Etude Des Pegomya (Diptera; Anthomyiidae)

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Etude Des Pegomya (Diptera; Anthomyiidae) Jose ETUDE DES PEGOMYA (DIPTERA; ANTHOMYIIDAE) INFEODEES AUX EUPHORBES EN EUROPE CENTRALE ET OCCIDENTALE ET POSSIBILITES D'UTILISATION EN LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRÉ LES EUPHORBES NATURAUSEES EN AMERIQUE DU NORD par ANDRE GASSMANN THESE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel pour l'obtention du grade de docteur es sciences Delémont, avril 1990 IMPRIMATUR POUR LA THESE Etude des.. Pegomya...(P.iptera;. Anthomyiidae). inféodées aux...Euphorbes.. et., occidental e de Monsieur...André...Gassmarin UNIVERSITÉ DE NEUCHÂTEL FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES La Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel sur le rapport des membres du jury, Messieurs„..W,....Mt.1they.i....W..,....G.e.i.g.e.r... P.r-J.ft...Ch.5millat.iCh.aha.ijn.s.).,....0...P.....ARs.c.hliinaiin .[M.Qn.tp.e.T.l.le.r.i....e.t...D......S.ch.r.Q.e.d.er....(Ûel.émojn.t) autorise l'impression de la présente thèse. Neuchâtel, le ...8...ma.i....l.9.9.0 Le doyen : / CL/Mermod ETUDE DES PEGOMYA (DIPTERA; ANTHOMYIIDAE) INFEODEES AUX EUPHORBES EN EUROPE CENTRALE ET OCCIDENTALE ET POSSIBILITES D'UTILISATION EN LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LES EUPHORBES NATURALISEES EN AMERIQUE DU NORD par ANDRE GASSMANN THESE présentée à la Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel pour l'obtention du grade de docteur es sciences Delémont, avril 1990 TABLE DES MATIERES 2 INTRODUCTION 5 DEVELOPPEMENT DU PROJET ET BUT DU TRAVAIL 6 PRESENTATION DES MAUVAISES HERBES: EUPHORBIA X PSEUDOVIRGATA ET E. CYPARISSIAS 8 Première partie: TAXONOMIE, BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE DES ESPECES DU GENRE PEGOMYA INFEODEES A EUPHORBIA EN EUROPE CENTRALE ET OCCIDENTALE. 1. METHODES GENERALES 15 1.1. Culture des plantes 15 1.2. Elevage des Insectes 15 1.3. Travail dans le terrain 17 1.4. Description des stations principales et climat 18 2. TAXONOMIE 22 2.1. Position systématique des espèces associées à Euphorbia dans le genre Pegomya 22 2.2. Historique •: 23 2.3. Taxonomle 24 3. BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE 29 3.1. Plantes-hôtes et distribution géographique 29 3.2. Abondance 32 3.3. Cycle de développement 33 3.4. Ecloslon des adultes et sex-ratio 34 3.5. Accouplement 34 3.6. Longévité des adultes 35 3.7. Ovogénèse 35 3.8. Ponte et fécondité 36 3.9. Développement embryonnaire 38 3.10. Développement larvaire 41 3.11. Taux de survie et taux Intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel 43 3.12. Parasitisme 47 4. DIAPAUSE ET ECLOSION DES ADULTES 51 4.1. Méthodes 51 4.2. Résultats 52 4.2.1. Elimination de la diapause 52 4.2.2. Développement nymphal 56 4.2.3. Action des températures constantes 58 4.2.4. Ecloslon des adultes en conditions extérieures 58 4.3. Résumé '. 62 2 5. MORPHOLOGIE ET BIOMETRIE DES STADES DE DEVELOPPEMENT 63 5.1. Méthodes 63 5.2. Résultats 63 5.2.1. Les oeuls 63 5.2.2. Les larves 64 5.2.3. Les pupes 68 5.2.4. Influence de la plante-hôte sur la taille de l'armature buccale ; 70 5.2.5. Les adultes 72 6. CHOIX DE LA PLANTE-HOTE A L'OVIPOSITION ET TAUX DE SURVIE LARVAIRE 73 6.1. Introduction 73 6.2. Méthodes 74 6.3. Résultats 75 6.3.1. Choix de la plante à l'ovipositlon 75 6.3.2. Taux de pénétration larvaire 76 6.3.3. Taux de survie larvaire '. 77 6.4. Discussion ; 78 7. SPECIFICITE 83 7.1. Introduction 83 7.2. Méthodes 83 7.3. Résultats 87 7.4. Discussion 92 Deuxième partie: IMPACT DE P. EUPHORBIAEEJ P. CURTICORNIS SUR LES PLANTES-HOTES 1. INTRODUCTION GENERALE 96 2. DEGAT A LA STRUCTURE DE LA TIGE; INDUCTION ET STRUCTURE DE LA GALLE 99 2.1. Introduction 99 2.2. Méthodes 100 2.2.1. Echantlllonage 100 2.2.2. Fixation 101 2.2.3. Déshydratation, infiltration et inclusion 101 2.2.4. Coupe et coloration 101 2.3. Résultats 102 2.3.1. Structure de la tige de E x pseudovirgata et de £ cyparissias 102 2.3.2. Dégât à la structure de la tige de E. x pseudovirgata et E cyparissias. 104 2.3.3. Induction et développement de la galle caulinaire sur E x pseudovirgata et £ cyparissias 107 2.3.4. Cas de E.vìrgata et anatomie d'une galle sur la racine 111 2.3.5. Cas de E lucida 112 2.4. Discussion 112 3 3. ELONGATION, FLORAISON ET MORTALITE DES TIGES INFESTEES 120 3.1. Evolution de !'elongation des tiges 120 3.2. Taille, floraison et mortalité des tiges 120 3.2.1. Infestation en laboratoire 120 3.2.2. Dans la nature 123 3.3. Discussion 127 4. PHYSIOLOGIE DE LA PLANTE ET REACTIONS DE COMPENSATION 130 4.1. Introduction 130 4.2. Méthodes 132 4.2.1. Echantillonnage 132 4.2.2. Evolution de la phytomasse aérienne , 133 4.2.3. Extraction et dosage des sucres solubles totaux 133 4.2.4. Extraction et dosage des chlorophylles a et b 134 4.2.5. Extraction et dosage de l'azote total 135 4.3. Résultats.. 