DOCSLIB.ORG

The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 1 2 3 1 Marielle Saunois , Ann R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 1 2 3 1 Marielle Saunois , Ann R Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 1 2 3 1 Marielle Saunois , Ann R. Stavert , Ben Poulter , Philippe Bousquet , Josep G. 2 4 5 6 Canadell , Robert B. Jackson , Peter A. Raymond , Edward J. Dlugokencky , Sander 7,8 9,10 1 11 12 Houweling , Prabir K. Patra , Philippe Ciais , Vivek K. Arora , David Bastviken , 13 14 15 6 5 Peter Bergamaschi , Donald R. Blake , Gordon Brailsford , Lori Bruhwiler , 16,17 3 18,19,20 9 Kimberly M. Carlson , Mark Carrol , Simona Castaldi , Naveen Chandra , 21 22 23 24 Cyril Crevoisier , Patrick M. Crill , Kristofer Covey , Charles L. Curry , Giuseppe 25,26 27,28 29 30 Etiope , Christian Frankenberg , Nicola Gedney , Michaela I. Hegglin , Lena 31 32 33 33 Höglund-Isaksson , Gustaf Hugelius , Misa Ishizawa , Akihiko Ito , Greet Janssens- 13 34 35 36 10 Maenhout , Katherine M. Jensen , Fortunat Joos ,Thomas Kleinen , Paul B. 37 37 38 39 Krummel , Ray L. Langenfelds , Goulven G. Laruelle , Licheng Liu , Toshinobu 33 33 34 40 Machida , Shamil Maksyutov , Kyle C. McDonald , Joe McNorton , Paul A. 41 42 33 35 43 Miller , Joe R. Melton , Isamu Morino , Jurek Müller , Fabiola Murguia-Flores , 44 33,45 20 46 Vaishali Naik , Yosuke Niwa , Sergio Noce , Simon O’Doherty , Robert J. 47 48 49 50 51 15 Parker , Changhui Peng , Shushi Peng , Glen P. Peters , Catherine Prigent , 52 1 38 53 Ronald Prinn , Michel Ramonet , Pierre Regnier , William J. Riley , Judith A. 54 55 14 56 57,58 Rosentreter , Arjo Segers , Isobel J. Simpson , Hao Shi , Steven J. Smith , L. 37 22 56 33 Paul Steele , Brett F. Thornton , Hanqin Tian , Yasunori Tohjima , Francesco N. 59 60 1 61 Tubiello , Aki Tsuruta Nicolas Viovy , Apostolos Voulgarakis , Thomas S. 62 63 8 64 20 Weber , Michiel van Weele , Guido R. van der Werf , Ray F. Weiss , Doug 65 66 1,27 33 41 Worthy , Debra Wunch , Yi Yin , Yukio Yoshida , Wenxin Zhang , Zhen 67 1 1 53 68 Zhang , Yuanghong Zhao , Bo Zheng , Qing Zhu , Qiuan Zhu , and Qianlai 39 Zhuang 1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), 25 Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 2Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC 3195, and Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 3NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Science Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 1 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data 30 4Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA 5School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. 6NOAA ESRL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA 7SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, the 35 Netherlands 8Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 9Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan 40 10 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 11Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada 12Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden 45 13European Commission Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (Va), Italy 14Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 570 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA 15National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, New Zealand 50 16 Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA 17 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822, USA. 18Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy 55 19Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia 20Impacts on Agriculture,Forests, and Ecosystem Services Division, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Via Augusto Imperatore 16, 73100 Lecce, Italy 21Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, LMD-IPSL, Ecole Polytechnique, 91120 Palaiseau, 60 France 22Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 23Program in Environmental Studies and Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA 24School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, 65 Canada V8W 2Y2 25Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2, via V. Murata 605 00143 Rome, Italy 26 Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 70 27 Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States 28Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States 29Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre for Hydrometeorological Research, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK 2 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data 75 30Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, United Kingdom 31Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Program (AIR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria 32Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm 80 University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 33Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan 34Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA 85 35Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 36Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 37Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia 38Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050-Brussels, 90 Belgium 39Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 40Research Department, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK 41Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, 95 Lund, Sweden 42Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada 43School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK 44NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), 201 Forrestal Rd., Princeton, NJ 100 08540, USA 45Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan 46School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK 47National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 48Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Science, University of Quebec at 105 Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada 49Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. 50CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Pb. 1129 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 51CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Lerma, Paris, France 110 52Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 54-1312, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 53Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, US 54Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, 115 Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia 55TNO, dep. of Climate Air & Sustainability, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508-TA, Utrecht,The Netherlands 56International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife 3 Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-128 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 19 August 2019 Science c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA 120 57Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, College Park, MD, USA 58Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 59Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy 60 125 Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland 61Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 62Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA 63KNMI, P.O. Box 201, 3730 AE, De Bilt, the Netherlands 130 64Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Global Methane Budget 2020 Japanese Press Release: Thursday 6Th August 2020 Tsukuba, Japan
    Global Methane Budget 2020 Japanese Press release: Thursday 6th August 2020 Tsukuba, Japan Global Methane Emissions have risen by nearly 10 per cent over the last 20 years. Major contributors are human activities in the agriculture and waste sector and in the production and consumption of fossil fuels On July 15th, 2020, the Global Carbon Project (GCP) publishes an updated and more comprehensive global methane (CH4) budget with all methane sources and sinks. It also provides insights into the geographical regions and economic sectors where the emission changed the most over the most recent two decades (2000-2017). The update employs the state-of-the-art bottom-up and top-down methods to improve the accuracy of the methane gas accounting in each category, which took three years to process. The estimated global methane budget for the recent decade (2008-2017) is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Global Methane Budget 2008 - 2017 (https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/index.htm) Page 1 of 4 The study also shows the emission rate has increased by 9 % (about 50 million tons of CH4 per year) between the reference period (2000-2006) and the last year of the presented budget (2017). This increase in methane emissions is completely attributed to the increase in anthropogenic emissions which account for 60% of the total methane emissions. The rest comes from natural sources which have not changed over the past two decades despite their diversity: wetland, lakes, reservoirs, termites, geological sources, hydrates etc. The sectors that primarily contributed to this increase are the fossil fuel sector (production and consumption) and activities in agriculture and waste sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Release
    Media Release EMBARGOED TO 11pm 25 September 2008 Ref Emissions rising faster this decade than last The latest figures on the global carbon budget to be released in Washington and Paris today indicate a four-fold increase in growth rate of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions since 2000. “This is a concerning trend in light of global efforts to curb emissions,” says Global Carbon Project (GCP) Executive-Director, Dr Pep Canadell, a carbon specialist based at CSIRO in Canberra. Releasing the 2007 data, Dr Canadell said emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel and land use change almost reached the mark of 10 billion tonnes of carbon in 2007. Using research findings published last year in peer-reviewed journals such as Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nature and Science, Dr Canadell said atmospheric carbon dioxide growth has been outstripping the growth of natural carbon dioxide sinks such as forests and oceans. The new results were released simultaneously in Washington by Dr Canadell and in Paris by Dr Michael Raupach, GCP co-Chair and a CSIRO scientist. Dr Raupach said Australia’s position remains unique as a developed country with rapidly growing emissions. “Since 2000, Australian fossil-fuel emissions have grown by two per cent per year. For Australia to achieve a 2020 fossil-fuel emissions target 10 per cent lower than 2000 levels, the target referred to by Professor Garnaut this month, we would require a reduction in emissions from where they are now by 1.5 per cent per year. Every year of continuing growth makes the future reduction requirement even steeper.” The Global Carbon Project (GCP) is a joint international project on the global carbon cycle sponsored by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Research (IHDP), and the World Climate Research Program.
