Guduchi: The Amrit of by Neeshee Pandit

I. Introduction Ayurveda is a 5,000-year-old system of medicine, rooted in the ancient Indian scriptures known as The Vedas. According to the Vedas, the entire universe is a manifestation of five elements: space, air, fire, water, and earth. The human being, a non-separate manifestation born of the universe, is also comprised of these very elements. Thus, living in harmony with the external universe and balancing the flow of the five elements in the human physiology maintains health and well-being. What we take into our body affects this cosmic dynamism more than anything else, and this is where the significance of plant medicines comes to light. Dr. Vasant Lad and Dr. David Frawley write poetically about the role of plants in Ayurvedic medicine:

"Plants bring us love, the nourishing power of the sun, which is the same energy of all the stars, of all light. These cosmic energies emanated by plants thus nourish, sustain and make grow our own astral body. In this way the existence of plants is a great offering, a sacrifice. They offer us not only their own nutritive value but the very light and love from the stars, from the cosmos whose messengers they are. They bring us the universal light so that we can enter the universal life. They exist for psychological, as well as physical nourishment...The word for the plant osadhi means literally a receptacle or mind, dhi, in which there is burning transformation, osa."1

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is one such plant and among the most highly revered herbs of Ayurvedic medicine. Known universally as "Guduchi" (the one who protects), the herb is also known by different names across the sub-continent of India: "Tippa-teega" (Telugu), "Shindilakodi" (Tamil), "Arutha balli" (Kannada), "Rasakinda" (Sinhala), "Giloy" (Hindi), "Garo" (Gujarati), "Amrit" (Sanskrit), "Guduchi" (Marathi), and "Guluchi" (Oriya).2

Originating in India, guduchi is a tropical climbing herb that belongs to the Mernispermaccae family. It is now found not only in the tropical areas of India but also in Sri Lanka and Burma.2 The guduchi vine grows wild and does not require much cultivation. In the Indian city of Ahmedabad, for example, guduchi grows wild on hedges. Guduchi is often found in the dry forests of India growing on large trees, particularly neem and mango trees. One of the defining characteristics of the plant is its green heart-shaped leaf.3

The sacred origin of guduchi is described in the Indian epic, The Ramayana and the sacred text of the Durga Saptshati. Vaidya Ramakant Mishra recounts the myth of guduchi from The Ramayana saying that guduchi began growing on Earth from the hands of Lord Indra. Lord Rama made a special prayer to Lord Indra asking Indra to resurrect all the monkeys and bears from his army that had died during the war with the rakshasa (demon), Ravana. Upon hearing the wish from Rama, Lord Indra granted Rama the boon and sprinkled nectar from the heavens to resurrect the animals. As the nectarous drops fell upon the bodies of the dead monkeys and bears, they suddenly came back to life. The nectarous drops that fell on the Earth formed the sacred guduchi plant.4

Guduchi is highly valued in Ayurveda for its detoxifying, rejuvenating, immune-boosting, and anti-rheumatic properties. It is now being studied and utilized in modern medicine for cold and flu prevention, immune support, skin disorders, arthritis, liver disorders, gout (and rheumatic disorders), and most recently to mitigate the negative effects of chemotherapy.5 Guduchi is clearly an herb with a myriad of potent medicinal qualities, qualities that were recognized by the ancient in Vedic times, long before modern scientific technology. Through spiritual means, the rishis were able to understand guduchi (and other herbs) in a profound manner and now modern science is able to evaluate and recognize many of the medicinal properties of guduchi.

