10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and Its Management the Global Carbon Project

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Global Carbon Project 10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management The Global Carbon Project

The Global Carbon Project (GCP) was established in 2001 in recognition of the enor- mous scientiﬁ c challenge and critical nature of the carbon cycle for the Earth’s sustainability. It was formed to establish a framework for international coordinated research on the global carbon cycle that advances fundamental understanding and supports policy development towards the stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The GCP conducts comprehensive and global research of the carbon cycle and its interactions with the human, biophysical and climate system, facilitates the coordination of national and regional carbon programs and activities, and leads a number of global assessments to support international conventions and national agendas. GCP has established two International Project Offi ces (IPO) to coordinate global efforts (CSIRO-Australia and NIES-Japan) and several regional affi liated offi ces in China, Europe, the USA and most recently in Korea.

The Global Carbon Project was formed as a shared partnership between the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and Diversitas. This partnership constitutes the Earth Systems Science Partnership (ESSP).

The scientiﬁ c goal of the Global Carbon Project is to develop a complete picture of 2 the global carbon cycle, including both its biophysical and human dimensions together with the interactions and feedbacks between them. Focus is placed on three research areas: patterns and variability, processes and interactions and carbon management. Activities of the project are organized around these three topics in addition to the GCP-wide High-Level Synthesis.

Patterns and Processes and Variability Interactions

Find current geographical and temporal Unveil control and feedback mechanisms, distributions of the major pools and fluxes both anthropogenic and in the global carbon cycle throgh: non-anthropogenic, that determine the • observations coordination and dynamics of the carbon cycle through: standardlization; Carbon • integrated carbon sink mechanisms • model - data fusion techniques; • new modelling approaches for emergent • carbon budget methodologiesg and sector Management properties of the carbon - climate - human analyses system Dynamics of the carbon - climate - human system in the future, points of intervention and windows of opportunities available to human socieities for system management: • mitigation options through land, ocean and energy systems • portfolios and development for carbon management and sustainability • carbon consequences and managementent of regional and urban development

▲Inter-connectivity between the scientiﬁ c themes of the Global Carbon Project

10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management 3

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Global Carbon Project. 2003. Science framework and Implementation. Edited by Canadell JG, Dickson R, Hibbard K, Raupach MR & Y Global Carbon Project. 2003. Science framework and Implementation. Edited by Canadell JG, Dickson R, Hibbard K, Raupach (1) (IGBP, IHDP, WCRP, DIVERSITAS) Report Project Report No. 1; Global Carbon No. 1, 69pp, Canberra. DIVERSITAS) WCRP, IHDP, (IGBP, regions of global importance for the carbon cycle but with limited capacity initiatives on highly interdisciplinary problems of the carbon cycle. Strategy with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO). regional/national carbon programs to improve observation network design, data standards, and timing of information and tools transfer, campaigns and process-based experiments. carbon cycle and to provide rapid feedback to the carbon cycle and to provide rapid feedback research and policy communities, and to the general public. the biogeochemical, biophysical and human compo- the biogeochemical, biophysical and human nents of the global carbon cycle. Mandate Quotation 6. To foster new carbon research and engagement in To 6. 5. To develop a number of timely new research To 5. 4. To work towards a Global Carbon Observation To 4. 3. To provide a global coordinating platform for To 3. 2. To synthesize current understanding of the global To 2. 1. To develop a research framework for integration of To 1. 1 State of the Global Carbon Budget In collaboration with a number of institutions and scientists, the GCP has established an international consortium of scientists and research institutions to track the major carbon ﬂ uxes and their trends, and publishes the state of global carbon cycle annually since 2007. The latest release published in Nature Geosciences in November 2009 attracted wide attention from both the scientiﬁ c and policy communities, with a large world media coverage.

10 Science Highlights Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Intemational Energy Agency Atmospheric CO Growth 9 Projection 2 Averages A1B The annual growth of atmospheric CO2 was 1.8 ppm in 8 A1FI 2008. The mean growth rate for the previous 20 years was A1T A2 about 1.5 ppm per year. The atmospheric CO2 concentration 7 B1 was 385 ppm in 2008, 38% higher than at the start of the B2 industrial revolution (about 280 ppm in 1750). The present 6 concentration is the highest during the last 2 million years. Full range of IPCC individual scenarios 5 Source: Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS, updated; Le Quéré 2009, Nature Geoscience; International Monetary Fund 2009 2000-2008 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 PgC ▲Fossil fuel emissions: Actual vs. IPCC scenarios

7.7 )

1 Regional Fuel Emissions Drivers - The biggest increase in emissions has taken place in develop- Source 1.4 ing countries while developed countries show rather steady flux (PgCy 2 4.1 emissions for the last decade. About one quarter of the recent CO Sink growth in emissions in developing countries resulted from the 3.0 (5 models) increase in international trade of goods and services pro- 4 2.3 (4 models) duced in developing countries but consumed in developed 0.3 (Residual) countries.

1850 1900 1950 2000 Source: Global Carbon Project 2009; Le Quéré et al. 2009 Time (y)

▲Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget Effects of the Global Financial Crisis The ﬁ nancial crisis had a small but discernable impact on Emissions from Fossil Fuel the emissions growth rate in 2008: a growth rate of 2.0%

Fossil fuel CO2 emissions growth in 2008 was 2%. This down from the 3.4% per year on average over the previous growth led to an all-time high of 8.7 PgC emitted to the 7 years. A positive growth is expected to return in 2011 as atmosphere (1 Pg = 1 billion tons or 1000 x million tons), the change in global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) goes 29% above the emissions level in 2000, and 41% above positive. the Kyoto reference year 1990. Coal is now the largest fossil

fuel source of CO2 emissions. Over 90% of the growth in CO2 Removal by Natural Sinks: Ocean and Land

coal emissions in 2008 resulted from increased coal use in Natural land and ocean CO2 sinks removed 57% (or 5.3

China and India. Global emissions per capita reached 1.3 PgC per year) of all CO2 emitted from human activities dur- tonnes of carbon. ing 1958-2008. During this period the size of the natural sinks has grown, but likely at a slower pace than emissions

Regional emisions from land Deforestation area have grown, although the year-to-year variability is large. This use change and forestry Carbon flux could indicate a decline in the efﬁ ciency of the sinks in re- moving atmospheric CO over time (from 60% ﬁ fty years ago 25% 2 South and down to 55% in recent years), a trend expected to continue South East Asia 41% 10 in the future. 8.7 Models )