136 4.3.1. Evolution de la phytomasse aérienne 136 4.3.2. Concentration des sucres solubles totaux des radicelles 142 4.3.3. Concentration des sucres solubles totaux des feuilles caulinalres 142 4.3.4. Concentration des chlorophylles a et b 144 4.3.5. Taux d'azote total des radicelles et des feuilles caulinalres 146 4.4. Discussion 148 Troisième partie: EVALUATION DU POTENTIEL DE P. EUPHORBIAE ET P. CURTICORNIS COMME AGENTS DE LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LES EUPHORBES NATURALISEES EN AMERIQUE DU NORD. 1. INTRODUCTION 156 2. EVALUATION DU POTENTIEL DE P. EUPHORBIAE ET P. CURTICORNIS COMME AGENTS DE LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LES EUPHORBES NATURALISEES EN AMERIQUE DU NORD ; 157 CONCLUSIONS GENERALES 163 RESUME ; 166 SUMMARY 169 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 171 REMERCIEMENTS ,.'. 174 BIBLIOGRAPHIE i 176 ANNEXES 4 INTRODUCTION Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre d'un projet de lutte biologique dû C.A.B. International, Institute of Biological Control (anciennement Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control), European Station, à Delémont. Il a été financé par le "Alberta Environmental Centre" à Vegrevllle, province de l'Alberta, Canada. Le C.A.B. International est une organisation dont le siège est au Royaume-Uni et qui a pour but de fournir des services scientifiques d'information et dé développement pour l'agriculture et les sciences apparentées dans le monde entier. L'Institut de Delémont s'occupe de la lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes et les ravageurs dans l'agriculture et les forêts. En raison de sa position géographique, le travail effectué à l'Institut concerne uniquement les pays de la zone tempérée. La lutte biologique est l'utilisation d'organismes vivants pour prévenir ou réduire les pertes et dommages causés par des organismes nuisibles . La lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes, comme celle contre les insectes nuisibles, a deux approches fondamentales (Schroeder, 1983; Harris, 1986; Aeschllmann & Cari, 1987): 1) la lutte biologique inondatlve consiste en lâchers massifs d'auxiliaires qu'il faut être capable de produire préalablement en nombre élevé. La lutte biologique par lâchers massifs est un moyen de lutte ponctuel dont on attend un résultat immédiat et non durable. Les interventions sont répétées en fonction de l'évolution ultérieure du ravageur. Contre les mauvaises herbes, cette forme de lutte biologique consiste dans l'emploi de microorganismes pathogènes appliqués sous la forme de bioherbicides et concerne les mauvaises herbes des cultures. 2) la lutte biologique classique ou Inoculative procède par libérations inoculatives et d'ordinaire peu nombreuses, d'espèces bénéfiques, dont on attend un effet curatif permanent, mais à moyen ou long terme seulement. Elle s'applique principalement aux mauvaises herbes des terrains non cultivés (mais souvent perturbés par les activités humaines) et concerne surtout les mauvaises herbes d'origine étrangère, c'est-à-dire les plantes qui, après introductions accidentelles ou volontaires, sont devenues nuisibles dans des réglons éloignées de leur aire de distribution d'origine. Le concept de base de la lutte biologique classique est de rechercher les ennemis naturels de l'espèce nuisible (du d'espèces apparentées) dans l'aire de répartition géographique d'origine et de les Introduire dans les réglons nouvellement envahies. La lutte biologique classique a pour but a) d'arrêter la progression de la plante nuisible b) de diminuer son abondance à un niveau économiquement acceptable c) de rétablir la diversité biologique dans les régions Infestées. 5 Suivant le continent considéré, les plantes d'origine étrangère constituent une proportion très variable de la flore des nuisibles. Faible en Europe centrale (Cari & al., 1976), elle est considérable en Amérique du Nord et en Australie. Par exemple: 84 dos 110 plus importantes mauvaises herbes répertoriées au Canada sont des plantes naturalisées, 82 étant d'origine eurasialique (Frankton & Mulligan, 1970). Sur un total de 76 plantes nuisibles répertoriées dans la Province canadienne de l'Alberta, environ 80 % sont des plantes naturalisées, introduites en très grande partie d'Europe (Stearmann, 1983). En Australie, dans l'état de Victoria, seules trois espèces sont d'origine australienne parmi les 87 mauvaises herbes répertoriées par Parsons (1976). Environ 60 % sont originaires d'Eurasie ou du bassin méditerranéen. Les autres espèces ont été introduites pour la plupart d'Afrique du Sud et quelques-unes proviennent d'Amérique du Sud. DEVELOPPEMENT DU PROJET ET BUT DU TRAVAIL Suivant une suggestion de G.C.D. Griffiths, de L'Université de l'Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, le diptère anthomyiide Pegomya argyrocephala Meigen (Dipt.; Anthomyiidae) est proposé en 1982 comme candidat pour la lutte biologique contre Euphorbia x pseudovirgata (Schur) Soò et E.
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