    [Show full text]
  • 18 September 2013 New Study Explains the Rise and Rise of Methane
    18 September 2013 New study explains the rise and rise of methane The most comprehensive study yet of global methane shows that human activities are emitting as much methane as all natural sources together, largely from fossil fuel extraction and processing, livestock, and rice cultivation. The three-year international study, published today in the journal Nature Geoscience, traces and attributes the natural and man-made sources, the mechanisms that help to moderate methane’s influence, and describes how it is changing atmospheric composition. Methane is also the second most important greenhouse gas, and is responsible for about 20% of the direct warming caused by long-lived gases since pre-industrial times. Co-author on the study and Executive-Director of the Global Carbon Project, CSIRO's Dr Pep Canadell, said that atmospheric methane was stable from the late 1990s to 2006. “This was most likely due to decreasing-to-stable fossil fuel emissions, particularly industrial and mining fugitive emissions and emissions from rice cultivation, combined with stable-to-increasing microbial emissions. "Since 2006 to the present, we show that the rise in natural wetland emissions and fossil fuel emissions are likely to explain the renewed increase in global methane levels," Dr Canadell said. He said year-to-year fluctuations in methane concentrations are largely driven by changes in wetland emissions in the tropics and cold regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and to lesser extent by large- scale fires. "Any changes brought about by climate change that alter rainfall and temperature, which effect wetland extend and fire regimes, will therefore have significant implications for methane emissions," he said.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth. 2017. “Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Set to Rise After Three
    NEWS RELEASE EMBARGOED UNTIL: Monday, 13 Nov. at 09:30 CET Global carbon dioxide emissions set to rise after three stable years MEDIA By the end of 2017, global emissions of carbon dioxide from QUERIES fossil fuels and industry are projected to rise by about 2% compared with the preceding year, with an uncertainty range Alistair Scrutton, between 0.8% and 3%. The news follows three years of emis- Future Earth, sions staying relatively flat. Director of Communications, That’s the conclusion of the 2017 Global Carbon Budget, that Sweden: will be published 13 November by the Global Carbon Project alistair.scrutton@ (GCP) in the journals Nature Climate Change, Environmental futureearth.org Research Letters and Earth System Science Data Discussions. +46 707 211098 The announcement comes as nations meet in Bonn, Germany, for the annual United Nations climate negotiations (COP23). INTERVIEWS Lead researcher Prof Corinne Le Quéré, director of the Tyndall Glen Peters, Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East CICERO, Norway: Anglia, said: “Global carbon dioxide emissions appear to be glen.peters@ going up strongly once again after a three-year stable period. cicero.oslo.no This is very disappointing.” +47 9289 1638 “With global CO2 emissions from all human activities estimated Corinne Le Quéré, at 41 billion tonnes for 2017, time is running out on our ability Tyndall Centre, UK: to keep warming well below 2 ºC let alone 1.5 ºC.” [email protected] “This year we have seen how climate change can amplify the +44 (0) 1603 impacts of hurricanes with stronger downpours of rain, higher 592764 sea levels and warmer ocean conditions favouring more pow- erful storms.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C
    Global warming of 1.5°C An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty Summary for Policymakers Edited by Valérie Masson-Delmotte Panmao Zhai Co-Chair Working Group I Co-Chair Working Group I Hans-Otto Pörtner Debra Roberts Co-Chair Working Group II Co-Chair Working Group II Jim Skea Priyadarshi R. Shukla Co-Chair Working Group III Co-Chair Working Group III Anna Pirani Wilfran Moufouma-Okia Clotilde Péan Head of WGI TSU Head of Science Head of Operations Roz Pidcock Sarah Connors J. B. Robin Matthews Head of Communication Science Officer Science Officer Yang Chen Xiao Zhou Melissa I. Gomis Science Officer Science Assistant Graphics Officer Elisabeth Lonnoy Tom Maycock Melinda Tignor Tim Waterfield Project Assistant Science Editor Head of WGII TSU IT Officer Working Group I Technical Support Unit Front cover layout: Nigel Hawtin Front cover artwork: Time to Choose by Alisa Singer - www.environmentalgraphiti.org - © Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The artwork was inspired by a graphic from the SPM (Figure SPM.1). © 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Revised on January 2019 by the IPCC, Switzerland. Electronic copies of this Summary for Policymakers are available from the IPCC website www.ipcc.ch ISBN 978-92-9169-151-7 Introduction Chapter 2 ChapterSummary 1 for Policymakers 6 Summary for Policymakers Summary for Policymakers SPM SPM Summary SPM for Policymakers Drafting Authors: Myles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Betting on Negative Emissions Sabine Fuss, Josep G