II. General Classifications

In Ayurvedic medicine, guduchi is considered to be one of three amrit plants. The Sanskrit term "amrit" literally means "nectar" or "ambrosia". In the context of Ayurvedic medicine, "amrit" is understood to be the nectar of the gods. The three plants which contain this heavenly nectar (or amrit) are guduchi, garlic, and haritaki. Interestingly, the Sanskrit name for guduchi is "amritavalli", literally meaning "creeper with amrit"--creeper being a reference to its climbing nature. The classification of guduchi as "amrit" alone indicates the elevated status of this herb in Ayurveda.4

Dr. Vasant Lad and Dr. David Frawley give further comment to the reverence with which one views herbs and why they are considered sacred:

"The proper usage of a plant or herb, during which its true power is released, implies a communion with it. The plant, when we are one with it, will vitalize our nervous system and invigorate our perception. This means giving value to a plant as something sacred, as a means of communion with all nature. Each plant, then, like a mantra, will help to actualize the potential of cosmic life of which it is a representative."1 In that spirit, Vaidya Ramakant Mishra's "Shaka Vansiya" family lineage has emphasized the therapeutic properties of guduchi and the many ways to use it. Mishra considers guduchi to be "the most divine herb in Ayurveda" and refers to it as "divya aushadhi" (divine plant) and as "the best rasayana". Such a classification should make it clear that guduchi enjoys a status in Ayurvedic medicine that extends far beyond that of a useful or highly medicinal herb, but that of a sacred herb that gives the body and mind the very nectar of life. Indeed, Vaidya Mishra has described guduchi as "jivanti" (or life-giving), as illustrated by the mythological story of the monkeys coming back to life.4

The 16th century Ayurvedic treatise, Bhav Prakash by Bhav Mishra, gives a further analysis of the spiritual nature of guduchi by naming it "chinnodbhava" (able to grow even if cut). Vaidya Mishra elaborates on the significance of this quality, pointing out that it indicates guduchi's ability to live on air. According to Mishra, guduchi "...is so full of life that is can grow without any soil or water". Mishra draws a profound comparison to the great yogis who were able to live without food or water, subsisting purely on the pranic energy in the air. Mishra says that guduchi possesses "amrit siddhi", or capability to live entirely on the pranic energy available in the air without the need for grosser levels of sustenance, and indicates that it is an herb uniquely full with life- energy.4

In terms of its medicinal actions, guduchi is classified as a bitter tonic, febrifuge, alterative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, rejuvenative, and anti-rheumatic.1 In Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica, guduchi is described as a stomachic, bitter tonic, alterative, aphrodisiac, hepatic stimulant, antiperiodic, mild diuretic, and demulcent.3 Guduchi brings nourishment to all seven tissues (or dhatus) of the body, making it a powerful nutritive tonic. The ability of this herb to detoxify the body while simultaneously rejuvenating it makes it a deeply effective herbal medicine for all constitutional types.4

III. Dravya Guna: Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, and Prabhava

"Dravya" means "substance" or "material" and "guna" means "quality". In Ayurvedic medicine, "dravya guna" is the study of herbal medicine via the specific qualities of each herb. Based on these qualities, Ayurveda classifies herbs according to four categories:

rasa (or "taste") virya (or "potency") vipaka (or "post-digestive effect") prabhava (or "special action").6 The "rasa" of an herb indicates which tastes are predominant and allow one to evaluate the effect of the herb on the three doshas. The "virya" of an herb indicate the energetic quality of the herb--whether it is heating or cooling. "Vipaka" is a classification unique to Ayurveda and describes the ultimate effect of the herb once it has been digested. "Prabhava" is another unique classification that describes the mysterious and often contradictory effects of an herb, such as the ability of a heating herb such as ginger to function as a powerful anti-inflammatory.6

Guduchi has a rasa that is bitter and astringent. Bitter taste reduces Pitta and Kapha doshas, while increasing Vata dosha. Astringent taste decreases Pitta and Kapha doshas, while increasing Vata dosha.

Guduchi is considered to have an ushna (or heating) virya, yet it does not aggravate Pitta dosha. Ginger also has ushna virya which typically increases Pitta dosha, making this effect unique to guduchi, an example of prabhava. Vaidya Mishra's family tradition describes guduchi as the only herb that is able to bind and safely remove acidic and environmental toxins from the body without aggravating Pitta dosha while also healing the damage caused by local toxins.4

The vipaka (or post-digestive effect) of guduchi is sweet, meaning that in the long-term it will decrease Vata and Pitta doshas while providing a nourishing quality to the body. Altogether, the effect of guduchi is that of reducing all three doshas.

