Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86934-8 — Remembering and Imagining the Holocaust Christopher Bigsby Index More Information

Index

absence, of memory 61 works academic writing, Sebald on 40 At the Mind’s Limits 258, 271 Adorno, Theodor 33 Encounter of the Intellectuals aesthetics, of Sebald 46–7 with Auschwitz (radio talk) air war in Germany, silence about 271 98–102, 106 Lefeu oder der Abbruch (Lefeu or Akhmatova, Anna 23 Demolition) 258 American Jews, attitude towards On the Necessity and Holocaust 130 Impossibility of Being a Jew Amerongen-Frankfoorder, Rachel van (essay) 260–1 235, 239 On Suicide 278, 280–1, 283 Ame´ry, Jean 40, 50, 109, 259, 260, writings of 96, 269, 271, 273, 275 262, 290 Amis, Martin on anti-Semitism 277 Time’s Arrow 313–16 arrest by Gestapo 266 Andersch, Alfred 90, 92–3, 94 at Fort Breendonk 266–8 angel of history, Sebald’s 78 and Auschwitz trials 271 Anielewicz, Mordechai, suicide of 282 in concentration camps 268–9, Anne Frank Foundation 222 274–5 criticised by Ozick 242 on concentration camps 272, 273–4 anti-Semitism on cosmopolitanism 269 Ame´ry on 277 exile of 263–4, 265 encountered by Miller 178 on forgiveness 279–80 in German church 146–7 on German language 265–6 in Soviet Union 187 on Holocaust 270, 275–6 Appelfeld, Aharon 8 Jewish identity of 260–2, 270, on German language 266 276–7 on memories and Levi 278, 279, 280, 301, 310 of Holocaust survivors 18–19 life after the war 276, 277 of trauma 14 on memory 281–2 on silence 7 and the past 269 The Story of a Life 1, 10, 258 on remembering 269–70, 272 appropriation, of Levi 311, 313–14 in Resistance movement 265 Arendt, Hannah 158 and Sebald 6, 86–7, 90, 94–5, 96–7, Eichmann in Jerusalem 163 98, 258, 269 art, role in Nazism 85 on suicide 280–1, 282, 283 Atkinson, Brooks 231 suicide of 277, 278–9, 282–3 Atlan, Liliane on torture 72, 266–8 Mister Fugue or Earth Sick 8–9 on victimhood 272 Un Ope´ra pour Terezin 9

395

Index

Auschwitz 96, 133–4, 137–8 blood libel, against the Jews 105 Ame´ry on 273–4 Bloomgarden, Kermit 230 Amis on 315 Bloxham, Donald 151–2 Borowski at 342 Bo¨ ll, Heinrich Borowski on 343, 350 The Angel Was Silent (Der Engel and Dante’s inferno 165 schwieg) 100 Frank family at 236–8 bombing, of German cities 78–9 Levi at 291, 295–6, 298 Borowski, Tadeusz 283 Levi on 290–1, 298 at Auschwitz 342 music in 182, 195, 196–200, on Auschwitz 343, 350 211, 213 communism of 351 Weiss’s visit to 160 on concentration camps 342–3, Wiesel at 323–5 350–2 Wiesel on 236–7, 323, 324, 325–6 letters to his ﬁance´e 349–50, 353 Auschwitz trials (Frankfurt, 1964) as observer of the Holocaust 348–9, 159–60, 163 350, 353, 355 Ame´ry and 271 poems by 341 and The Investigation (play, Weiss) short stories by 342, 343, 352–3, 166–7, 171–2 354–5 Miller at 161, 169, 176–7, 181–2, Auschwitz, Our Home 349–50 187–9, 355 A Day at Harmenz 347–8 Nazi war criminals at 169 January Offensive 354 Weiss at 153, 156–7, 160, 172 The People Who Walked On 348–9 Austerlitz Station (Paris) 77 Silence 353–4 Autobahnen, built by Nazism 314 This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen 343–6 The World of Stone 354, 355 Baer, Richard 295 suicide of 342, 355, 356 Barnes, Peter on survival 346–7 Auschwitz 6 youth of 341–2 Barnouw, David 230 Brandes-Brilleslijper, Janny 234, 236 Bauer, Fritz 182 Brecht, Bertolt, on Holocaust 158 Bechhofer, Susie 69 Britain Belgium, Ame´ry in exile in 263–4 attitudes towards Holocaust 35–6 Ben Gurion, David 271 Sebald’s move to 34–7 Benjamin, Walter 49, 78 Broch, Hermann 192 Benn, Gottfried 94 Brook, Peter 146, 156 Bentley, Eric on Weiss 173, 174–5 Are You Now or Have You Ever Been Browne, Sir Thomas 119 Urn Burial 67 Bergen-Belsen 200 Buncombe, Andrew 382 Anne Frank at 238–9 Burton, Robert 88, 89 Berghahn, Klaus L. 153, 162–3 Busch, Wilhelm 117 betrayal, of Frank family 227–8 Bettelheim, Bruno 246, 284 Calvino, Italo 293 criticism of Frank family and Camus, Albert 124 portrayal of Anne Frank 245 The Fall 183 criticism of Jewish passivity 271 Canetti, Elias 49, 381 Surviving and Other Essays 242–5 capitalism, and genocide 316 Beyle, Henri Marie (Stendhal) 50–3, 56, Celan, Paul 5, 283 137 Chadwick, Owen 147 Bialik, Chaim Nachman 330 chains Birkenau 236–7 (see also) Auschwitz of memory 7, 23–4, 89 Blanchot, Maurice 208 of unmemory 375 Blau, Magda 208 of witnesses 23