1 8 35% - Tropical Africa suggest the 6 Fossil fuel 17% sinks are 4 emissions (PgCy 2 responding

CO Land use change 1.2 South and 40% 2 to climate Central America 43% change and Source: Canadell et al. 2009, Biogeosciences 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source: Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: CDIAC, FAO, Hole Research Center 2009 Woods variability. ▲Land Use Change and Forestry Regional carbon emissions’ shares (2000-2005) and historical emissions (1960 - 2010) 10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management 55 c Science cation Inversions cation of Global 2 Proceedings of the Proceedings of Annual Review of

(5) growth rate and airborne growth rate and 2 growth from economic growth from r 2 ge Atmospheric CO Regional to Continental-Scale Carbon Cycle Science International Conference on Regional Carbon Budgets Dynamic Changes in Asia-Pacifi Carbon Cycle within the Earth System Context Carbon Cycle and Climate Session for the 2005 IAMAS Meeting Carbon from Space, ESA-ESRIN Regional Carbon Budgets: from Methodologies to Quantifi Improved Quantifi Carbon Cycle Fluxes prinpripprprpripriprprprprpppppppp SSSSSSSSSS ::S (4), 2867-2896. (4), 2867-2896. k: Sk: Sk: Sk: Sk: Sk: Sk: Sk: Sk:k:k: Sk: Sk:k: Sk: Sk: k: Sk: k:k: Sk:k:k: Sk:kkk:k S S S r o (47), 18866-18870. YYYoYoYorYoYoYorYorYorYYoYYYorYorYorYorYoYoYorYoYorY The Challenges of Stabilising Atmospheric The Challenges of Stabilising Yor Yor Yor Yor Yor Yor Yor Yor Yor Y Yor Yor wwwwwwwwww c Activities ... ew 1.1.1.1.1.1.111.111111.11111 )))))))))))))) 31-66 NewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNNNeNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNewNNNeNewNNewNNewNewNewNNNewNewNewNewNNewNewNewNNNeNeNeNNewNewNNN 1111111.111111111.1111111111111111.111111111111 New New New New New New N 3333333 -3-3 .... 444444444444444444444444 2-32 3.3.3.33.3.3. 44444444444444 (2-3(((2(2-3(2-3(2-3(2-(2-3(2-3(2-3(2(2-(2-(2-3(2-3(2-3(2((2(2-3(2-3((2((2-3(2-3(2-3((( 3 3 -4-4 00303.0303.03.03.000 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 544 5-445-445-445-44544 544 5-445-445-445-445-445-445-445-45-445-445-445-445-445-445-4455-445-44545-445-445-445-445-445-445-44555-445-445-445-445-445-445-445-4455-445-44544 203.2032032032020202032032020203.202020320203203203.203.202020203.203203203203.203202020203.203.202032 676667676766766676766666 9999999999 ssss 39339393939393393939393393939333939339393933 e 67e6ee 67ee 67e 67e 67e 67e 6e 67e 67e 67e 67e 67e 67e67 ee 67e67 e67 e 67e eee 67e6e6e eseses esesesesesesesees e iesies ies ies iesiesies ies ies iesies iesies ies ies iesiesieies ies uuuuu 43943943439439439439439439439439439439443943943439439439439 Scientifi 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 439 sususususususu ddddddddddd ,, ssussussussussuss Purdue University (IN), USA San Francisco, California, USA Beijing, China Beijing, China Beijing, China Frascati, Italy Beijing, China Sheffi eld, UK Sheffi udududud )),)),) IIssuIssuIsIsIssuIssIssuIssuIssIssuIssuIssuIssuIssuIssuIssuIIIss ttttudt 6),6)6),6),6),6),6),6),66)6)6),6),6),6)6),6)666),6)6 l : IHDP. StudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStudStStudStStud (6),(6),(6),(6(6(6(6),(6), al al alal ll ial ial iaiaial ial ial iaial ial ial 55555555 aaaaalal aalal aa cc s 5 cal calcal cal cal cal cal cal calcal cal iiii ns ns 5ns nnsnsnsns 5ns nsns ns ns 5ns 5nsnnsns ns 5 pecpecpecpec ooooooo Press Releases and Coverage SpeSpecSpeSpSpecSpeSpeSpeSpecSpecSpec logi ssio (6860), 169-172. Eco scu . nge

i P P . a Di ha Biogeosciences Discussions 5 Biogeosciences e GC h Concentrations (5490), 291-296. Europe t f 2 h imatic C Cl Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO to accelerating atmospheric Contributions timescales from the Precambrian to the Anthropocene. timescales from the Precambrian 32, Environment and Resources fraction. natural sinks. ciency of and efﬁ carbon intensity, activity, 104 National Academy of Sciences CO patterns exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. and mechanisms of carbon Nature 414 of our knowledge of Earthglobal carbon cycle: A test as a system. 290 cal contributions to increasing atmospheric CO to increasing atmospheric cal contributions 24-27 April 2007 11-15 December 2006 16-18 August 2006 13-15 March 2006 August 2005 6-8 June 2005 15-18 November 2004 3-6 June 2003 ip wit Canadell JG, Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Field CB, Buitenhuis ET et al. 2007. Field CB, Buitenhuis ET et Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Doney SC & Schimel DS. 2007. Carbon and climate system coupling on Doney SC & Schimel DS. 2007. 2005. Canadell JG & Raupach MR. Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard KA, Bousquet P, Ciais P et al. 2001. Recent KA, Bousquet P, Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard et al. 2000. The eld D Boyle E, Canadell JG, Canﬁ Scholes RJ, Falkowski P, The press releases and outcomes are reported and refereed major media outlets and by thou- worldwide by the world’s sands of web-pages in all continents. Raupach MR, Canadell JG & Le Quéré C. 2008. Anthropogenic and biophysi- 2008. Anthropogenic and Canadell JG & Le Quéré C. Raupach MR, h iogeosciences B

rica. f © Springer © ”,

emis- e GCP or in partners , and emissions in A , 2 h sinks 2 2 (2) y t (3) O emis- b ying terrestrial carbon sinks. 2 f ciency of en growth k 2 erta d Trends in the Trends Key published papers on the carbon budget are Le Quéré et al. (2009) “ sources and sinks of carbon dioxide ropogenic C

The Continental- © National Academy of Sciences of the USA the of Sciences of Academy National © emissions in