In terms of guna (or quality), guduchi is described as:

laghu (light) deepanam (kindles digestive fire) chakshushyam (good for the eyes) dhatukrit (builds the seven bodily tissues) medhayam (rejuvenating for the mind) bayasthaapankarakam (maintains youthfulness and longevity).3

According to Mishra, guduchi's light quality coupled with its heating action allows it to penetrate the dhatus while the astringent quality enhances absorption in the dhatus.4

The Caraka Samhita also describes guduchi as having the qualities of "guru" (or heaviness) and "snigdha" (or untuousness).7 Heavy and unctuous qualities reduce Vata and Pitta doshas while increasing Kapha dosha. Guduchi is considered to be tridoshic because the comprehensive effect of the herb, the sum total of all its parts and qualities, reduces all three doshas, detoxifies the deepest dhatu (shukra), and rejuvenates the entire body. Thus, guduchi is also able to build ojas of good quality and quantity, explaining its actions as an immune-booster. Guduchi is also described as being "pathyam", meaning that it keeps one on the path of health by agreeing with one's physiology. As such, it is documented to have good effect for convalescents.4

Guduchi's most powerful effects come to light in examining its "prabhava" (or special properties). The Caraka Samhita gives the following definition of prabhava:

"In cases, where inspite of similarity in rasa, virya, and vipaka, there is difference in action, this (difference) is said to be due to prabhava (specific potency)."7

Vaghbata defines prabhava in the Astanga Hrdayam as:

"The special action (of a substances) seen, when the rasa and others (present in it) are of equal strength, that action is said to be arisen from prabhava. . ."8

One such special action of guduchi is that of "vakshagni dipani", literally "that which strengthens the flame of the heart". "Vaksha" means "heart" and "dipani" refers to the ability of guduchi to increase the agni of the heart. When the flame of the heart is strong, one is able to endure emotional challenges without becoming emotionally imbalanced. Mishra goes on to state that by way of strengthening the heart, guduchi is able to function as a "medhya rasayana" (rejuvenative for the mind).4

A comparative study was conducted to examine the effects of medhya rasayanas including guduchi alongside gotu kola, licorice, and shankapushpi. The study found that consumption of these herbs (alongside yogic practices such as meditation) increased the short-term memory capacity of young children. The study concluded that medhya rasayanas were actually more effective and efficient in improving memory than yogic practices.11 Guduchi also has "vyasthapana prabhava" (or the ability to retain youthfulness".4 Another prabhava of guduchi is that of "vishaghna" which means "anti-toxic" and accounts for its potent detoxifying effects.25

In their treatise on Ayurvedic herbs, Dr. Vasant Lad and Dr. David Frawley note that the primary actions of guduchi are on the blood, fat, and reproductive tissues of the body (or the rakta, medas, and shukra dhatus).1

IV. Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics, Uses, and Formulations

The roots, stems, and leaves of the guduchi plant are all used medicinally in Ayurveda, although it is primarily the bitter starch of the plant (known as "Giloy Sattva") that is prized.1 The leaves are described as being mucilaginous while consuming large doses of the root gives a strong emetic effect. The stem is regarded to have anti-purgative effects.3 One research study conducted an elemental analysis of the guduchi stem, concluding that guduchi stems are "a potential source of nutrition and minerals for man as well as animals".9

In the Caraka Samhita, guduchi is listed as having the following actions:

vatahara (alleviates vata) kaphahara (alleviates kapha) deepana (promotes digestion by increasing agni) raktapittahara (alleviates bleeding disorders) vayaha sthapana (anti-aging) stanyashodhana (detoxifies breast milk) trushna nigrahana (alleviates thirst) daha prashamana (alleviates burning) jwaraghna (alleviates fever) vivandhahara (alleviates constipation).7