396

Index

Chatwin, Bruce 42 of inhabitants of ‘Secret Annexe’ childhood memories 22 239–40 children of Sebald 113–14, 380 hidden 75 in Sebald’s works 109, 149 of Holocaust survivors 89 Weiss’s fascination with 149 church of Wiesel’s father 327–8 awareness of ongoing Holocaust Defonseca, Monique 121–2 see also Pius XII Misha: A Memoir of the Holocaust in Germany, anti-Semitism in 146–7 Year 372 Cioran, E. M. 98 Dembo, Charlotte 13–14 cities, German, bombing of 78–9 Demidenko, Helen Cohen, Robert 165–6 The Hand that Signed the Paper 373 collective memory denial and past 86 of facts 11–12 of Swiss 371–2 of Holocaust 86 writers and 85 of memory 17 communication, Levi on 308–9 of past 251–6 Communism diaries of Borowski 351 of Dardenne 256 of Weiss 165–6 of Filipovic 250 concentration camps of Gu¨ nzel 226 Ame´ry in 268–9, 274–5 of Nin 228 Ame´ry on 272, 273–4 Diary of Anne Frank see Frank, Anne, Borowski on 342–3, 350–2 diary of death in 274–5 Didion, Joan imagining of 133–4, 150 The Year of Magical Thinking 377–8 and intellectuals 273–4, 301–2 Dimbleby, Richard 35–6 Levi on 291, 296–8, 305–6 disbelief, and Holocaust experience 83 Miller on 181, 182, 186 distortions Sebald on 46 of memory 10–11 suicide committed by survivors of 98 of reality 305 survival in 296–7, 305–6, 325, 346–7 Do¨ blin, Alfred 88 and time 95–6 Sebald on 32, 39–40 Weiss on 164, 167–9 Wallenstein 32 writing in 8–9 documentary prose style, of Sebald 42, contested memories 207–8, 213, 215 82–3 Corsica, Sebald’s visit to 106–7, documentary theatre 31–2, 83, 117, 119 109–10, 110–11 The Deputy (play, Hochhuth) as 127, cosmopolitanism, Ame´ry on 269 142–3 Crawford, Cheryl 230 The Investigation (play, Weiss) as Cykowiak, Zafia 214 161, 167 Czajkowska see Tchaikowska and representation of Auschwitz 133 Czerniakow, Adam, suicide of 282 dogs, as symbols 49 Dubermann, Martin Dante (Alighieri) In White America 119 Divine Comedy 162, 165 Dunicz-Niwinska, Helena 214 influence on Levi 300 influence on Weiss 174 Eden, idea of 1 Dardenne, Sabine 256 Eichmann, Adolf 126, 128, 318 Darville, Helen see Demidenko, Helen kidnap and arrest of 159 De Quinecy, Thomas 314 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 21 death emigration, of Holocaust survivors 271 of Anne Frank 238–9 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus 100 in concentration camps 274–5 Eskin, Blake 359–60 fascination with 149 Evers-Emden, Bloeme 235

