and Ice." Edited by Allen V. Kneese and by K.T. McLeod. Snow Removal Stephen C. Smith. Baltimore: and Ice Control. Technical for Resources for the Future, Memorandum No. 83. Ottawa: Inc. by Johns Hopkins Press, October, 1964. 1966. Weather information needed by Present forestry techniques winter maintenance are discussed in relation to organizations is discussed the management of water from and an appraisal of the snowmelt in Western United present forecasting and other States. services is made.

Boughner, C.C., and Potter, J.G. Canada. National Research "Snow Cover in Canada. II Council. Division of Building Weatherwise, VI, 12 (1953), Research. The Avalanche 155-59. Hazard Evaluation and Prediction at Rogers Pass, by P. Schaerer. Bradley, G.E. "The Snowbelt Technical Paper No. 142. in Western Ontario." Ottawa: 1962. Unpublished B.A. dissertation, Includes assessment of terrain Department of Geography, and climate, discussion of University of Toronto, 1962. measurement of avalanche Contains 4 tables, 9 figures, hazard, forecasting and the 25 maps. Discussion of avalanche warning service. 24 snowfall amounts and figures, 12 tables. frequencies in the area bordering and between Lake Erie Current Research on and Lake Huron. Ice Control, by L.W. Gold. Technical Paper No. 202. Ottawa: July, 1965. Organized under such headings as ice formation and detection, prevention of ice formation, removal of ice and ice control measures for vehicles. P. 5, some costs given for various facets of winter maintenance in Ontario. - 3 -

Icing Observations, Canada. Department of 1965-66: Second Progress Transport. Meteorological Report, prepared by D.W. Boyd. Branch. Areal Variation of Technical Note No. 479. Snowfall in Metropolitan Ottawa: February, 1967. Toronto, by J.G. Potter. Study of icing of wires and CIR-3431, TEC-342, January 6, towers from information on 1961. (Mimeographed. ) "Icing Report Forms" filled Describes differences in out in cases of damage to recorded snowfall at stations equipment. 3 tables, 1 map. in Toronto. There are significant variations of up Maximum Snow Depths to 20%. and Snow .Loads on Roofs in Canada, by D.W. Boyd. The Climate of Research Paper No. 142. Toronto, by L. Shenfield and Ottawa: December, 1961. D.F.A. Slater. CIR-3352, Analysis of the maximum loads TEC-327, June S, 1960. to be expected on roofs and Gives snowfall averages (for the design requirements 30-year period) by month as regarding snow loads. well as recorded extremes. P. 47-8, brief discussion of A Method of snowfall. Computing Maximum Snow Loads, by Morley K. Thomas. Research The Climate of Paper No. 15 (NRC 3559). , by Kenneth F. ottawa: March, 1955. Harry and John B. Wright. (Reprinted from the Engineering CIR-2985, TEC-258. Toronto: Journal, vol. 38, February, November 15, 1957. 1955.) The climate of Vancouver is Computing of snow loads from taken month by month. There snow and rainfall data, 1941-50. is also a discussion of Loads found to be comparable various factors within climate, with those in building codes in e.g. , wind. 20 cities in Canada. 4 maps, 6 figures. 1 table. General Summaries of Snow Accumulations in Hourly Weather Observations Canada: Case Histories: I, by in Canada. Toronto: W.R. Schriever, Y. Faucher, and 1946 - D.A. Lutes. Technical Paper A series of publications No. 237 (NRC 9287). Ottawa: which tabulate the number of January, 1967. ·occurrences of specific First in a projected series to conditions over a 10-year aid designers by recording period, e.g. snow, blowing "interesting nonuniform snow snow. Available for many loads" on roofs. Contains 30 stations in Canada. case histories with pictures and diagrams of roofs and Snow Cover, by J.G. snow loads. Potter. Climatological Studies No.3. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1965. Discusses beginning and end of snow cover season, depth and duration of snow cover for all regions of Canada. - 4 -