The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance o

division of Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Publishers Macmillan of division Nature Geoscience . © Nature Publishing Group, Group, Publishing Nature © ure activities un h Biogeosciences Discus- s). 2008 d roc Raupach et al. (2007) sink over the last 60 years, sink over the b 2 ton RA. 2008. Ant e h h studies are “ 2 out t auer A (e PNAS. h ” (2008), a book edited by b Carbon cycling in Sub-Saharan and Canadell et al. (2007) ”, a journal article by Canadell, roug sink removed 26% of all CO sink removed h 2 MR & Houg h o V & Frei Anthropogenic CO d

Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe and Freibauer Dolman, Valentini Africa Raupach and Houghton (2009) “ published in a Examples of regional balances of GHGs and CO PNAS,

special issue in © Springer © JG, Raupac ll e d . The edition’s research . The edition’s ”, published in Nature Geosciences, special issue “ man H, Riccar l (4) is category mentions t Syntheses and Research Outputs Syntheses and Research anadell JG, Ciais P, Cox P & Heimann M (eds). 2004. Quanti anadell JG, Ciais P, h Cana Do C ” T ) ) ) 3 5 2 ( (4) ( ( Quantifying terrestrial car- ” (2008), prepared in collaboration with the GCP. ”, published in (12), 831 – 836. 2 Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. in the sources and Trends Climatic Change Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO Contributions to accelerating atmospheric Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO Global and regional drivers of accelerating Quotation but no discernable change in the effi ciency of the sink. On ciency but no discernable change in the effi to have ciency of the oceans appears the other hand, the effi last two decades partiallybeen declining over the owing to ciency of the Southern North Ocean and the decline in effi eld observations and model long-termAtlantic Ocean where fi agreement. results seem to be in themes include: past and future land-use change and functioning of the terrestrial carbon cycle, quantifying regional carbon sequestration capacity and remote- sensing approaches to land carbon cycle features and drivers. removed 29% of all anthropogenic emissions for the same emissions for the of all anthropogenic removed 29% analysis of the long-termperiod. An the terrestrial sink trend of size of the CO shows a growing bon sinks 2004, “ Africa The understanding of terrestrial carbon sources and sinks and the operational monitoring of the carbon cycle dynamic evolution have been advanced through a sions Journal Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Marland G, Bopp L et al. 2009. “ sions and effi carbon intensity, from economic activity, natural sinks The global oceanic CO The global published in “ sions for the period 2000-2008, while terrestrial CO period 2000-2008, sions for the 2 Vulnerabilities of the Carbon Cycle Understanding the state, processes and dynamics of large-scale vulnerable carbon pools is essential for a better understanding and managing the global carbon cycle. The GCP has focused on permafrost, methane hydrates, vegetation fi res, tropical peatlands and ocean pumps in terms of their: scarbon pool size, sdrivers and processes that can lead to destabilization of pools resulting in carbon emissions, and sinternal dynamics of these pools.

Science Highlights produced a scoping paper calling for accurate estimates of the hydrate occurrences (distribution), calculations of their Frozen Carbon response to changing environmental conditions and analysis The aim of research is of their potential to become a carbon-neutral fuel. A review to quantify the carbon in Science magazine stated “more meetings like these are content of the vulnerable clearly needed” (based on the abstract of Krey et al. 2009 pools in permafrost soils and Bohannon 2008 in Science (6)). and analyze the risk of sudden or chronic Tropical Peatlands releases of carbon over This activity explores how global warming and land-use this century. Tarnocai et change can destabilize vulnerable carbon pools stored in al. (2009) uncovered tropical peatlands. Destabilization of carbon pools could

that carbon stored in result in large CO2 and CH4 emissions with the risk for further © Edward A. G. Schuur the Arctic and boreal ▲Frozen soil sediment deposit in Siberia. acceleration of global warming. The activity is supported by regions of the world is a workshop series funded by the APN (Japan), GCP, Global over 1.5 trillion tons of frozen carbon, more than double that Environmental Center (Malaysia), and CIFOR (Indonesia). previously estimated and about twice as much carbon as 6 contained in the atmosphere. Oceans The ﬁ rst evidence that recent climate Methane Hydrates change has weakened one of the Methane hydrates have been mostly overlooked in major Earth’s natural carbon ‘sinks’ was th climate change studies, including the IPCC 4 Assessment published in 2007 in the journal © BAS Report. These “ice-like compounds in which methane is held Science, after a four-year study. Scientists showed that an in crystalline cages formed by water molecules” (Krey et al. increase in winds over the Southern Ocean, caused by 2009) are formed at high pressures and low temperatures greenhouse gases and ozone depletion, has led to a release

and exist mostly in the permafrost of the Arctic and on of stored CO2 into the atmosphere and is preventing further underwater continental slopes. Their high potential as a fossil absorption of greenhouse gases (Le Quéré et al. 2007). fuel energy source coupled with their high potential to be destabilized by climate change and, in turn, to destabilize Fires and Drought the climate, puts them high on the priority list for future Major modiﬁ cations of the water cycle are partially caused research. A GCP workshop in March 2008 explored the by increasing emissions of human-driven greenhouse gases risks and opportunities associated with methane hydrates and (GHG), and thus, expected to become larger during the 21st

Soil carbon LAND OCEAN very likely very likely Solubility Terrestrial pump Soft-tissue pool Biomass pump pool

likely likely Carbonate Wetlands & pump pool Peatiands unlikely unlikely

Methane highly Permafrost highly hydrates unlikely unlikely 10 100 1000 10 100 1000

Magnitude of Vulnerability[Pg C] Magnitude of Vulnerability[Pg C] Source: Grubber et al. 2004, from SCOPE-GCP synthesis

▲Distribution of known methane hydrate accumulations (Source: courtesy of Council Canadian Academies (2008), data from Kvenvolden and Rogers (2005)) ▲Magnitude of vulnerability of carbon pools on land and in oceans

(6) Quotation Bohannon J. 2008. Weighing the climate risks of an untapped fossil fuel. Science 319(5871), 1753

10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management 77 Source: Canadell et al 2006, GCTE-IGBP Book Series Book GCTE-IGBP 2006, al et Canadell Source: 2