397

Index

exclusiveness, Jewish 297 reactions to 219–21, 228–9 exile readership of 222 of Ame´ry 263–4, 265 role in Feldman’s novel 251–6 and languages 97–8, 264–5 stage play of 118, 229–2, 233, 240 Sebald on 111, 264–5 identifications with 228–9, 357 Eyck, Jan van 47 Jewish identity of 223, 233 eye-witness accounts 198 Levi on 257 distrust of 151–2 memories of 234–6 ownership of 233, 240–2, 246–9, 256 facts, denial of 11–12 portrayal of 245 false memories 212 Bettelheim’s criticism of 242–5, 245 fame, sought by those committing by Kops 249–51 memory theft 374 by Margulies 251 Feldman, Ellen by Roth 246–9 The Boy Who Loved Anne Frank Frank family 251–6 at Auschwitz 236–8 Feńelon, Fania at Westerbork 234–6 Playing for Time 96, 194, 196–200, betrayal of 227–8 211 Bettelheim’s criticism of 242–5 criticism of 207–8, 209, 212, hiding in ’Secret Annexe’ 224–5 214–15 Frank, Otto 221, 222, 224, 226, 229, Miller’s adaptations of 196, 198, 240 200–5, 205–6, 214, 215 Frankfurt trials see Auschwitz trials Fichte, Hubert Frayn, Michael 10 Detlev’s Imitations 78 Freud, Sigmund fictionalisation on childhood memories 22 of Holocaust 314 on mourning and melancholy 89 Wiesel’s objections to 333 Freudian analysis in Levi’s works 304 memories invoked by 155–6 Filipovic, Zlata 250 Miller engaged in 184 Flaubert, Gustave 111 Furtwa¨ngler, Wilhelm 213 forgetting 91 and Holocaust 196 Ganzfried, Daniel 369 Miller on 180 Gare d’Austerlitz see Austerlitz Wiesel on 327, 378–9 Station forgiveness genocide, and capitalism 316 Ame´ry on 279–80 German Academy, Sebald’s acceptance Levi on 280 to 112–13 Fort Breendonk, Ame´ry at 266–8 German language Foucault, Michel Ame´ry on use of 265–6 Madness and Civilization 48 Appelfeld on 266 Frank, Anne 7, 200 Mann on use of 6 appeal of 228 Nazism’s deforming influence on 4–6 at Auschwitz 236–8 German past at Bergen-Belsen 238–9 Hochhuth on 116, 119–20 at Westerbork 234–6 Sebald’s dealings with 38–9, 44–5, death and final months of 233–4, 112–13, 160, 296, 383 238–9 German writers diary of 223, 225–7, 231, 232 on persecution of the Jews 102–3 as example of Holocaust writing staying in Germany during Nazism 223 93–4 German edition of 221–2 Germans modifications and revisions of 222, shame and guilt about Nazism 43–4, 228, 240–2 44–5, 188, 189, 297, 382 publication of 221, 240 target audience for Levi 289–90, 296

398

Index

Germany Hauptmann, Gerhart 94 attitude towards Holocaust 160 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 283 bombing of cities in 78–9 Heck, Alfons 216 German silence about 98–102, Helbling, Hanno 368 106 Hellman, Lillian 230 church in, anti-Semitism in 146–7 Hersh, Mayer 20, 383 continuity between Third Reich and Heydrich, Reinhard 128 Federal Republic 162–3, 165 hidden children 75 neo-Nazi party in 86 hidden connections, in Sebald’s works Gerstein, Kurt 113, 121–3, 152 84 character in The Deputy (play, hidden identity 70 Hochhuth) 125–6, 128–9, 131– hiding, of Frank family in ’Secret 2, 137, 138 Annexe’ 224–5 ghetto Hilberg, Raul 367, 369 Levi on 311 Himmler, Heinrich 200, 215 of Warsaw 337 Hiroshima, survivor Wiesel living in 321 accounts of 85 Gies, Miep 240, 245 history Gilbert, Martin angel of 78 The Holocaust 190 Jews denied to 6 Glassie, Henry 151 and past 151 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 25 in Sebald’s work 68 Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah Hochhuth, Rolf 31, 113, 161 Hitler’s Willing Executioners: criticism of 130 Ordinary Germans and the and German past 116, 119–20 Holocaust 189, 216, 357 on representation of Auschwitz Goldstein-van Cleef, Ronnie 235, 237–8 133–134 Good, Michael and Sebald 125 The Search for Major Plagge 382 works Goodrich, Frances 230 The Deputy (play) 31, 117–18, Grabowski, Laura 366–8, 375 120–1, 123–9, 131–3, 134–8, Satan’s Underground: The 145–6 Extraordinary Story of One as documentary theatre 127, Woman’s Escape 366 reactions to 138–9, 140–2, Gradowski, Zalmen 9 143–5 Grass, Gu¨ nter Sebald on 129 From the Diary of a Snail 102–3, weaknesses of 145, 146 125 Occupation (novel) 117 Gray, Martin Soldiers (play) 31, 119–20 For Those I Loved 372 youth of 115–16 Greene, Graham 80 Hoffman, Eva 8, 271, 371 Gro¨ ning, Oscar 19 After Such Knowledge: A Gru¨ nbaum Zimche, Hilde 211 Meditation on the Aftermath guilt of the Holocaust 89 of Germans about Nazism 43–4, 188, Holocaust 189, 382 Ame´ry on 270, 275–6 of survivors 160, 191, 271, 289 Amis on 315 Gutman, Israel 218 attitudes towards of American Jews 130 Hackett, Albert 230 in Britain 35–6 Halbwachs, Maurice 86 Borowski as observer of 348–9, 350, Hamburger, Michael 154 353, 355 Handke, Peter 38 Brecht on 158 Kaspar 37–8 denial of 86 Hare, David 23–4 experience, and disbelief 83