    opinion & comment risk in many different contexts (including science through the working group reports David Viner* is at Mott MacDonald, cultural, geographical and political), where and yet, the forthcoming Synthesis Report Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge flexibility through use of cost–benefit would benefit significantly from incorporation CB1 2RS, UK. Candice Howarth is at the Global analyses is a standard practice. This process of practitioner experience of climate Sustainability Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, would benefit the IPCC WGII by widening solutions implementation. Co-production Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK. the pool of research and practical solutions of knowledge, across academic, political and *e-mail: [email protected] covered, making the reviews more relevant practitioner communities, would frame, to decision-makers and by incorporation of structure and deliver climate action. Such a References 1. http://go.nature.com/H9a8Nq more transparent language and terminology process will ensure that future IPCC reports 2. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. Nature Clim. Change (such as climate change resilience) in are more up-to-date, robust and complete 2, 491–496 (2012). future assessments. in their analysis and that the climate change 3. http://go.nature.com/DRhXIx 4. Conway, D. & Mustelin, J. Nature Clim. Change 4, 339–342 (2014). The IPCC process provides the most resilience solutions proposed incorporate the 5. Pidgeon, N. & Fischhoff, B. Nature Clim. Change compelling account of evidence about climate most practically viable research. ❐ 1, 35–41 (2011). COMMENTARY: Betting on negative emissions Sabine Fuss, Josep G. Canadell, Glen P. Peters, Massimo Tavoni, Robbie M. Andrew, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Chris D.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Emissions and Sinks in Agro-Ecosystems of China
    Vol. 45 Supp. SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series C) October 2002 Carbon emissions and sinks in agro-ecosystems of China LIN Erda (ɕ), LI Yue’e (ΫЩ)&GUOLiping(Ϋ) Agrometeorology Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Correspondence should be addressed to Lin Erda (email: [email protected]) Received March 16, 2002 Abstract Besides ruminant animals and their wastes, soil is an important regulating medium in carbon cycling. The soil can be both a contributor to climate change and a recipient of impacts. In the past, land cultivation has generally resulted in considerable depletion of soil organic matter and the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The observation in the North-South Transect of Eastern China showed that climate change and land use strongly impact all soil proc- esses and GHG exchanges between the soil and the atmosphere. Soil management can restore organic carbon by enhancing soil structure and fertility and by doing so mitigating the negative im- pacts of atmospheric greenhouses on climate. A wide estimation carried out in China shows that carbon sequestration potential is about 77.2 MMt C/a (ranging from 26.1ü128.3 MMt C/a) using proposed IPCC activities during the next fifty years. Keywords: carbon exchange, GHG emissions and removal sinks, North-South Transect, national GHG inventories Carbon fluxes from and into agro-ecosystems mainly include CO2 and CH4 emitted from cropland and grassland practices, ruminant animals and their waste treatment, biomass burning and carbon sequestration caused by corresponding land management activities. Of particular in- terest and importance is the role of soils in the global carbon cycle which affects the composition [1] of the atmosphere and climate change (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CONSUMPTION EXPLOSION the Third UK Interdependence Report the UK’S Global Ecological Footprint
    THE CONSUMPTION EXPLOSION The third UK Interdependence Report The UK’s global ecological footprint The United Kingdom consumes products from around the world creating a large ecological footprint. The footprint measures natural resources by the amount of land area required to provide them. This map shows fl ow lines for imported resources that make up our footprint. To attribute impacts properly to the UK consumer, the area required to produce imported goods – a standardised measure of resource use called ‘global hectares’ (gha) – is subtracted from the footprint of the producing countries and is added to the UK’s account. This map is based on data for the total footprint of imports, and summed across product categories. NB: Europe as a source of products is shown disproportionately large because adjustments are not made for re-exports due to the complications of tracing certain goods. This may create a bias suggesting that more raw resources come from European ports when in fact it was merely their most recent port of call on their way from their original source. Our way of life in the UK would be unthinkable without the human, cultural, economic and environmental contributions made by the rest of the world. Our global interdependence is inescapable. But it can also be troubling. The burden in terms of resource consumption that our lifestyles exert on the fields, forests, rivers, seas and mines of the rest of the world is increasing. Months tick by to the point when it becomes much harder to avert runaway climate change. In spite of the global economic downturn, during a typical calendar year, the world as a whole now still goes into ecological debt on 25 September.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Climate Change Science, Is a Survey of What Is Chang- Ing with Our Current Global Climate
    SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE G. Thomas Farmer Modern Climate Change Science An Overview of Today’s Climate Change Science 123 SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8868 G. Thomas Farmer Modern Climate Change Science An Overview of Today’s Climate Change Science 1 3 G. Thomas Farmer Farmer Enterprises Las Cruces, NM USA ISSN 2191-5547 ISSN 2191-5555 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-09221-8 ISBN 978-3-319-09222-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09222-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945257 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
    [Show full text]
  • MCCIP Arctic Sea Ice Review – Remote but Relevant
    MCCIP Ecosystem Linkages Report Card 2009 Arctic Sea Ice ALAN RODGER British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET Please cite this document as: Rodger, A (2009) Arctic Sea Ice in Marine Climate Change Ecosystem Linkages Report Card 2009. (Eds. Baxter JM, Buckley PJ and Frost MT), Online science reviews, 19pp. www.mccip.org.uk/elr/arctic EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the last few decades, the Arctic atmosphere has warmed by about twice the global average, and as much as anywhere else on the planet. This had led to very significant physical and biological changes of the Arctic environment. The consequences include rapid increases in the melting of glaciers, and an increase in freshwater runoff. But the most remarkable change is the reduction of the extent of summer sea ice in the Arctic seas and a more modest reduction in winter. All of these changes feedback strongly into the climate system, resulting in stronger seasonal variations of salinity, heat transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere, and potential consequences on ocean circulation. Nearly all the marine wildlife in the Arctic is dependent on sea ice for some part of its life cycle, and these recent changes are already having an impact on all trophic levels from phytoplankton through to higher predators (birds and seals). Humans too have been affected, particularly the lives of indigenous people. Although the Arctic changes are perceived as remote from Europe, the impacts are not. The warming is causing a rise in global sea level, and regime shifts in the marine ecosystems which support high-latitude fishing industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Organized by Global Carbon Project (GCP) Co-Sponsored By
    Organized by Global Carbon Project (GCP) Co-sponsored by International Permafrost Association (IPA) and Climate and the Cryosphere (WCRP-CliC) Supported and Funded by National Center for Ecological Analyses and Synthesis (NCEAS) and the International Council of Science (ICSU) Organizers: Christopher B. Field and Josep G. Canadell 1. Title Vulnerability of carbon in permafrost: Pool size and potential effects on the climate system 2. Short Title - two or three words for use as a project name (25 characters max) Carbon vulnerability 3. Name and complete contact information Christopher B. Field Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Global Ecology 260 Panama Street Stanford, CA 94305, USA Tel: 1-650-462-1047 x 201; Fax: 1-650-462 5968 Email: [email protected] Josep G. Canadell Global Carbon Project Earth Observation Centre CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Tel.: 61-26246-5631; Fax: 61-2-6246-5988 Email: [email protected] 4. Summary - appropriate for public distribution on NCEAS' web site Ecosystem responses that cause carbon loss to the atmosphere in a warming climate could greatly accelerate climate change during this century. Potentially vulnerable carbon pools that currently contain hundreds of billion tons of carbon could be destabilized through global warming and land use change. Some of the most vulnerable pools on land and oceans are: soil carbon in permafrost, soil carbon in high and low-latitude wetlands, biomass-carbon in forests, methane hydrates in the coastal zone, and ocean carbon concentrated by the biological pump. The risk of large losses from these pools is not well known, and is not included in most climate simulations.
    [Show full text]
  • 061130 W CARBON En.Indd
    What are the likely dynamics of the carbon-climate-human system into the future, and what points of intervention and windows of opportunity exist for human societies to manage this system? 1 The carbon-climate-human system here is growing acceptance that human-driven Some of its key attributes include: the emissions gap, climate change is a reality. This has focused vulnerability, inertia of processes, and the need for a the attention of the scientific community, systems approach that integrates carbon management T policy-makers and the general public on the into a broader set of rules and institutions governing main causes of such a change: rising atmospheric the human enterprise. concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially car- bon dioxide (CO2), and changes in the carbon cycle in general. There are profound interactions between the carbon cycle, climate, and human actions. These interac- tions have fundamental implications for the long-term management of CO2 emissions required to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The coupled car- bon-climate-human system encompasses the linked dynamics of natural biophysical processes and human activities. Current (2000-2005) global carbon cycle. Pools of carbon are in Gt and annual fluxes in Gt C y-1. Background or pre-anthropogenic pools and fluxes are in black. The human perturbation to the pools and fluxes are in red. ����������� �������� �������� ���� ����������� ����������� ���������� ��������� ��������� ������ ���� ���������� ������� ����������� �� ���� �� �� ������������������ � Billion
    [Show full text]