Snow Cover Data: Curr ,Balfour Watson. Canada. Toronto: 1954-5- Prairie Provinces and Northwest Data for Eastern Canada only Territories--Snowfall. from 1954-5, for all Canada Department of Physics Monograph. from 1962-3 to present. Regina: University of Gives snow depths on one or Saskatchewan, November, 1953. two days each month and water (Mimeographed.) equivalents for selected Discusses some snow depths, etc., stations. and also describes some of the adjustments to the snow hazard, Snowfall in Canada, by such as barn siting. 6 tables, Morley K. Thomas. CIR-3977, 3 maps, 1 diagram. TEC-503. Toronto: January 24, 1964. Gartska, W.V. "Snow and Snow Measurement of snowfall and mean Survey." Handbook of Applied monthly snowfalls in Canada for Hydrolog~. Edited by Ven te cities and airports. 3 maps. Chou. New York: McGraw-Hill, Pp. 13-6, list of references on 1964. snowfall in Canada. Discusses meteorology and hydrology of snow and ice. Water Content of Includes a list of 200 Freshly Fallen Snow, by J.G. references (pp.lO-49 to 10-57), Potter. CIR-4232, TEC-569. mainly on snowfall 1n the Toronto: May 12, 1965. United States. Methods for estimating the water content of freshly fallen International Union of Geodesy snow and for comparing early and Geophysics: International snow data with that obtained Association of Scientific since a new form of snow guage Hydrology. "Mean Duration and was introduced in 1960. Accumulation of Snow Cover in Canada," by J.G. Potter. Winter Season Snowfall Proceedings of the General Data, by Morley K. Thomas. Assembly: Toronto: 1957. CIR-2994, CLI-17. Toronto: Vol. IV. Gentbrugge, Belgium: December 16, 1957. 1958. Contains 16 pages of data on The duration and depth of snowfall averages and extremes snowfall as determined from the of annual snowfall. P. 6, data of 15 winters. bibliography on snowfall and snow cover -- 34 references. I~Variabili ty of Physical Characteristics of Winter Snowfall Snow Cover Across Canada," by Averages and Extremes at G.P. Williams. Proceedings of Synoptic Observing Stations, the General Assembly: Toronto: [prepared by Morley K. 1957. Vol. IV. Gentbrugge, Thomas]. Climatic Data Sheet Belgium: 1958. No. 3-60. Toronto: February 5, Snow densities and snow 1960. hardness and probabilities are Appended to Winter Season examined. Snowfall Data to bring information up to date for 1958-59. - 5 -

Kingery, W.D., ed. Ice and Potter, J.G. "Changes in Snow: Properties, Processes Seasonal Snowfall in cities." and Applications. Proceedings Canadian Geographer, V, 1 of a conference at (1961), 37-42. Massachusetts Institute of A study of snowfall patterns Technology, February 12-16, of several Canadian cities 1962. Cambridge, Mass.: over the past 100 years. M.I.T. Press, 1963. Indicates a decrease in Deals mainly with technical, snowfall at Toronto and engineering and climatic Montreal attributable to a features of snow under the general change in climate and headings: Ice Properties, to urban expansion. Glacier Flow, Bearing Capacity of Sea Ice, Snow Properties, Thomas, Morley K. "Toronto's and Ablation. Winter of Minimum Snowfall." Weather, IX (April, 1954), 110-11. Ludlum, D.M. "Extremes of Snowfall in the United States." Thompson, J.C. "The Snow Weatherwise, XV, 6 (1962), Probability Factor." The 246-62. American City, LXXIV (December, 1959), 80.

McKay, G.A., and Thompson, H.A. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Snow Cover in the Prairie Arctic Construction and Frost Provinces. Presented at the Effects Laboratory. Depth of 60th Annual Meeting of the Snow Cover in the Northern American Society of Hemisphere. Boston: 1954. Agricultural Engineers meeting jointly with the Canadian The University of Michigan. Society of Agricultural Great Lakes Research Division. Engineering, Saskatoon, Sask., A Survey of Great Lakes June 27-30, 1967. Snowfall, by Morley K. Thomas. Snow depths, densities, cover Publication No. 11. [Ann and dUration are described and Arbor, Mich.]: 1964. return periods are calculated The causes, types, amounts and for snow depths. extremes of snowfall, and the "Lake Effect". Narnais, J. "Snowfall over Eastern United States: Veyret, P. "La neige au Factors Leading to its Monthly Canada." Revue de geographie and Sessional Variations." alpine, XXXIX, 3 (1951), 533- Weatherwise, XIII, 6 (1960), 70. 238-47. - 6 -

C. STUDIES OF THE IMPACT OF SNOWFALLS

"Big Storm Gave Manitoba's "Snow Drifts 20 Feet Deep Merchants $16 Million Bill." Isolate Ontario Towns for Financial Post. Toronto: a Week." Roads and Bridges, March 19, 1966. LXXXV (March, 1947), 84-88 and 134-38. Rooney, John Francis, Jr. Description of snowfall, "The Urban Snow Hazard: An roads blocked by snow (maps) Analysis of the Disruptive and clearance. Impact of Snowfall at Ten Cities in the Central and Western "Snow: Latest Enemy in United States." Unpublished World Cities." U.S. News and Ph.D. dissertation, Clark World Report, L (February 20, University, Worcester, Mass., 1961), 10-11. 1966. An examination of the disruption caused by snowfall in urban areas based on content analysis of newspapers and records, plus field survey. A qualitative scale of disruptions is developed. The level of disruption is highly correlated with annual snowfall, depth and wind.