2 (24), Nature c PNAS 104 emissions. 2 re eds. Field CB & Raupach MR. Washington DC: Island Press. Washington Workshop on Ocean Surface pCO Workshop Understanding North Pacifi Carbon-cycle Changes: A Data Synthesis and Modeling Workshop Mini-conference on Vulnerabilities of Mini-conference on Vulnerabilities the Carbon-Climate-Human System Carbon Cycle and Climate session for the 2005 IAMAS meeting UNESCO: Ocean Surface: pCO Vulnerability of Carbon Pools of Vulnerability Peatlands in Asia Tropical Minimizing Impacts of Palm Oil and Biofuel Production in SE Asia on Peatlands, Biodiversity and Climate Change Earth Systems Feedbacks: Vulnerabil- ity of the Carbon Cycle to droughts and fi of Carbon in NCEAS: Vulnerability Permafrost Workshop Vulnerability and Opportunity of Vulnerability Methane Hydrates Workshop Second meeting of the “Vulnerability Second meeting of the “Vulnerability of Frozen Carbon” working group Biodiversity and Carbon Symposium A session on Emergent Properties of the Carbon-Climate-Human System and Vulnerabilities The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating c Activities (5832), 1732–1735 (51), 20350–20355 Scientifi , L01403. PNAS 105 (29), 295. (2,700 Gt C) Gt (2,700 (3,300 Gt C) Gt (3,300 Tsukuba, Japan Tsukuba, Seattle, USA Paris, France Beijing, China Paris, France Sumatra, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Canberra, Australia Santa Barbara, California, USA Laxenburg, Austria Santa Barbara, California, USA Nice, Italy Cape Town, South Africa (10,000 Gt C) Science 316 . 2 ...... EOS 88 Biological Pump Solubility Pump Pump Solubility (7155), 791-794 Methane Hydrates Hydrates Methane OCEAN 10288-10293. to global 2007. Peatlands and the carbon cycle: From local processes implications. ing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink. 448 les of northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profi atmospheric CO cal Research Letters 34 Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO The vulnerability of the carbon cycle in the 21st century: An assessment of carbon-climate-human interactions. In Humans, Climate, and the Natural World. DC: Island Press pp. 45-76. Washington Humans, Climate and the Natural World. 14-17 January 2004 June 2004 15 June 2005 August 2005 11-14 April 2007 24-26 January 2006 31 October - 2 November 2007 5-9 June 2006 28-30 May 2006 13-14 March 2008 4-6 December 2006 6-11 April 2003 13-16 October 2009 Wieder K, Canadell JG,Limpens J, Moore T, Roulet N & Schaepman-Strub. Wieder K, Canadell JG,Limpens J, Moore T, Indirect radiative forc- Stitch S, Cox PM, Collins WJ & Huntingford C. 2007. Sweeney C, Peters W et al. 2007. Weak PP, Stephens BB, Gurney KR, Tans Raupach MR, Marland G, Ciais P, Le Quéré C, Canadell JG et al. 2007. Raupach MR, Marland G, Ciais P, Field CB & Raupach MR (eds). 2004. Gruber N, Friedlingstein P, Field CB, Valentini R, Heimann M et al. 2004. R, Heimann Field CB, Valentini Gruber N, Friedlingstein P, 6-7 eds. Biogeo- (100 Gt C) (650 GtC) (400 Gt C) (900 Gt C) Geophysi- ...... (11), 737–738 Environmental eds. Dolman AJ, ...... Permafrost (8), 701-714. Vegetation subject to fire fire subject to Vegetation deforestation and/or Tropical peatlands Tropical High-latitude peatlands peatlands High-latitude Nature Geoscience LAND Vulnerable carbon pools Vulnerable sink due to recent climate ▲ 2 Biogeosciences Special Issue, Soil Science Society of America (2), GB2023.

(2), 1379–1419. Nature Geoscience 2 © Kim Worm Sorensen Worm Kim © BioScience 58 to be comparable to fossil fuel emis- Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World. Terrestrial (7) (5832), 1735-1738. (3), 034007. emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. 2 Syntheses and Research Outputs emissions from forest loss. 2 (5), 1505 - 1514. (6), 1889-1892. van der Werf GR, Dempewolf J & Trigg SN. 2008. Climate regulation of fi re emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia. re emissions and deforestation SN. 2008. Climate regulation of fi J & Trigg GR, Dempewolf van der Werf Biogeosciences Discussions 5 (7) Science 316 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23 (12), 831-836. Fire in the peat forest of Central From local processes to global implications. the terrestrial carbon sink. In 2009. CO change. precipitation changes and their implications for tropical peatlands. Valentini R & Freibauer A. pp. 5-32. New York: Springer. pp. 5-32. New York: R & Freibauer A. Valentini permafrost of carbon to climate change: Impli- SV et al. 2008. Vulnerability cations for the global carbon cycle. Canadell JG, Pataki D, Pitelka L. pp 59–80. IGBP Series. Berlin: Springer 2007. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO The Continental-Scale Greenhouse Gas Balance of Europe. in permafrost-affected soils of Arctic Alaska. Journal 71 and future CO Gas hydrates: Entrance to a methane age or climate threat? Gas hydrates: Entrance to a methane age or climate threat? 2009. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. sciences 7 Research Letters 4 2 Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Trends lands and the carbon cycle: From local processes to global implications – a synthesis. Quotation Canadell JG, Pataki D, Gifford R, Houghton R, Luo Y et al. 2007. Saturation of van der Werf GR, Morton DC, DeFries RS, Olivier JGJ, Kasibhatla PS et al. van der Werf Limpens J & Shaepman-Strub G (eds). 2008. Peatlands and the carbon cycle: 2007. Future Z-L & Canadell JG. Yang Dickinson RE, Fu R, Niu G-Y, Li W, Schuur EAG, Bockheim J, Canadell JG, Euskirchen E, Field CB, Goryachkin Conway TJ, Langenfelds R et al. Le Quéré C, Rodenbeck C, Buitenhuis ET, Raupach MR & Canadell JG. 2008. Observing a vulnerable carbon cycle. In Bockheim JG & Hinkel KM. 2007. The importance of “deep” organic carbon Hooijer A, Page S, Canadell JG, Silvius M, Kwadijk J et al. 2009. Current Hooijer A, Page S, Canadell JG, Silvius M, Kwadijk J sions. Evidence points to the possibility that carbon emissions sions. Evidence points to the possibility that res can vary Niño- up to 30 times higher during the El from fi Southern (the wet face of the Oscillation than during La Niña Southern Oscillation), as in the case of Borneo. Krey V, Canadell JG, Nakicenovic N, Abe Y, Andruleit H, et al. 2009. Andruleit H, et al. Canadell JG, Nakicenovic N, Abe Y, Krey V, Mazhitova G & Zimov S. C, Canadell JG, Schuur EAG, Kuhry P, Tarnocai century. A changing water cycle century. stocks has impacts on carbon uxes (e.g. soil and ecosys- and fl and tem respiration, production) re fi disturbance regimes (e.g., Over the frequency and intensity). next 100 years, Global Climate Models predict an increase of regions, and inter- global precipitation, water stress in some oods). droughts, fl annual variability and extreme events (e.g. re emissions from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua fi Average estimated by van New Guinea during 2000 – 2006 were et al. (2008) der Werf Bopp L et al. 2009. Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Marland G, ▲ Sumatra. Indonesia Limpens J, Berendse F, Blodau C, Canadell JG, Freeman C et al. 2008. Peat- Limpens J, Berendse F, 3 Low Carbon Pathways: Urbanization and Cities Urban areas are responsible for the majority of global energy related CO2 emissions. How urban areas address the carbon mitigation, both from the production and the consumption sides, determines the success of global carbon mitigation. The GCP launched the Urban and Regional Carbon Management Initiative since late 2005 in order to: sunderstand urbanization and urban development pathways from top-down and bottom-up analyses, through a comparative and historical approach to urban, regional and global carbon footprints, their direct and indirect carbon fl ows, their determinants, trajectories and management opportunities; sdevelop scientifi c networks, modelling forums, scientifi c information consolidation, synthesis, and contributions to international assessments and science-policy interaction.