399

Index

Holocaust Cont. I. G. Farbenindustrie 295 fictionalisation of 314 images, of the past 15–16 Wiesel’s objections to 333 indifference, crime of 120–1 and forgetting 196 intellectuals, and concentration camps German attitude towards 160 273–4, 301–2 Jewish passivity during, Bettelheim Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of on 242–5 the Kindertransport (television Langer on 190–1 documentary) 69 Levi on 290–1, 307 invented memory 372–4 memories of 190, 208–9, 212, 378 by Grabowski 366–8 Miller on 176, 178, 182, 185, 192, by Kosinski 364–6, 375 206–7, 217, 218 by Wilkomirski 362–4, 370–1 non-Jewish witnesses of 341, 355 Israel, Holocaust survivors in 271 Pope accused of inaction during Italy, Miller in 300 120–1, 123–4, 129, 132–3, 135, 139, 143, 147 Jacobson, Dan 78 Sebald’s attitude towards 69, 382 Jaspers, Karl Steiner on 350 criticism of The Deputy (play, survival of 346–7 Hochhuth) 143–5 uniqueness of 130, 193–4 The Question of German Guilt 189 Weiss on 158, 173–4 Jewish characters, in Arthur Miller’s and Zionists 130 works 178–9 Holocaust memorials 20–1 Jewish exclusiveness 297 Holocaust survivors 190–1 Jewish identity children of 89 of Ame´ry 260–2, 270, 276–7 emigration of 271 of Anne Frank 223, 233 in Israel 271 of Kosinski 365–6 and remembering 18–19, 259 of Miller 177, 178, 217, 218 shame and guilt felt by 44, 160, 191, and remembering 318–19 271 of Wiesel 318–19 Steiner on 348 Jewish religion, kept by Wiesel 323–4, suicide of 98, 283–4 326–7, 328–9, 339 testimonies of 12–15, 16–17, 19–20, Jews 158–9, 260, 380 American, attitude towards distrust of 84–5, 151–2 Holocaust 130 by Levi 286, 288–9 blood libel against 105 oral 197 elimination of, by Nazism 274 unreliability of 212 history denied to 6 Weiss’s interests in 152–3 non-centrality in accounts of Nazi Wiesel as 340 crimes 151–2 Holocaust (television series), Wiesel’s passivity during Holocaust, criticism of 333 Bettelheim on 242–5, 271 Holocaust writing, Diary of Anne Sebald’s interest in 35, 40, 46, 54, Frank as example of 223 64–5 Ho¨ ss, Rudolf 293 Jong-van Naarden, Lenie de 235, 236, Howe, Irving 8 237, 239 Huber, Gusti 233 Julian, St, legend of 111 Ju¨ nger, Ernst 94 idea of Eden, metaphor of 1 identities Kaddish (prayer for the dead) 260 hidden 70 Kafka, Franz and memory 270 influence on Levi 306, 307–8 multiple, of Weiss 166, 173 influence on Sebald 54, 103 of Wilkomirski 360 The Trial, Levi on 308 see also Jewish identity Kanin, Garson 233

400

Index

Karleń, Barbro History as Rationale of the And the Wolves Howled 357 Irrational 140 Karpf, Anne 357 Levi, Primo 10–11, 44, 95, 98, 102, 141, Kazan, Alfred 146 148, 195, 285, 294–5, 329, 379 Khouri, Norma and Ame´ry 277–9, 280, 301, 310 Forbidden Loves 373–4 on Anne Frank 257 Kindertransport 69, 70, 73 appropriation of 311, 313–14 Kluge, Alexander 78–9 at Auschwitz 291, 295–6, 298 New Stories. Nos 1–18 41 on Auschwitz 290–1, 298 Kohl, Helmut 86 on Bettelheim’s criticism of Frank Kolbe, Maximilian 125 family 245–6 Koozol, Jonathan 357 as a chemist 305 Kops, Bernard children of 305 Dreams of Anne Frank 249–51 on communication 308–9 The Hamlet of Stepney Green 249 on concentration camps 291, 296–7, Kosinski, Jerzy 52, 283 297–8, 305–6 influence on Wilkomirski 361–2, 375 Dante’s influence on 300 Jewish identity of 365–6 on deformation of language 308 The Painted Bird 360–1 depressions of 305, 306, 310 invented memory in 364–6 on distortions of reality 305 suicide of 375 on forgiveness 280 Kott, Jan 341, 342, 343 Germans as target audience for Kristallnacht 216–17 289–90, 296 Kushner, Tony 35 on the ghetto 311 on Holocaust 290–1, 307 LaCapra, Dominick 9–10 on intellectuals 301–2 Langer, Lawrence L. 12–14, 16–17, 23 and Kafka 306, 307–8 on Anne Frank’s diary 220 life after the war 299–300 on Holocaust 190–1 on memory 287–8, 293–4, 301–3, Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins 308, 309 of Memory 190, 208–9 on necessity to bear witness 286–7, languages 291–2, 302 deformation of, Levi on 308 on Perrone 299 and exile 97–8, 264–5 suicide of 283, 285–6, 310, 313–14, German 316–17 Ame´ry on use of 265–6 survivor testimonies of 286, 288–9 Appelfeld on 266 on victims and murderers 306 Mann on use of 6 Wiesel on 309–10, 313, 323 Nazism’s deforming influence on works 4–6 anger in 303 of memory 330–1 Creation story in 306–7 use of 258 The Drowned and the Saved 73, Nabokov’s 3–4 199, 278, 286–7, 289, 302, 305, Sebald’s 33 307 Wiesel on 330, 337–9 fictionalisation in 304 Lanzmann, Claude If This is a Man 10, 278, 286, distrust of memory 9 289–90, 291, 292–3, 297, 299; Shoah (film) 335, 367 amendments to 302; radio Lappin, Elena 369 play of 302; Lasker-Wallfisch, Anita 209, 212, 213, stage plays of 304, 311–13 214, 215 Moments of Reprieve 299, 304, 309 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim The Periodic Table 304, 305 Nathan the Wise 103 The Truce 10–11, 304, 305, 316 Lessing, Josef 195 The Wrench 305 Lessing, Theodor as a writer 303