In the Bhav Prakash, guduchi is listed as being useful for the following conditions:

daha (burning) meha (urinary conditions) kasa (cough) pandutam (anemia) kamala (chronic jaundice) kushta (skin diseases) vatasrajwara (vata-type fever) krimi (parasites) vamimharet (vomiting due to toxicity) heart conditions that are difficult to treat (krichahridaroga).4,24 In Chapter Four, verse 40 of Sutrasthana, Caraka classifies guduchi "among astringents, vata- alleviators, appetisers, and pacifiers of kapha, rakta and constipation". Caraka mentions guduchi in a list of other herbs saying, "these may be used for non-unctuous enema in udavarta [bloating] and constipation. With this very group of drugs may be prepared unctuous enema for alleviation of vata." Caraka also lists guduchi as an ingredient in a paste prepared for treating skin disorders, saying, "These six formulations...impregnated with ox-bile, ground again and prepared with mustard oil and then used externally by physicians along with the powder...thus administered they destroy in no time obstinate skin disease, acute leucoderma, alopecia, kitibha (a skin disease), ringworm, fistula-in-ano, piles, scrofula and papular eruptions in human beings." Guduchi is also featured in a formula for gout which states that "Ghee prepared with rasna, guduchi, madhuyasti, both (types of) bala, jivaka, rsabhaka along with milk and added with bee-wax is used as paste for alleviating discomfort in raktavata [gout]."7

In a discussion concerning the use of rasayana herbs, the Caraka Samhita describes a formula that includes guduchi, stating that "these rasayana drugs are life-promoting, disease-alleviating, promoters of strength, agni, complexion, voice and are intellect-promoting". Guduchi is classified in the Caraka Samhita under the category of "Jeevaneeya Gana" which means "Enlivening and Anti-Aging Herbs". In this context it is mentioned with a group of herbs for "stanyashodhana", or the detoxification of breast milk. Guduchi is also mentioned in the treatment of fever, "Guduchi, amalaka and musta--these five (formulations for) decoctions ending in half verses alleviate five types of fever such as remittent, double quitoidian, quitidian, tertian and quartan". Guduchi is listed in another formulation that is considered "efficacious in chronic fever". It is also classified by Caraka to be an anti-dyspic.7

Caraka lists guduchi as the main ingredient in a taila formulation known as "Amrta taila". He describes it as, ". . .one of the best oils. It brings back to normalcy persons with diminished energy, agni and strength and confused mind and suffering from insanity, restlessness and epilepsy. It is an excellent alleviator of vatika disorders".7 A study published in The Journal of Ethnopharmacology examined a 6th Century medical treatise written by Buddhist monks on birch paper known as the "Bower Manuscript". In this manuscript, a recipe for Amrita Oil and an Amrita Ghee were given with guduchi as the main ingredient alongside other rasayana herbs. The study sought to identify the prized "soma" plant of the Rig Veda and concluded that the soma plant is likely a combination of guduchi with tryptamine extract.12 In another study, the Amrita Taila and Amrita Ghrita featuring guduchi were examined for their pharmacological effects. The authors of the study describe guduchi as a "drug that has properties like Rasayana (rejuvenating property), Krimighna (anthelmintics), and Kushtghna (skin disorders)." The study found that the taila in particular had more of an immunostimulating activity, while the ghrita "exhibited an anti-stress effect with an immunosupressing activity."13 Guduchi is also used in the treatment of convalescence, hyperacidity, hepatitis, diabetes, tuberculosis, arthritis, gout, and hermorrhoids. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, guduchi is known as "Kuan Jin Teng" and is used primarily for treating swelling from arthritis or injury.1

Vaghbata lists guduchi in two herb categories in the Astanga Hrdayam:

1. Patoladi gana: a group of herbs that "...subjugate kapha and pitta and cure leprosy (and other skin diseases), fevers, poison, vomiting, anorexia and jaundice."