Science Highlights 800.00 BAU GCP Contribution to BP 600.00 World Energy Outlook 2008 400.00 International Energy emissions, million tons

Agency’s World Energy 2 200.00

Outlook 2008 refl ected the CO growing importance of the 0.00 interrelationship between Source: Li et al 2010 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 increasing energy demand, ▲ Trends of CO2 emissions for two scenarios, BAU and Basic Policy, in urbanization and CO2 Shanghai emissions. A dedicated ©IEA chapter, written with GCP’s Academy of Environmental Science, a bottom-up technology contribution,tribbution esestimatestimat cities’ global contribution to the and activity-based model was developed and used to study the implications of Shanghai’s 11th Five Year Plan related primary energy use and CO2 emissions to be 67% and 71% 8 policies in mitigating CO emissions (11). Major drivers respectively. According to projections for 2030 cities’ 2 contribution is expected to increase to 73% and 76% identifi ed for the past decade’s steep rise in energy use and CO emissions were high economic growth rate and associated respectively under the reference scenario. In the US, the EU, 2 Australia and New Zealand the per capita energy industrial and urban activities. Inaction in carbon mitigation is consumption and carbon emissions are lower than the estimated to lead to a 3.6 times rise in energy use and 3.4 times rise in CO emissions by 2020 against 2006 levels. national average, whereas in China they are far above the 2 national average due to the higher affordability and An alternate policy scenario and carbon emissions analyses accessibility of commercial energy in urban areas (8). for Bangkok City and Bangkok Metropolitan Region have been carried out using the Long-range Energy Alternative Plan- Research on Urban Areas ning (LEAP) model, a technology and activity-based bottom-up Country-specifi c research has revealed that urban contri- model developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). bution accounts for 84% of China’s commercial energy Results indicate that actions to reduce carbon emissions from energy use have high potential to reduce emissions from trans- usage and CO2 emissions from energy use. The largest 35 cities in the country, which contain 18% of the population, portation in Bangkok city and from the industry in the fi ve sur- (9) rounding provinces by a total of 162 m tons CO by 2050 contribute 40% of China’s energy use and CO2 emissions . 2 (12). The study also showed the importance of multiple urban Baselines for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions for 44 boundaries consideration for better carbon management. urban areas (cities or metropolitan regions) underwent a review of the methodologies used to calculate the footprint A GCP synthesis paper (13) outlined the key points of the of urban areas (10). The results showed lack of uniformity in future urban carbon research agenda. First, a better under- the type of gases covered, the scope of emissions sources, standing and quantifi cation of GHG emissions and mitigation methodologies of emissions estimation, and the attribution of potential under different defi nitions of urban areas globally responsibility. There is clearly a potential to set up “an open, and nationally is necessary. Second, the given urban system global protocol for quantifying GHG emissions attributable to is essentially an open system, requiring an understanding of urban areas”. the carbon “footprints” accounting both direct and indirect GHGs fl ows and allocation principles. Third, cities’ total Policy interventions scenarios have been analyzed for carbon footprint areas of mitigation potential need to be Shanghai and Bangkok. Together with the Shanghai clearly recognized by municipal government, urban institu-

(8) Dhakal S, Guimaraes L, Hammer S, Kenihan S, Parshall L et al. 2008. Energy use in cities. World Energy Outlook 2008. pp. 179-193. Paris: International Energy Agency. (9) Dhakal S. 2009. Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications. Energy Policy 37(11), 4208-4219. Quotation (10) Kennedy C, Ramaswami A, Dhakal S & Carney S. 2009. Greenhouse Gas Emission Baselines for Global Cities and Metropolitan Regions. World Bank commissioned paper for the Fifth Urban Research Symposium on Cities and Climate Change, Marseille, 28-30 June 2009 10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management 99 (9), 4797-4807 c Understanding. Energy Policy 38 is an informal of ur- forum GCP provides a web-portal to r Shanghai, China. Urban and Regional Development Pathways and their Carbon Implications Workshop Institutional Dimensions of Carbon Manage- ment at the Urban and Regional Levels Workshop International Conference on Carbon Manage- ment at Urban and Regional Levels Regions, Cities, Carbon, Climate Change and Consequences Cities and Carbon Management: Towards Cities and Carbon Management: Towards Enhancing Science-Policy Linkages Symposium Low Carbon Cities: Understanding Towards and Analyzing Urban Energy and Carbon Workshop Realizing Low Carbon Cities: Bridging Science and Policy Symposium Urban Energy and Carbon Management: Interna- Challenges for Science and Policy, tional Symposium, and, Urban Energy and Carbon Modeling Workshop Carbon Management in Cities: Gaps in Policy Discussions and Scientiﬁ UNFCCC COP-13 Side Event c Activities c Activities www.gcp-urcm.org Scientiﬁ c Resource Platform. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability Tsukuba, Japan Tsukuba, Bali, Indonesia Mexico City, Mexico Japan Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Nagoya, Japan Nagoya, Japan Pathumthani, Thailand Bali, Indonesia emissions South Africa and human settlement syntheses. Group III for urban carbon Global Energy Assessment Global Energy Modelling effort to global carbon on contribution of cities of the IEA cities of the Academy of Science of Consensus panel on low carbon Assessment Report on Cities’ and Climate Change Strong commitment to support Working and contribute to IPCC AR5 s s s s s Urban Energy and Climate Modelling Forum Urban Energy and Climate Visit the GCP-URCM initiative at Visit