401

Index

Levi, Primo Cont. Appelfeld on 1, 10, 14, 18–19 writings of 293, 302–3 chain of 7, 23–4, 89 Levin, Meyer 229–30 of childhood 22 The Obsession 230 collective The Search 229 and past 86 Lichtenberg, Bernhard 125 of Swiss 371–2 Lindwer, Willy 234 and writers 85 Loewenstein, Rudolph 186 contested 207–8, 213, 215 London, Jack 301 denial of 17 loss Didion on 377–8 of memory 378–9 distortions of 10–11 and sanity 381 distrust of, by Lanzmann 9 in Sebald’s work 67–8 false 212 transferred 89 and Freudian analysis 155–6 Lowell, Robert functions of 259–60 The Old Glory 143, 145 of Holocaust 190, 208–9, 212, 378 Lustig, Arnost 357 and identity 270 Lutzner, Annie 86 invented 372–4 by Grabowski 366–8 Maaren, W. G. van 227 by Kosinski 364–6, 375 McCarthyism 130 by Wilkomirski 362–4, 370–1 McCullah, Mark 58, 67 language of 330–1 McGreal, Chris 20 Levi on 287–8, 293–4, 301–3, 308, Madigan, Kevin 147 309 Maechler, Stefan 369–70 loss of 378–9 Maestro, Vanda 300 and sanity 381 man Miller on 180, 214, 216 capacity for murder 139–40 and the past 375–6 freedom of choice of 140 and places 72 indictment of 139–40 Sebald on 25, 27, 29, 40–1, 51–2, relationship with past 21–2 85–6 Sebald’s hopes for improvement of in Sebald’s works 2, 7, 55, 56, 59, 111–12 61–2, 111 Mandel, Maria 198, 211 theft of 374, 376 Mann, Klaus 94 of trauma 10, 14, 50, 288 Mann, Thomas 6, 116 Vosnesensky on 1 The Magic Mountain 273 weight of 310 Marche´, Pieralberto 304 Wiesel on 319, 320, 324, 329, 336, Marco, Enric 337, 339–40 Memoir of Hell 372–3 Mengele, Josef 126, 128, 159, 200 Margalit, Avishai Miller, Arthur 108, 130, 156, 158, The Ethics of Memory 18 182–3 Margulies, Donald anti-Semitism encountered by 178 The Model Apartment 251 at Auschwitz trials 161, 169, 176–7, Maroto, Yakov 359, 371 181–2, 187–9, 355 Mauriac, Franc¸ois 77–8, 331 on concentration camps 181, 182, Mauthausen, Miller’s visit to 181 186 melancholy criticism of 207–8, 213, 214, 215 and mourning 89 family of 177, 180 Sebald’s fascination with 87–9, 111 on forgetting 180 of Weiss 155 Freudian analysis undergone by 184 memorials, Holocaust 20–1 on guilt of survivors 191 memory on Holocaust 176, 178, 182, 185, 192, absence of 61 206–7, 217, 218 Ame´ry on 281–2 in Italy 300