2. Guduchyadi gana: a group of herbs that "mitigate pitta and kapha, cure fever, vomiting, burning sensation, thirst and improves digestion."8

The Astanga Hrdayam gives two recipes featuring guduchi used in the treatment of vata-type fever.8 One such formula is Patolakaturohinyadi Kashayam, a traditional formula used in the treatment of liver disorders and skin diseases. Guduchi is one of six herbs in this formula that is used primarily to treat skin and liver disorders of Pitta-Kapha origin. It purifies the blood and liver, removes cellular toxicity, and rejuvenates the cellular system when it has been affected by disease.10

In Yoga and Ayurveda, Dr. David Frawley highlights the ability of guduchi to cool the body and mind, echoing sentiments similar to Vaidya Mishra in describing it as a "rejuvenative for Pitta". According to Dr. Frawley, guduchi not only reduces fevers but can counter viral infections such as Eptstein-Barre virus and AIDS. As a rasayana, guduchi also improves energy levels especially in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome.14

V. Modern Medical Research

Guduchi is not only well-documented in classical texts and modern Ayurvedic literature. Scientists and doctors are now able to evaluate confirm the insight of the ancient rishis in the context of research studies that examine the effects of the herb.

One study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology concluded that guduchi had immunomodulatory effects, confirming the Ayurvedic view of guduchi as a rasayana and immune- booster.15 Another study compared the anti-stress effects of guduchi and gotu kola in comparison to diazepam. Ethanol extracts of guduchi and gotu kola showed "significant anti-stress activity", especially in comparison to the pharmaceutical, diazepam.16 In a study published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, guduchi was found to have anti-tumor properties. According to the study, an alcohol extraction of guduchi was shown to activate tumor-associated macrophages (white blood cells that eat cancer cells).17

Ayurveda describes guduchi as being useful in conditions of hepatitis and jaundice due to its ability to detoxify the liver. In a clinical trial, liver toxicity was induced in rats, followed by the administration of an alcohol extract of guduchi. The extract protected the livers of the rats, showing that guduchi has clinically significant hepatoprotective properties.18

Guduchi was found to be useful in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, an allergic condition characterized by sneezing, mucus discharge from the nose, sinus congestion, and related symptoms. The study showed that guduchi gave significant relief to the allergic symptoms.19

A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed the efficacy of guduchi in treating diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels and brain lipids in diabetic rats, concluding that guduchi extract has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects.20

Another study tested the rejuvenative potential of guduchi, examining the ability of guduchi (and ashwagandha) to reduce oxidative stress in human volunteers. The results of the study showed that both herbs are potent antioxidants that may also prevent premature aging.21

Modern research has found that guduchi also has gastroprotective properties. Epoxy clerodane diterpene, a compound in guduchi, was isolated and given to rats with gastric ulcer. The compound reduced the gastic ulcer "by reinforcement of defensive elements and diminishing the offensive elements."22

Guduchi is also being studied for its positive effects on emotional and psychological health. In one study, rats were administered a "Rasayana Ghana tablet" comprised of guduchi, amalaki, and gokshura. The tablet was found to have anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects on the rats.23

A comprehensive and summary study was conducted to examine and validate the many pharmacological effects of guduchi described in the Ayurvedic texts. The study examined and confirmed the following effects, actions, and uses of guduchi:

learning and memory enhancer (medhya rasayana) anti-inflammatory anti-arthritic anti-osteoporitic anti-allergic antioxidant antineoplastic radio-protective anti-pyretic anti-infective hepato-protective immunomodulatory diuretic cardio-protective anti-leprotic anti-ulcer osteo-protective

The conclusion of the study states that the "pharmacological actions attributed to Tinospora cordifolia in Ayurvedic texts have been validated by a remarkable body of modern evidence suggesting that this drug has immense potential in modern pharmacotherapeutics."25