28-30 March 2007 2006 5 December, 4-8 September 2006 8-9 October 2005 16 November 2009 17-18 February 2009 16 February 2009 4-6 February 2008 6 December 2007

the community that provides key scientifi c information in the form of a sorted the community that provides key scientifi of journaland indexed database comprised of hundreds of entries articles, books, conference papers, presentations or reports and events. In addition, it comprehensive list of city shows key research nodes, research institutions and a action plans. Strong ties between the GCP and the Japanese research community have made possible the organization of numerous events with the contribution of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and several Japanese universities. ▲ Urban Carbon Scientifi The GCP has contributed to many internationalThe GCP has activities on urban carbon which: issues, among The researchers facilitated by GCP and meeting ban energy and carbon modelling share knowledge and expertiseonce a year since 2006 to on urban energy models and their results. and carbon modelling approaches,

©Elsevier Metropolitana Xochimilco Metropolitana © Universidad Autonoma Autonoma Universidad © ed. Scenarios for Bangkok. Paper presented at the International Workshop: Towards Low Carbon Cities: Understanding Towards Scenarios for Bangkok. Paper presented at the International Workshop: 2 Environment and Energy Policy (5), 549–555 Journal of Industrial Special Issue on Cities ▲ and Carbon Emissions (11), 4208-4219

(2), 61-81. (14) Local Environment 12 (5), 519–535 special Ecology 11 Publication based on a collaboration exploring c case studies of urbanization in the Asia-Paciﬁ to address carbon management integration into Lebel L, Garden P, Banaticla MRN, Lasco, RD, Banaticla Lebel L, Garden P, Contreras A et al. 2007. Integrating carbon management into the development strategies of urbanizing regions in Asia: Implications of urban function, form and role.

Energy Policy 37

Transition - From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power. Transition Technology and Yale University Yale and Technology © Massachusetts Institute of of Institute Massachusetts © (1), 159-175 Syntheses and Research Outputs Syntheses and Research Phdungsilp A & Dhakal S. 2009. Modelling 2050 Energy and CO 2010. GHG emissions from urbanization and opportunities for urban carbon mitigation. Dhakal, Shobhakar. Li L, Chen C, Xie S, Huang C, Cheng Z et al. 2010. Energy demand and carbon emissions under different development scenarios fo Local Environment 12 (12) (13) (11) and Analyzing Urban Energy and Carbon, Nagoya, Japan, February 17-18 (manuscript under preparation) Energy Policy Journal’s (9), 4753-5296 (September 2010) and Carbon Management in Cities with Regular Papers. and Carbon Management in Cities with Regular Papers. 38 ts, London: Earthscan. Asia: Strategies for Optimizing Co-benefi and policy implications. future. In Urban Energy Peter Droege. pp. 173 – 192. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publications Peter Droege. pp. 173 – 192. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publications c response. agement and the scientifi warming? sustainability and carbon emissions in Latin American cities. Urbanization 19 Quotation synthesizes key ongoing global synthesizes key ongoing research in the form of fourteen authoritative articles: implications of long- methodologies for developing and short-term urban carbon scenarios and inventories; urban carbon ows based on trade, service and fl ows across boundaries; material fl making at city comparative analyses of cities; energy policy and national governmental urban form levels; and impacts building and for carbon emission mitigation from the urban transportation sectors. Dhakal S & Shrestha RM (eds). 2010. Special Section on Carbon Emissions Dhakal S & Shrestha RM (eds). 2010. Special Section in Carbon Transport Srinivasan A, Zusman E & Dhakal S (eds). 2010. Low from cities in China Dhakal S. 2009. Urban energy use and carbon emissions issue on Carbon Emissions and issue on Carbon Emissions in Cities Carbon Management Romero P, Lopez H, Rosas A, Gunther G & Cor- Romero P, rea Z. 2005. Urban develpment and the carbon cycle in Latin America. IAI Final Report The product of the network of case studies or urbanization in the Americas questions how spe- in Latin American c pathways of development cifi cities interact with two components of the carbon cycle, land and energy use, explicitly focusing on the linkages between urban development and the carbon cycle at separate analytical levels. Dhakal S. 2008. Climate change and cities: The making of a climate friendly Dhakal S. 2008. Climate change and cities: The making development strategies for cities. Initial case studies: Chiang Mai, Manila, Delhi, and Jambi, Indonesia. The tions and other stakeholders. Fourth,tions and other sound understanding a and their GHG conse- pathways of urban development Last typologies is needed. to various urban quences applied prospects for optimizing it is crucial to grasp but not least, climate ts including benefi with multiple local GHGs mitigation change adaptation planning. Dhakal S & Betsill M. 2007. Challenges of urban and regional carbon man- Dhakal S & Betsill M. 2007. Challenges of urban and Lankao PR. 2007. How do local governments in Mexico city manage global Lankao PR. 2007. Are we missing the point? Particularities of urbanization, Forest, Land Use and Carbon 4 The land-based carbon management, especially forests, has been a key area in science and policy development globally. The GCP community has contributed to the: sAssessment of global potentials for the development of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD); sConsolidation of scientifi c information on carbon accounting methods consistent with policy requirements; sMonitoring, Reporting, and Verifi cation (MRV) for land-based carbon management, such as REDD.

Science Highlights Syntheses and Research Outputs Land use, land-use change and Ravindranath NH, Manuvie R, Fergione J, Canadell JG, Brendes G et al. 2009. Greenhouse gases implications of land use and land conversion to biofuel crops. In forestry (LULUCF) is a critical topic for Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. climate research and the post-2012 eds. Howarth R & Bringezu S. pp. 111 – 125. New York: Island Press. Canadell JG & Raupach MR. 2008. Managing forests for climate change mitigation. framework. In 2007, GCP co-spon- Science 320(5882), 1456-1457. sored the publication of a special Gullison RE, Frumhoff PC, Canadell JG, Field CB, Nepstad DC et al. 2007. Tropical issue in the Environmental Science forests and climate policy. Science, 1136163 Rokityanskiy D, Benitez PC, Kraxner F, McCallum I, Obersteiner M et al. 2007. and Policy Journal to identify limita- Geographically explicit global modeling of land-use change, carbon sequestration, and biomass supply. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Special Issue:

©ELSEVIER tions in the rules for inclusion of the LULUCFUC activities under Kyoto Protocol and critical features Greenhouse Gases – Integrated Asessment 74(7), 1057-1082 Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, Canadell JG et al. 2007. A synopsis needed in a post-2012 framework, where Canadell et al. of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and (2007) presented options for factoring out natural and indi- Marrakech Accords. Environmental Science & Policy 10(4), 271-282 rect human-induced effects on carbon sources and sinks (15). In Benitez PC, McCallum I, Obersteiner M and Yamagata Y. 2006. Global potential for carbon sequestration: Geographical distribution, country risk and policy implica- the same year, GCP contributed to Gullison et al. (2007) pa- tions. Ecological Economics 60(3), 572-583 per in the Science Journal estimating that cutting deforestation Raupach MR, Rayner PJ, Barrett DJ, DeFries RS, Heimann M et al. 2005. Model– data synthesis in terrestrial carbon observation: Methods, data requirements and rates in half by mid-century would account for up to 12% of data uncertainty specifi cations. Global Change Biology 11(3), 378-397. the total emissions reductions needed to keep concentrations Canadell JG, Zhou G & Noble I (eds). 2002. Land use/cover change effects on of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere at safe levels. GCP the terrestrial carbon cycle in the Asia-Pacifi c region. Science in China Special Issue 45 also put together a Science in China special issue on the effects of land use/cover change on the terrestrial carbon cycle Scientifi c Activities

100 for the Asia-Paciﬁ c (see Canadell, Zhou and Noble 2002). Santa Barbara, 27-29 January 2009 Full Radiative Forcing of Forests Concerted research efforts of the GCP community include the California, USA Monsoon Asia Tropical Forest Carbon 8-11 January 2009 Khon Kaen, Thailand work of Yamagata and Obersteiner who have inquired into Dynamics and Sustainability Workshop the mitigation potential of carbon sequestration policies and Santa Barbara, 22-24 January 2008 Terrestrial Ecosystems and Climate Policy California, USA its role in the global portfolio of climate change mitigation Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in 10-12 May 2006 Bad Blumau, Austria options showing a tight link between carbon sequestration Developing Countries potential and the market price of carbon (Rokityanskiy et al. Options for Including LULUCF Activities 5-6 May 2005 Graz, Austria in a Post-2012 International Climate 2007). Agreement 20-21 March 2003 Lisbon, Portugal CarboEurope-GCP Conference 6 Policy Links and Outreach

Online Platform scientifi c resources are compiled according to GCP’s main research topics. Internet scientifi c resources link to climate and GCP online platform carbon overview reports, carbon data, fi gures and maps, shows the activities and and global initiatives according to carbon pool. research outcomes of the project and acts as UNESCO-SCOPE-UNEP Policy Briefs a scientifi c resources GCP worked with UNESCO, SCOPE and UNEP to prepare center for the broader overviews of the dynamics of the carbon-climate-human carbon cycle research system in the form of policy briefs to highlight a systems and policy communi- ▲Visit the GCP at www.globacarbonproject.org approach to managing these interactions. Emphasis is placed ties. The website is a on the gap between current carbon emissions and those one-stop shop for scientifi c information on the carbon cycle. needed to stabilize atmospheric CO , including components Science highlights, activities, meetings, products and Internet 2 of system vulnerability and inertia.

(15) Canadell JG, Kirschbaum MUF, Kurz WA, Sanz M-J, Schlamadinger B & Yamagata Y. 2007. Factoring out natural and indirect human effects on terrestrial carbon sources and sinks. Environmental Science & Policy 10(4), 370-384. Quotation (16) Field CB & Raupach MR (eds). 2004. The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate and the Natural World. Washington DC: Island Press. (17) Canadell JG (eds). Carbon and nitrogen cycles. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability Special Issue 2(4), 209 - 312 10 Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management 1111 . (17) (8), Carbon Offsets and . : IHDP. : IHDP. Stabilization: Issues, Stabilization: Issues, Strate- (18) 2 2 Current Opinion in Environmen- Global Carbon Project, Earth Science Journalism Partnership Forum and Workshop Launch of 2007 Carbon Budget Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 Trends Toward CO Toward Symposium on African Carbon Cycle The Bioenergy and Earth System Sustain- ability Meeting Toward CO Toward Carbon Data-Model Assimilation (C-DAS) Summer Institute Examination of Existing Approaches for Construction of Regional Carbon Budgets for both Land and Ocean Areas Workshop and 1st workshop of RECCAP Strategies and Consequences, SCOPE- GCP Side event in FCCC-COP9 gies and Consequences c Activities Scientiﬁ Media Communication Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Capitol Hill D.C., USA & Washington, France Paris Observatory, (1), 4-13. Milan, Italy Kruger National Park, South Africa Piracicaba, Brazil Ubatuba, Brazil Colorado, Boulder, USA Viterbo, Italy Viterbo, Journal Sus- Opinion in Environmental of Current Syntheses and Research Outputs Syntheses and Research published a collection of GCP high-level synthesis collection of GCP high-level published a A GCP report prepared for the ESSP.

SSP Research on Bioenergy and Earth Sustainability: Tapping GEC Programme- SSP Research on Bioenergy and Earth Sustainability: Tapping Science System, Partnership (ESSP) Report Series No.1, GCP Report Series No 1, Canberra, pp. 69 Reductions. The GCP Science framework and Implementation. The GCP Science framework E t of Science and Society Wide Expertise for the Beneﬁ a common strategy for integrative global environmental change research and out- a common strategy for integrative global environmental change reach: the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP). tal Sustainability 1 427-430. observations carbon cycle. of the global 2-4 June 2005 26 September 2008