"The Urban Snow Hazard in the united States: An Appraisal of Disruptions. 1I Geographical Review, LVII (October, 1967) I 538-9. Seven cities are studied to determine the impact of snow through an analysis of snow's disruptive effects, community adjustment and attitudes toward the snow hazard. 1 map, 3 diagrams, 6 tables.

Russo, J.A.; Trend-Thouern, K.; Ellis, R.H.; et ale The Operational and EconomIC Impact of Weather on the Construction Industry of the United States. Hartford, Connecticut: The Travellers Research Center, Inc., 1965. - 7 -

D. PERCEPTION OF THE SNOW HAZARD

Bickert, Carl Von E., and Browne, Theodore D. "Perception of the Effects of Weather on Manufacturing: A Study of Five Firms." Human Dimensions of Weather Modification. Edited by W.R. Derrick Sewell. Department of Geography Research Paper No. 105. Chicago: Dept. of Geog­ raphy,Univ. of Chicago, 1966. Five companies in Eastern Colorado are studied as to perception and adjustments to snow and ice (among other climatic factors), costs and effects of weather and the use of weather forecasting.

E. METHODS AND COSTS OF SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL

American Public Works =-__ ~. Reports of the APWA Association. Proceedings: Committee on Street cleaning Northeast Conference on Urban and Snow Removal. Special Snow Removal, compiled and Reports Nos. 6 and 10. edited by Donald M. Fairlie. Chicago: 1949-50. Special Report No. 25. Information on costs of snow Washington, D.C.: 1962. clearance in the United States Transcript of discussion of and Canadian cities in 1949 emergency regulations and and general discussions on traffic problems, regional snow removal methods. co-ordination, snow removal operations and research. Snow Removal and Ice Information on methods and Control in Urban Areas, legal aspects. Also includes compiled and edited by Robert a proposal for a research K. Lockwood. Research Project study and report on snow No. 114, I. Chicago: 1965. removal and ice control in A detailed study of the urban areas. efficiency of methods currently used and of their benefits and costs. Also includes discussion of organization, ordinances and measuring the cost of performance. - 8 -

Askwith, F.C. "How Ottawa . "CN's Fight with Handles Snow Problem." The ~S-n-o-w-,~" by E.H. Fisher and Canadian Engineer, LXXVI-I-­ E.T. Hurley. Ibid., 58-61. (October 17, 1939), 40, 44, Equipment and practices used 46. for winter maintenance of Includes information on sidewalk main line, yards, terminals and roadway plowing, equipment and automatic classification used, snow removal and ice yards are described for control and costs. Canada and some specific problem areas noted. The Bergeron, A. "Winter high capital investments Maintenance of Roads in the required for snow removal Province of Quebec." The equipment is pointed out. Canadian Engineer, LXI~ (November 8, 1932), 13-6. "Mechanlcal Methods and their costs in Equipment Trends in Airport Quebec Province, Montreal and Snow Removal at Department of Ontario. Transport Airports," by H.E.A. Devitt. Ibid., 97-100. Biles, George H. "Keep the Reasons for increased standard Main Roads Open in Winter." of winter maintenance at The Canadian Engineer, XXXV Canadian airports are given. (December 12, 1918), 518-9. Some of the snow removal Methods in the days of the equipment used is described horse-drawn plow--costs and comments are presented as $50.00 to $200.00 per mile in to factors that should be Pennsylvania. taken into consideration in the design and development of Canada. National Research equipment. Council. Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics. "Snow and Ice Control Snow Removal and Ice Control, on the Provincial Highway compiled by L.W. Gold and System of Ontario," by D.R. G.P. Williams. Technical Brohm, W.G. Cooke and A. Memorandum No. 83 (NRC 8146). Lesl Ibid., 64-84. Ottawa: October, 1964. Contains 6 tables on costs Includes 15 papers on the for the Department of Highways methods and costs of snow of Ontario. Discussion of removal throughout Canada and methods and equipment used. for individual Canadian cities, on the provincial highways of .. "Snow Clearing in Quebec and Ontario, for :-:----:~-Montreal," by J.-V. Arpin. railways and airfields. Ibid., 33-40. rncrudes practices and costs of snow removal and ice control in Montreal. Information on the contract system is given and the problem of disposal of plowed snow is discussed. - 9 -