402

Index

Jewish identity of 177, 178, music, in Auschwitz 182, 195, 217, 218 196–200, 211, 213 and Marilyn Monroe 183, 186 marriage to Morath 179 on memory 180, 214, 216 Nabokov, Vladimir 3–4, 33 and the past 176, 179–80, 192 Sebald on 103 PEN presidency 187 Speak, Memory: An Autobiography on Vietnam war 193 Revisited 2 visit to Mauthausen 181 Nagorski, Andrew 381 works Nazis, testimonies of 19, 27–8 After the Fall ( play) 130, 179, Nazism 182–6, 381 Autobahnen built by 314 All My Sons (play) 178, 179 deforming influence on German Broken Glass (play) 216, 217 language 4–6 Clara (play) 217–18 and elimination of the Jews 274 The Crucible (play) 130, 176, 180 role of art in 85 Death of a Salesman (play) 176, shame and guilt felt by Germans 178, 179, 182, 184 about 42–5, 188, 189, 297, 382 The Doctor Fights (radio series) writers during 93–4 177 neo-Nazi party, in Germany 86 The Golden Years (play) 178 Newman, Richard 208, 209, 210, 213, Incident at Vichy (play) 130, 142, 214–15 179, 186–7, 189–90, 191–2, Niemo¨ ller, Martin 122 193–5 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 16, 38, Jewish characters in 178–9 91, 111, 156 The Man Who Had all the Luck Nin, Anaı¨s 228 (play) 217 normality, of Nazi war criminals 169 A Memory of Two Mondays (play) Norwich 179 air raids on Germany from 106 Playing for Time (screen play) 196, blood libel against the Jews started at 198, 200–5, 214, 215 105 Playing for Time (stage play) 205–6 Sebald’s stay in 103–4, 106 The Price (play) 180, 182 Nossack, Hans Erich 40, 41 Situation Normal (wartime diary) Novelli, Gastone 72 177–8 Novick, Julius 86, 86 The Story of GI Joe (film script) Novick, Peter 220, 230 177 Nuremberg laws, Ame´ry’s reaction to They Too Arise (No Villain, play) 260–2 178 Nuremberg trials 159 Timebends (autobiography) 179, Nussbaum, Laureen 226 196 A View from the Bridge (play) 179 O’Neill, Eugene Gladstone Mitterrand, François 340 Strange Interlude 119 Mommsen, Theodor 140 orchestra in Auschwitz 182, 195, Monroe, Marilyn, Miller’s relationship 196–200, 213 with 183, 186 ownership, of Anne Frank 233, 240–2, morality, in concentration camps 325 246–9, 256 Morath, Ingeborg 108, 179, 181, 185 Ozick, Cynthia 228–9, Morgen, Konrad 152 230, 233 Moulin, Jean 268 ‘Who Owns Anne Frank?’ 240–2 mourning, and melancholy 89 166 173 multiple identities, Weiss’s , Paolini, Pietro 107 murder, man’s capacity for 139–40 past murderers, and victims, Levi on 306 Ame´ry’s relationship with 269 36 Murrow, Ed and collective memory 86

403

Index

past Cont. Wiesel on 318–19, 320, 329–30 confronting of 89 Ringelblum, Emmanuel 337 denial of 251–6 Rose´, Alma 197, 208, 209–14, 215 German Rosenbaum, Thane Hochhuth on 116, 119–20 The Golems of Gotham 283–4, 313, Sebald’s dealings with 38–9, 44–5, 340 102–3, 112–13, 160, 296, 383 Rosenberg, Jen 367 and history 151 Rosenberg, Walter 122 images of 15–16 Roth, Philip and memory 375–6 The Ghost Writer 246–9 relationships with Routier, Marcelle 196 man’s 21–2 Rumkowski, Chaim 311, 320 Miller’s 176, 179–80, 192 Sebald’s 30, 37–8, 42–3, 73–4, 86–7, Sachs, Nelly 338 89–90, 91, 107, 110, 380–1 A Mystery Play of the Sufferings of and theatre 119–20 Israel 8 Pels, Peter van, fictionalised by Samuel, Jean 302 Feldman 251–6 sanity, and loss of memory 381 PEN, Miller’s presidency of 187 Sartre, Jean Paul 261 Pe`re-Lachaise cemetery (Paris) 109 Anti-Semitism and Jew 261 Perrone, Lorenzo 299 Scheps, He´le`ne 211, 213 Pick-Goslar, Hannah Elisabeth 238, 242 Schramm, Hilde 44 pictures Schro¨ der, Gerhard 86 of German war atrocities 16 Schwarzenberg, Josef von 187 of ruined German cities 79 Sebald, W. G. (Max) in Sebald’s works 81–2, 87 on academic writing 40 Pinter, Harold 378 aesthetics of 46–7 Piscator, Erwin 138, 139–40, 142 and Ame´ry 6, 86–7, 90, 94–7, 98, 258, Pius XII (Pope), accused of inaction 269 during Holocaust 120–1, 123–4, on concentration camps 46 129, 132–3, 135, 139, 143, 147 cooperation with Tripp 47–9 places, and memory 72 criticism of pseudo-aesthetic effects Plagge, Karl 44, 381–2 79 Pool, Rosie 249 death of 113–14, 380 Pope, see Pius XII (Pope) distrust of testimonies of Holocaust Princip, Gavrilo 65–6 survivors 84–5 prose fiction style, of Sebald 42, 82–3 on Do¨ blin 32, 39–40 Prynne, Hester 283 on exile 111, 264–5 pseudo-aesthetic effects, Sebald’s and the German past 37, 44–5, 102–3, criticism of 79 112–13, 160, 296, 383 and Hochhuth 125 Rawicz, Piotr 283 and the Holocaust 69, 382 reality, distortions of 305 on improvement of mankind 111–12 Redgrave, Vanessa 196 influences on Rembrandt (Harmensz. van Rijn) of Kafka 54, 103 The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp of Nazi war crime trials 33–4 67 and Jewish experience 35, 40, 46, 54, remembering 64–5 Ame´ry on 269–70, 272 languages used by 33 and Holocaust survivors 18–19, 259 meeting with Arthur Miller and Inge importance of 16 Morath 108 and Jewish identity 318–19 on melancholy 87–9, 111 necessity of 259, 302 on memories 25, 27, 29, 40–1, 51–2, Sebald on 108 85–6 Steiner on 259–60 and places 72