VI. Conclusion

Guduchi has been revered in nearly all of the ancient Ayurvedic texts and modern treatises: Caraka Samhita, Astanga Hrdayam, Astanga Samgraha, Samhita, Bhav Prakash, and Indian Materia Medica to name a few. In modern medical research, there is an abundance of studies and scientific evaluation on the astoundingly diverse pharmacological effects of this sacred herb. Guduchi appears to be experiencing a modern renaissance, as Western medicine begins to recognize its vast potential in both preventive and clinical medicine. Truly, guduchi is the amrit of Ayurveda, the medicinal nectar that is deeply needed and most relevant in these modern times. References 1. Dr. David Frawley, Dr. Vasant Lad, The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide To Herbal Medicine (Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 2001), pp. 4-5, 242-243.

2. Giloy Herb: The Wonder Plant, Giloy: The origin and uses, http://giloyherb.com/index.php/articles/the- origin.

3. K.M. Nadkarni, Indian Materia Medica (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1908), pp. 356-357.

4. SVAyurveda: From Sutra to Science, Vaidya Mishra, "Guduchi--Learn About The Most Divine Herb In Ayurveda", https://vaidyamishra.com/shop/media/dravya-guna-vigyan-ayurvedic- pharmacopoeia/guduchi-learn-about-the-most-divine-herb-in-ayurveda.html.

5. The Chopra Center, Deepak Chopra, "Guduchi", https://www.chopra.com/guduchi.

6. Dr. Marc Halpern, D.C., C.A.S., P.K.S., Principles of Ayurvedic Medicine: Textbook for the Ayurvedic Profession, Tenth Edition (Nevada City, CA: California College of Ayurveda, 2012), pp. 249-250.

7. Prof. Priyavrat Sharma (Editor-Translator), Caraka-Samhita: Agnivesa's treatise refined and annotated by Caraka and redacted by Drbhabala (: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014), Vol. I. Ch. II [verses 11-14], Ch. III [verses 1-7, 22], Ch. IV [verses 18-19, 29, 41], Ch. XXV [verse 40], Ch. XXVI [verse 67], Vol. II, Ch. I [verses 30-31], Ch III [verses 200-203, 222-223], Ch XXVIII [verses 157-164]

8. Vagbhata's Astanga Hrdayam, translated by Prof. K. R.. Srikantha Murthy (Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2014), Vol. 1, Ch. I [verses 48-51b], Ch. IX [verse 26], Ch. XXV {verses 15-16].

9. Mahima, Rahal A, Prakash A, Verma AK, Kumar V, Roy D., "Proximate and elemental analyses of Tinospora cordifolia stem," Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 17 (May 2014): 744-7.

10. All About Ayurveda, Patolakaturohinyadi Kashayam – An effective medicine in Skin and Liver diseases, Dr. Raghuram Y.S., https://drraghuramys.wordpress.com/2015/01/01/patolakaturohinyadi- kashayam-an-effective-medicine-in-skin-and-liver-diseases/.

11. Sarokte, Shankar Atul and Rao, Mangaloagowri V., "Effects of Medhya Rasayana and Yogic practices in improvement of short-term memory among school-going children," AYU An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda, 34 (Oct-Dec 2013): 383-389.

12. Leonti M, Casu L., "Soma, food of the immortals according to the Bower Manuscript (, 6th century A.D.)," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155 (August 2014): 373-86.

13. Vaghamshi R., Jaiswal M., Patgiri B.J., Prajapati P.K., Ravishankar B., Shukla V.J., "A comparative pharmacological evaluation of Taila (oil) and Ghrita (ghee) prepared with Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)," AYU An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda, 31 (October 2010): 504- 8.

14. Dr. David Frawley, Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization, (Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 1999), pp. 196-197).

15. Kapil, A., Sharma, S., "Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 58 (October 1997): 89-95.

16. Sarma, D.N.K., Khosa, R.L., Chansauria, J.P.N., Sahai, M., "Antistress Activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Centella asiatica Extracts," Phytotherapy Research, 10 (December 1996): 181-183.