"Snow Removal and Ice "Winter Maintenance Control, Edmonton," by H. Gray. Practices in Canada--1963," Ibid., 41-5. by M.A. LaSalle. Ibid., 85-9. Methods used, the problem of Discussion of Technical compacting of snow and some Publication No. 20 of the costs are discussed. Canadian Good Roads Association, Ottawa, 1964. General methods. "Snow Removal and Ice Control in Canada, with a note The Canadian Engineer. on Snow and Ice Research," by Toronto and Montreal: 1893- R.F. Legget and G.P. Williams. Th journal became Roads Ibid., 5-15. and Bridges shortly after Information on the total costs World War II. Contains a and unit costs throughout number of articles of historical Canada is given and trends in interest--pre-war methods and the costs are analyzed. costs of clearance for provincial highways. See "Snow Removal and Ice particularly November issues of Control in Fredericton,lf by vols. 63, 65, 67, 69 and 71, W.L. Barrett. Ibid., 46-8. November 3, 1936 is devoted A discussion of the methods of entirely to snow removal snow removal used and conditions problems. affecting the cost of snow removal. Canadian Good Roads Association. Proceedings of "Snow Removal and Ice the Annual Convention. 1914- Control, Toronto," by A.D. Ford. Contains a survey of roads Ibid., 49-52. maintenance in each province, Principal factors that determine sometimes giving details of cost of winter maintenance in winter maintenance costs. urban areas are listed. Legislation now under "A Review of Current consideration, to control Practice for Snow and Ice traffic during snow emergency Control," by O.A. Mathieu. period, is described. Proceedings. October, 1956. Information presented on A survey of costs of snow and current snow removal and ice ice control on Canadian control practices in the city highways. of Toronto. Winter Maintenance "Snow Removal and Ice Practice in Canada: 1963. Control, Winnipeg," by Technical Publication No. 20. W.D. Hurst. Ibid., 53-5. Ottawa: January, 1964. A discussion of general methods Discusses methods used and used in Winnipeg with estimates gives some details of costs of cost for a winter. by provinces. Table of methods used, their dependence on warning, public demand and policies. - 10 -

Eidt, Conrad H. "Winter Legget, R.F., and Gold, L.W. Maintenance." The Municipal "Snow Removal and Ice Control World, LXXIII (November, 1963), in Cities." Habitat, VIII 323-7. (September-October: November­ Discussion of methods--snow December, 1965), 26-30. fences, salt and other chemicals, General discussion of methods sanding, plowing, pavement and costs of snow removal in patching and spring cleanup-- Canada--based on NRC for Ontario. P.327, breakdown of conference held in 1964. costs per mile, 1959-60, for salt, sand, etc. Lennon, J.T. "Cost Analysis of Snow and Ice Control Financial Post. Toronto: Operations." American Public March 27, 1965. Works Association Year Book Details of expenditure of 1967. Chicago, 1967. Department of Highways of Discusses factors affecting Ontario. costs of control, methods for assessing costs and performance Ful ton, W. J . "Winter of control operatlons, and Maintenance." The Municipal suggests measures for improving World, LXXI (March, 1961), the efficiency of operations 99-10l. through planning management and Based on talk to Ontario Good organlzation. Roads Association. Information on early legislation, McLeod, Norman W. "What's equipment and costs (1934). Going on in Highway Research." Breakdown of costs 1958-9 by The Municipal World, LXXII government levels. General (March, 1962), 93-9. discussion of Department of Expenditures on snow removal Highways of ontario philosophy research in U.S. $1 million of winter maintenance. for five year program and $400,000 for one year. Hubbard, W.C. "Modernized Primarlly concerns American Winter Maintenance Operations Association of State Highways Bring Results." Public Works, Officials Road Test. XCIV (October, 1963), 129-30. Costs 1958-63 at Springfield Mercier, P.E. "Snow Removal. Mass. and methods used. in Montreal." The Canadian Englneer, XXXI (July, 1916), Hunter, L.M. "Snow Cleaning 71-2. and Removal in Ottawa." The Some details of costs involved Canadian Engineer, XXXIV and methods used. (February 14, 1918), 137-8. Chart of organization, Mliler, Warren C. "Snow removal of snow by the Ottawa Removal and Ice Control." The Electric Railway Company, Municipal World, LXXV (January breakdown of costs of snow 1965),4-7. removal for business and Figures on tonnage of snow residential sections by item. removal in Ontario and costs (1949 and 1961) for various Canadian cities. P. 6, Winter Maintenance Chart--type of snow and ice treatment for various climatic comlitlons. (Review of 1964 NRC conference on Snow Removal and Ice Control.' - 11 -