404

Index

move to Britain 34–7 Smith, Stephen 23 on Nabokov 103 Sobol, Joshua 334 in Norwich 103–4, 106 Sokurov, Alexander relationship with the past 30, 37–8, Russian Ark 105 42–3, 73–4, 86–7, 89, 91, 107, Sonderkommandos 306 110, 380–1 Soviet Union, anti-Semitism in 187 on remembering 108 Steiner, George 4–6, 11, 16, on role of images 15–16 121, 314 sense of vertigo 103 on Holocaust 350 visit to Corsica 106–7, 109–11 on images of the past 15–16 on Weiss 154–8, 172–3 on remembering 259–60 works 1–2, 4, 7, 87 on survivors of the Holocaust After Nature 25, 45–6 258–9 Alien Homeland (Unheimliche on writers staying in Germany Heimat) 37 during Nazism 93–4 Austerlitz 42–3, 49, 65, 69–78, 95 Stendhal (Beyle, Henri Marie) 50–3, 56, death in 109, 149 137 The Emigrants 25, 35, 54–64, 82, Stier, Oren Baruch 265 Committed to Memory 151 hidden connections in 84 Stifter, Adalbert 111 history in 68 Stimler, Barbara 19–20, 382–3 loss in 67–8 Stratford, Lauren see Grabowski, memory in 2, 7, 55–6, 59, 61–2, Laura 111 Stresser, Otto 213 On the Natural History of Styron, William Destruction 78, 90–5, 98, 99 Sophie’s Choice 314 photographs in 81–2, 87 subversiveness, of The Deputy (play, The Rings of Saturn 41, 65–8 Hochhuth) 142 Vertigo 4, 27, 265 suicide writing style of 42, 79–80, 82–3, as act of radical silence 7 104–5 of Ame´ry 277–9, 282–3 youth of 25–7, 29–33, 43, 60, 83–4 Ame´ry on 280–1, 282, 283 Zurich lectures 98–102 of Borowski 342, 355, 356 ‘Secret Annexe’ of Holocaust survivors 98, 283–4 deaths of inhabitants of 239–40 of Kosinski 375 Frank family hiding in 224–5 of Levi 283, 285–6, 310, 313–14, Segev, Tom 20 316–17 selﬁshness, and survival in Wiesel on 309–10, 313 concentration camps 325 Todorov on 282 Shalev, Avner 21 survival in concentration camps shame Borowski on 346–7 felt by Germans about Nazism 42–5, Levi on 296–7, 305–6 297 and selﬁshness 325 felt by Holocaust survivors 44, 271 survivors Sher, Antony 311–13 guilt of 160, 191, 271, 289 Primo Time 312 of Hiroshima, accounts of 85 shoes, symbolism of 48–9, 53, 181, of the Holocaust 190–1 377, 378 children of 89 Silberbauer, Karl Josef 227 emigration of 271 silence in Israel 271 about air war in Germany 98–102, 106 and remembering 18–19, 259 Appelfeld on 7 shame and guilt felt by 44, 160, right to 85 191, 271 suicide as act of 6 Steiner on 258–9 Simon, Claude 72 suicide of 98, 283–4