8 December 2003 23-25 August 2007 19-22 July 2008 3-7 February 2003 30-31 May 2002 6-8 October 2010

GCP carries out regular press releases on key fi ndings GCP carries out regular press releases on key fi t of a broad c knowledge for the benefi and scientifi spectrum of stakeholders. Those press releases have generated thousands of media articles in newspapers, radio and television over the world. The issue foresees key emerging research directions and The issue foresees key up the next 10 years of GCP needs expected to shape In it, a c community. scientifi activity and the broader and prioritization of the carbon cycle comprehensive review is presented and management research GCP Report L, Canadell JG, Dhakal S. 2007. No. 6. Coulter In 2010, the In 2010, the tainability activity review rst 10-year project papers as part of the fi 2003. O (eds). GCP ReportM, Young No. 1. Canadell JG, Dickson R, Raupach Klepper G, Canadell JG, Leemans R, Ometto J, Patwardhan A & Rice M. 2008. Klepper G, Canadell JG, Leemans R, Ometto J, Patwardhan Leemans R, Asrar G, Busalacchi A, Canadell JG, Ingram J et al. 2009. Developing Leemans R, Asrar G, Busalacchi A, Canadell JG, Ingram J Scholes RJ, Monteiro PMS, Sabine CL & Canadell JG. 2009. Systematic long-termScholes RJ, Monteiro PMS, Sabine CL & Canadell JG. 2009. ©SCOPE

n i S Scien- c Understand- Current Opinion in Environmental Cities and Carbon Management: Towards En- Cities and Carbon Management: Towards hancing Science-Policy Linkages Symposium Carbon Management in Cities: Gaps in Policy Discussions and Scientiﬁ ing. UNFCCC COP-13 Side Event Options for Including LULUCF Activities in a Post-2012 International Climate Agreement initiative, a large global coordina- initiative, a large global REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment REgional Carbon Cycle (4), 301 – 311 Science-Policy Interface Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Bali, Indonesia Graz, Austria . The volume comes as a complement of (16) Canadell JG, Ciais P, Dhakal S, Dolman H et al. 2010. Interactions of the carbon cycle, Canadell JG, Ciais P,

human activity, and the climate system: A research portfolio. human activity, Sustainability 2 (18) www.globalcarbonproject.org/reccap

evaluate the regional ‘hot-spots’ of inter-annual variability evaluate the regional test the compatibility of regional bottom-up estimates with test the compatibility establish the mean carbon balance of large regions of establish the mean carbon and possibly the trends and underlying processes over and possibly the trends combining available long-termthe past decades by observations results. and model global atmospheric constraints; the globe, including their component fl uxes; uxes; component fl the globe, including their Global Assessments and Synthesis Assessments Global Science Highlights s s s c Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) 16 November 2009 6 December 2007 5-6 May 2005 Quotation The GCP has made a concerted effort to establish communication between science providers and users, particularly international and national policy communities. It creates opportunities for link- c bodies age with high-level decision making forums and scientifi Subsidiary to which it also contributes, such as the UNFCCC’s and the Confer- Advice (SBSTA) c and Technical Body on Scientifi ence of the Parties (COP), numerous national governmental bod- Bank, Asian ies and agencies, and interactions with the World Development Bank and other institutes. The urban initiative of GCP in particular has initiated several research–policy dialogues. Every a global few years the GCP delivers synthesis on the integrated view of the car- c bon–climate–human system and its specifi rst global synthesis components. In 2004 the fi was published as a collaborative effort between the The assessment is ongoing and results will be published in The assessment is ongoing and results will reputed, peer reviewed research journals and contribute to product is the 5th Assessment of the IPCC. An anticipated uxes database from regional and an open access carbon fl runs available global estimates. Global datasets and model and ocean so far to regional groups are: ocean inversions terrestrial biogeochemical models, atmospheric inversions, re emissions. For more informa- biogeochemical models and fi tion: tifi and Processes (RECCAP) tion effort to: among researchers and institutions planning GCP has initiated the GCP has initiated the and the GCP

the Intergovernmental Change reports Panel on Climate on c basis of climate change, the impacts of climate the scientiﬁ change, and the potential for mitigation of climate change. 5 he Global Carbon Project works under the Global Change Science Programs. It operates based on voluntary T contribution of hundreds of scientists’ time and effort to contribute to the development and execution of the carbon cycle research.

The Global Carbon Project is an initiative of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP), which consists of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP), World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and Diversitas, an International Programme of Biodiversity Science.

Carbo-Europe Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry P.O. Box 10 01 64 Korea 07701 Jena, Germany Environmental GIS/RS Center Korea University, Anam-dong Seong-buk, Seoul, 136-701 US Carbon Cycle Science Program SCOR-IOC Advisory China 1717 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, UNESCO-IOC, 1 Rue Miollis, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suite 250, Washington, D.C. 20006-4618, Paris France 75732 Cedex 15 11A Datun Road, USA Beijing 100101

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Authors: Lavinia Poruschi, Shobhakar Dhakal, Josep (Pep) Canadell / Proofreading: Edit Nagy-Tanaka / Editor: ISEBU Co., Ltd. / Printed: October 2010 / Printed in Japan

Reference to this publication should be made as: GCP. 2010. Ten Years of Advancing Knowledge on the Global Carbon Cycle and its Management (Authors: Lavinia Poruschi, Shobhakar Dhakal and Josep Canadell). Tsukuba: Global Carbon Project.

Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO, SCOPE and UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

This publication is printed on paper manufactured entirely from recycled material (Rank A), in accordance with the Law Concerning the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services by the State and Other Entities. GCP Scientific Steering Committee

Co-Chairs Executive Directors

Philippe Ciais Josep Canadell Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Global Carbon Project Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, l'Environnement Australia Centre d'Études de Orme des Merisiers, France Shobhakar Dhakal Corinne Le Quéré Centre for Global Environment Research University of East Anglia/British Antarctic Survey National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan School of Environment Sciences, UK

Anand Patwardhan Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay S.J Mehta School of Management, India

SSC Members

Ken Caldeira Guy Midgley Department of Global Ecology Kirstenbosch Research Center Carnegie Institution, USA South African National Biodiversity Institute, South Africa Pierre Friedlingstein IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de Nebojsa Nakicenovic International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, l’Environment, France Austria

Kevin Gurney Ye Qi Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences & Institute of Public Policy Department of Agronomy, USA Tshinghua University, China

Keisuke Hanaki Michael Raupach Department of Urban Engineering CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, The University of Tokyo, Japan Australia

Thomas B Johansson Yoshiki Yamagata International Institute for Industrial Environmental (Associate Member) Economics, Sweden Centre for Global Environment Research National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan Elisabeth Malone Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Joint Global Change Research Institute at the University of Maryland, USA International Project Offices

Japan Australia

Shobhakar Dhakal Josep (Pep) Canadell Executive Director of GCP Executive Director of GCP Center for Global Environmental Research CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research National Institute for Environmental Studies Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Lavinia Poruschi Natalie Barnett Research Assistant Fellow Project Officer Center for Global Environmental Research CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research National Institute for Environmental Studies Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Yukako Ojima Rowena Foster Project Officer Finance Manager Center for Global Environmental Research Global Carbon Project National Institute for Environmental Studies CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Address: 16-2 Onogawa, Address: GPO Box 3023 Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: +81-29-850-2672 Phone: +61-2-6246-5631 Fax: +81-29-850-2960 Fax: +61-2-6246-5988