Miller, Warren C. "Winter "$3,100,000 it, from Maintenance II." The Municipal Plowing." The Canadian World, LXXIII (December, 1963), Engineer, LXXVII (October 17, 354-7. 1939), 12. General discussion on costs and Expenditure on winter methods with comments for maintenance given for some various Ontario municipal and north-eastern states and the county areas. Some discussion State of Washington. of legal and economic Considered to be justified situation. because returns in gas tax and reduction of traffic O'Leary, T.J. "Snow Removal accidents. and Ice Control." American Public Works Association Year Trudeau, R.T. "Winter Book: 1960. Chicago: 1960. Maintenance in the Laurentians-­ Deals with costs and the methods Expensive but Essential." used in Boston. Public Works, XCVIII (February, 1967), 103-5. Robbins, C.A. "Winter Expenditures considered Maintenance of Public Highways." justified but no analysis. The Canadian Engineer, LXIII Details of methods used and (September 20, 1932), 109-10. costs. Methods employed in Ontario for drift prevention by fences, U.S. Army. Cold Regions snow removal by plows, dealing Research and Engineering with ice, maintenance of Laboratory. Snow Removal and surface. Ice Control, by M. Mellor. Report II-A3B, April, 1965. "Snow Removal at Canada's Summarizes current ideas, Airports." The Canadian climatic factors, principles Engineer, LXXVII (October 17, of snow removal, snow properties, 1939), 105-8. equipment, cost of clearance, Details of costs by labour, organization and planning of material and removal and removal operations. capital cost for 19 airports.

"Snow Removal is Profitable." The Canadian Engineer, LXXV (October 18, 1938), 18-24. Organization methods in Ontario and British Columbia. Gasoline taxes offset expendi tures. P. 18, " ... snow removal is so obviously beneficial as to make opposition at any time appear foolish." - 12 -

F. METHODS OF SNOW REMOVAL (Not Including Data on Costs)

American Public Works Canada. National Research Association. Snow Removal Council. Division of Practices in Cities under Building Research. Avalanche 200,000 Population and Snow Defences for the Trans-Canada and Ice Control. Chicago: Highway at Rogers Pass, by 1950. P. Schaerer. Technical Paper No. 141. Ottawa: November, Caffrey, G.P. "Plows, Salt 1962. and Promptness." The American Classification of avalanches, City, LXXI (September, 1956), discussion of general defence 123. methods and defence plan for the area. 18 figures plus Canada. National Research tables. Council. Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics. Current Research on "Characteristics of Snow and Ice Control, by L.W. Gold. Ice Relevant to Snow Removal and Technical Paper No. 202. Ice Control," by L.W. Gold. Ottawa: July, 1965. Snow Removal and Ice Control. For annotation see listlng in Technical Memorandum No. 83 Section B. (NRC 8146). Ottawa: October, 1964, 22-8. Canadian Good Roads The effects of different types Association. "Development of snowfalls and ice storms on and Use of Winter Maintenance snow and ice control operations Equipment by the Department are presented and discussed. of Highways of Ontario," by L. Westlake. Proceedings of Canada. National Research the 40th Convention: Vancouver: council. Associate Committee 1958. Ottawa: 1959. on Geotechnical Research. Includes llsting of types of Snow and Ice Subcommittee. equipment such as trucks and Working Group on Urban Snow snow-blowers, etc., and their Removal. Manual on Snow use. Removal and Ice Control in Urban areas. Technical Caro, L.H. "Administration of Memorandum No. 93, NRC 9904 Snow and Ice Removal Operations." (November, 1967). American Public Works Guide to present snow removal Association Year Book 1959. practices in Canada issued as Chicago: 1959. a result of the Snow and Ice Deals wlth problem in Illinois Control conference held in 1964 and the organization of snow (NRC Technical Memorandum No. removal. 83). Deals with preparation, conduct, budgeting and Davidson, W. D. "Ways to Win assessment of snow removal the Snow Battle This Year." operations; plus by-laws and Civic Administration, XV, 10 regulations of snow emergency (1953), 53-5. traffic routes, and the use of Discusses organizatlon, chemicals for de-icing and communication and planning melting systems for snow snow removal operations in disposal. Detailed bibliography general terms. on chemicals, pp.103-5; detailed bibliography on snow melting, pp. 122-4. - 13 -