405

Index

survivors Cont. Vatican see Pius XII (Pope) testimonies of 12–15, 16–17, verse, theatre plays in 127, 145, 167 19–20, 158–9, 195, 260; vertigo, Sebald’s sense of 103 distrust of 84–5, 150; Levi’s Vichy (France) 186–7 195, 286; oral 287; Weiss’s victimhood interests in 152–3 Ame´ry on 272 Switzerland, during Second World War claims to 374 371–2 victims decency of 319–20 Tchaikowska (Czajkowska), Sofia 211 identification with 371 terror, dislocating time 95–6 and murderers 306 testimonies Vietnam war of Hiroshima survivors 85 Miller on 193 of Holocaust survivors 12–17, 19–20, Weiss on 174 158–9, 260, 380 Vosnesensky, Andrei 1 distrust of 84–5, 151–2 Levi’s 286, 288–9 Waldheim, Kurt 66 oral 197 Walser, Martin 153 unreliability of 212 Wanda’s List (film) 359 Weiss’s interests in 152–3 Warsaw, ghetto of 337 of Nazis 19, 27–8 Waszkinel, Romuald 381 theatre, and the past 119–20 Weisberger, Lucie 149 theatre plays, in verse 127, 145, 167 Weiss, Peter 11, 82, 90, 97, 153, 155 theft, of memory 374, 376 at Auschwitz trials 153, 156–7, 160, Theresienstadt 76 172 Thomson, Ian 291, 300, 302, 304 Brook on 173, 174–5 time communism of 165–6 dislocated by terror 95–6 on concentration camps 164, 167–9 experienced in concentration camps Dante’s influence on 174 95–6 fascination with the dead 149 reversal of 314–16 on Holocaust 158, 173–4 Todorov, Tzvetan 191 melancholy of 155 Facing the Extreme 282, 325 multiple identities of 166, 173 Topf (company) 288 Sebald on 154–8, 172–3 torture 72, 96 and testimonies of Holocaust Ame´ry on 72, 266–8 survivors 152–3 trains, symbolism of 73 visit to Auschwitz 160 transferred loss 89 works 154 trauma, memories of 10, 14, 50, 288 The Aesthetics of Resistance trials of Nazi war criminals (novel) 157 writers influenced by 11, Alexanderschlacht (Battle of 33–4, 117 see also Auschwitz Alexander, painting) 155 trials Anatomie (painting) 155 Tripp, Jan Peter 47–9, 103 Discourse on Vietnam 174 La Dećlaration de Guerre 48 Fluchtpunkt (Vanishing Point, novel) 157, 158 uniqueness, of Holocaust 130, Das grosse Welttheater (painting) 193–4 155 United States Der Hausierer (The Pedlar, anti-Semitism in 178 painting) 154, 156 Jews in, attitude towards Holocaust The Investigation (play) 149–51, 130 161–5, 169–71, 174–5; and unmemory, chain of 375 Auschwitz trials 166–7, Urquhart, Jane 171–2; criticism of 165; and A Map of Glass 379 emotion 167–9

406

Index

Kindesmord (painting) 155 writings of 328, 331–2 Der Krieg (painting) 155 Yiddish used by 330–1 Leave-Taking (novel) 158 youth of 320–1 Marat/Sade (play) 156, 174 Wiesenthal, Simon 27–9, 227, 279 Der Reiche und der Arme dispute with Wiesel 335–6 (painting) 155 Wilkomirski, Binjamin 52, 357, 375 Trotsky in Exile 173, 174 doubts about accounts of 368–70 Weizsa¨cker, Baron Ernst von 125 Fragments 357–8, 362–4 Westerbork, Anne Frank at 234–6 identity of 360 Wiechert, Ernst 94 Kosinski’s influence on 361–2, 375 Wiesel, Elie 8, 75, 284, 296, 361 lost family found again at Auschwitz 323–5 358–60, 371 on Auschwitz 236–7, 323, 324, memories invented by 362–4, 325–6 370–1 death of his father 327–8 Wilson, Cara 228–9 deportation of 322–3 Love, Otto 229 dispute with Wiesenthal 335–6 Winton, Nicholas 70 on forgetting 327, 378–9 Wirth, Christian 152 ghetto life 321 witnesses and Holocaust fictionalisation 333 of Anne Frank’s final months as Holocaust survivor 340 233–6 Jewish identity of 318–19 chain of 23 Jewish religion kept by 323–4, 326–7, eye 151–2, 198 328–9, 339 of Holocaust, non-Jewish 341, 355 on language 330, 337–9 Levi on necessity of 286–7, 291–2, on Levi 309–10, 313, 323 302 liberation and life after the war 328, Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann 58 329, 331 Wouk, Herman living under occupation The Winds of War 334 German 321–2 writers Hungarian 321 and collective memory 85 on memory 319, 320, 324, 329, 336, German, on persecution of the Jews 337, 339–40 102–3 as moral arbitrator 340 in Germany during Nazism 93–4 on remembering 318–20, 329–30 and trials of war criminals 11, 33–4, on victims, decency of 319–20 117 works writing style, of Sebald 42, 79–80, All Rivers Run to the Sea 71, 325 82–3, 104–5 And the Sea is Never Full 307 And the World has Remained Yad Vashem Museum (Jerusalem) Silent 331 20–1 The Forgotten 378–9 Yiddish, Wiesel’s use of 330–1 From the Kingdom of Memory 333, 337–8 Zimetbaum, Mala 199 memoirs 322, 324, 326, 327 Zionists, and Holocaust 130 Night 77–8, 323, 326, 328, Zuckerman, Solly 99 331, 332 Zurich lectures (Sebald) 98–102

407