Canadian Military Journal, Issue 15, No 1
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Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 2014 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR STRATEGIC THOUGHT 5 The Grand Strategic and Strategic Roles of Armed Non-State Actors (ANSAs) by James W. Moore Cover The Halifax Class Modernization CANADA IN THE WORLD Frigate Life Extension 16 The Prospective Interdependency of China’s and Canada’s Energy Security (FELEX) Project by Daniel MacIsaac Credit: CMS/DND photo PERSONNEL ISSUES 24 Personal Augmentation – The Ethics and Operational Considerations of Personal Augmentation in Military Operations by Max Michaud-Shields 34 Working Towards Greater Diversity: A Blessing or a Curse? The Experience of the Canadian Military Chaplaincy by Guy Chapdelaine MILITARY INTELLIGENCE – THE LESSONS OF HISTORY The Grand Strategic 44 Intelligence Models in Practice: The Case of the Cuban Missile Crisis and Strategic Roles by William Wilson of Armed Non-State Actors (ANSAs) VIEWS AND OPINIONS 53 A Competence-based Approach to Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) – Educating the Joint Force for 2020 and Beyond by Daniel H. McCauley 59 General Culture as School of Command: Training our Young Officers by Danic Parenteau COMMENTARY 64 Bridging Maritime Gaps by Martin Shadwick 69 BOOK REVIEWS The Prospective Interdependency of China’s and Canada’s Energy Security Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 2014 • Canadian Military Journal 1 How to Contact Us CANADIAN Canadian Military Journal / MILITARY Revue militaire canadienne Canadian Defence Academy JOURNAL PO Box 17000, Station Forces www.journal.forces.gc.ca Kingston, Ontario CANADA, K7K 7B4 Editor-in-Chief Translation Fax: (613) 541-6866 David L. Bashow Translation Bureau, Public Works and E-mail: [email protected] (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 Government Services Canada [email protected] Publication Manager Commentary Claire Chartrand Martin Shadwick (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] Editorial Advisor Michael Boire Personal Augmentation— Oversight Committee The Ethics and Chairman Operational Considerations of Major-General J.G.E. Tremblay, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Personal Augmentation Members in Military Operations Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General A.D. Meinzinger, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Colonel Marty Cournoyer, representing Major Andrew Godefroy, representing Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Chief of Staff Land Strategy Dr. H.J. Kowal, Principal, Colonel Mark Gendron, Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Commander Hugues Canuel, representing Chief of the Maritime Staff (CMS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Defence Intelligence (CDI) Working Towards Greater Diversity: A Blessing or a Curse? Editorial Board The Experience of the Canadian Military Dr. Douglas Bland Philippe Lagassé Chaplaincy Major (ret’d) Michael Boire Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Major Sylvain Chalifour Dr. Chris Madsen Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Dr. Sean Maloney Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Professor Brian McKercher Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Paul Mitchell Major-General (ret’d) Daniel Gosselin Dr. Nezih Mrad Major John Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan Colonel Bernd Horn Chief Warrant Officer C.J. Thibault Professor Hamish Ion Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam Intelligence Models in Practice: The NOTE TO READERS Case of the Cuban Missile Crisis As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for “translation of original quote”, indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 15, No. 1, Winter 2014 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to yet another frosty issue of the gathering process, and each will be seen to offer different strengths Canadian Military Journal. While it is and weaknesses. Since military minds strive to learn from the les- still autumn in the Great White North as sons offered from past experiences, the author “…aims to test the these words are being penned, the horses usefulness of these three models by evaluating them against the are growing their winter coats, and they are Cuban Missile Crisis (of 1962),” since it “…demonstrates many Wnever wrong. Time to break out the gloves and parkas... of the conceptual challenges confronting intelligence practitioners and scholars, making it an ideal test case.” We have quite an eclectic issue this time out. Taking the point, Defence Scientist James Moore continues his study of We round out the issue with two highly different opinion Armed Non-State Actors (ANSAs), and herein, he explores pieces, although both in their own way deal with the subject “… the strategic roles of ANSAs in the context of violent intergroup of higher military education. In the first, Lieutenant Colonel conflict, beginning with a statement of the central problem.” Next, (ret’d) Daniel McCauley, a former USAF pilot and now an assis- Colonel Daniel MacIssac, a graduate student at Deakin University tant professor at the American Joint Forces Staff College at the and the Australian Defence College’s Centre for Defence and National Defense University in Norfolk, Virginia, opines that the Strategic Studies, and a former Deputy Chief of Staff Strategy for current American Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC), explores the energy system “…is centered in an educational paradigm more attuned to security concerns of both Canada and the People’s Republic of the demands of the Cold War era than those of the 21st Century.” The China. MacIssac argues that the sale of surplus Canadian oil to author further offers that “…the JPME community must eschew this China will improve the energy security of both nations, and that 20th Century paradigm and develop a competence-based approach this increased energy interdependency “…may also be useful in that provides students with the abilities needed to operate across the potentially mitigating any future Sino-Western security tensions.” multiple levels of war, traversing multiple domains and disciplines, and is applicable anywhere in the world.” Parallel applications for Moving along, infantry officer Major Max Michaud-Shields the Canadian military are certainly worthy of consideration. In looks at the fascinating realm of military human enhancement the second submission, RMC Saint-Jean Professor of Philosophy through the innovative use of enhancement technologies. However, Danic Parenteau takes a fresh look at what type of initial training is as Michaud-Shields opines, “…the high likelihood that invasive PA best suited to produce good officers at the Royal Military Colleges (Personal Augmentation) in general, and cybernetics (the science of of Canada, based upon “…the shifting overall geopolitical context communications and automatic control systems in both machines in which the CAF operates, and, in particular, the major trans- and living things) in particular, will eventually become a viable formations affecting warfare and military operations.” Parenteau capability development pathway raises several weighty ethical and believes that in order to function effectively in new, unpredictable operational questions.” He is followed by Colonel Guy Chapdelaine, environments, young, developing officers must be both adaptable the Director of Strategic Support in the Chaplain General Office and versatile, and that “…the best intellectual tool an officer can at National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa, who highlights the have for developing his or her skills is critical thinking anchored key moments in the history of the Canadian chaplaincy since in a broad general culture.” the creation of separate Protestant and Catholic chaplaincies on the eve of war in 1939. He then discusses the Canadian multicul- Our own resident Martin Shadwick then explores the ramifications turalism model, “…and the means used to prepare our chaplains to of the recently-announced decision to retire two Iroquois-class work in a pluralistic context.” The author then goes on to address destroyers and two Protecteur-class Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment the challenges associated with managing religious diversity, while (AOR) ships, while highlighting some of the mitigating options still ensuring that chaplains are able to maintain their links to their provided by the modernized Halifax-class frigates, and the embodied own religious communities. Chapdelaine then concludes