Dembiske, F.E. "Snow Removal Lucia, F.J. "Snow Removal and Operations in the Province of Ice Control in Urban Areas." B.C." Proceedings of Western American Public Works Snow Conference. Santa Association Year Book 1964. Barbara, Calif.: April, 1957. [Chicago]: 1964. Discusses problems of different Deals nly with methods used types of snow, scarcity of in New York City. skilled labour, snow slides, winter communications and Michigan Municipal League. political pressure groups. Snow and Ice Removal Practices in Michigan Municipalities, "18 Pages of the Latest Snow by E.G. Moody. Information Removal Equipment. II Roads and Bulle No. 58. November, Bridges, C (November, 1962), 1948. 45-63. Based on a questionnaire Discusses efficiency of various survey. Data on methods and methods of removal. costs, policies and equipment.

Grimm, A. "A Snow and Ice Michigan Municipal League. Program that Works: Des Moines, Snow Removal and Ice Control Iowa." The American City, Practices in Michigan LXXV (August, 1960), 115. Municipalities. 1959.

Hamblin, G.D. "Salt is Still Ministry of Public Buildings the Best." The American City, and Works. Winter Building. LXXIV (August, 1959), 152. : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963. Hedges, W.E. "Emergency plan Examines effects of cold Saves the Day." The American weather, frost and snow on City, LXXV (February, 1960), winter building operations 116. in Britain in general forms.

Highway Research Board. Current Odbert, Eugene. "Modern Snow Practices for Highway Snow and Removal Hethods." The Ice Control. Current Road Municipal World, LX-I-- Problems No. 9-4R. Washington, (December, 1959), 370-1. D.C.: 1962. General descriptive article on requirements for adequate Holster, W. "Snow Removal and economic snow removal. Needs New Ideas." The American Some references to Portage, City, LXXI (October, 1956), 125. Wisconsin (population 7,300).

Keiss, E.W. "Planning and Pecore, R. "Seventeen Hour Organization Make up for a Lack Parking Ban Aids Snow Plowing." of Equipment." The American The American City, LXXVIII City, LXXV (January, 1960), 29. (September, 1963), 22.

Lang, C.H., and Dickinson, W.E. Rheinfrank, W.J. "Procedures "Snow and Ice Control with for the Removal of Light and Chemical Mixtures and Abrasives. II Heavy . II The American Highway Research Record. No. 61 City, LXVII (November, 1953), (1964), 14-18. 106. - 14 -

Robbins, C. A. "Winter Van Akkeren, Ivan. "A Snow Maintenance of Ontario Highways." Fighting plan is Essential." The Canadian Engineer, LXXI The American City, LXXV (November 3, 1936), 7-11. (February, 1960), 116. Includes discussions of drift prevention, snow clearing Washer, L. "Details Count specifications, treatment of in Snow Control." The icy roads, some costs for American City, LXXVrr­ fences, trucks and sand. (September, 1962), 94.

The Salt Institute (U.S.). The "Winter Maintenance of Urban Snow Fighter's Handbook. 19677 Streets. II Canadian Municipal Methods, operation and Utilities Manual, XCIX organization of snow removal. (August, 1961). Survey cost of snow Taylor, G.E. "Street Cleaning clearing from urban centres and Snow and Ice Removal." in Canada. American Public Works Association Year Book 1958. Xanten, W.A. "Fixed Emergency Chicago: 1958. Snow Measures. II The American A general discussion of the City, LXXVII (February, 1962), methods tried in Toronto. 77. P. 179, " ... it is obvious that snow removal does not "Year-Round Preparedness Keeps present any serious problem Queen Province 'Cold War Army' in Toronto." Fit for Service." Public Works in Canada, XI (September, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1963). Cold Regions Research and Cost of snow and ice control Engineering Laboratory. by Department of Highways of Survey of Snow and Ice Ontario. Removal Techniques, by L.D. Minsk. Technical Report No. 128. December, 1964. NATURAL HAZARD RESEARCH

Papers in this Series:

1. Ian Burton, Robert W. Kates and Gilbert F. White, The Human Ecology of Extreme Geophysical Events.

2. E.C. Relph and S.B. Goodwillie, Annotated Bibliography on Snow and Ice Problems.