17. Singh, Nisha; Singh, Mahendra Sukh; Srivastava, Pratima, "Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Actions of Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia Are Mediated Through Activation of Tumor‐Associated Macrophages,",Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 26 (February 2004): 145-62.

18. Bishayi B., Roychowdhury S., Ghosh S., Sengupta M., "Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of Tinospora cordifolia in CCl4 intoxicated mature albino rats," The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 27 (August 2002): 139-46.

19. Badar V.A., Thawani V.R., Wakode P.T., Shrivastava M.P., Gharpure K.J., Hingorani L.L., Khiyani R.M., "Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96 (January 2005): 445-9.

20. Stanely P., Prince M., Menon V.P., "Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70 (April 2000): 9-15.

21. Kuchewar V.V., Borkar M.A., Nisargandha M.A., "Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Rasayana drugs in healthy human volunteers," AYU An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda, 35 (January 2014): 46-9.

22. Antonisamy P., Dhanasekaran M., Ignacimuthu S., Duraipandiyan V., Balthazar J.D., Agastian P., Kim J.H., "Gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane diterpene isolated from Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Guduchi) on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats," Phytomedicine, 21 (June 2014): 966-9.

23. Deole Y.S., Chavan S.S., Ashok B.K., Ravishankar B., Thakar A.B., Chandola H.M., "Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice," AYU An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda, 32 (July 2011): 375-9.

24. Chunekar K.C., Pandey G.S., Bhavprakash Nighantu, (Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2006), Ch. 8 [verse 10].

25. Upadhyay, Avnish K., Kumar, Kaushal, Mishra, Hari S., "Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) – validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies," International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1 (April-June 2010): 112-121. Research Study Abstracts

Journal: Pak J Biol Sci. 2014 May;17(5):744-7. Title: Proximate and elemental analyses of Tinospora cordifolia stem. Authors: Mahima, Rahal A, Prakash A, Verma AK, Kumar V, Roy D. Abstract Tinospora cordifolia also known as Giloy or Guduchi, is an indigenous climber plant indigenous to tropical areas of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Its stem is used for treatment of fever, jaundice, emaciation, skin ailments, diabetes, anaemia and various infectious diseases. The study was undertaken to evaluate the proximate and elemental analysis of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia. The proximate analyses were carried out using standard methods, while mineral elements were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, equipped with air acetylene flame. The proximate analysis of the stems of Tinospora cordifolia showed that it contained moisture 34.39%, ether extract 0.912%, crude protein 7.74%, crude fibre 56.42%, total ash 7.96%, nitrogen free extract 26.97%, cellulose 23.02% and hemicellulose 3.70%. The mineral analysis of the stems showed that they contain the following essential minerals: Calcium (102.23 ppm), phosphorous (24.81 ppm), iron (26.058 ppm), copper (3.733 ppm), zinc (7.342 ppm) and manganese (12.242 ppm). The study revealed that Tinospora cordifolia stems to be a potential source of nutrition and minerals for man as well as animals.

PMID: 26031012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Oct;58(2):89-95. Title: Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. Authors: Kapil A1, Sharma S. Abstract The active principles of Tinospora cordifolia a traditional Indian plant were found to possess anticomplementary and immunomodulatory activities. Syringin (TC-4) and cordiol (TC-7) inhibited the in vitro immunohaemolysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by guinea pig serum. The reduced immunohaemolysis was found to be due to inhibition of the C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. However, higher concentrations showed constant inhibitory effects. The compounds also gave rise to significant increases in IgG antibodies in serum. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity were also dose-dependently enhanced. Macrophage activation was reported for cordioside (TC-2), cordiofolioside A (TC-5) and cordiol (TC-7) and this activation was more pronounced with increasing incubation times. PMID: 9406896 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: Phytotherapy Research, 10 (December 1996): 181-183 Title: Antistress Activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Centella asiatica Extracts Authors: D. N. K. Sarma, R. L. Khosa,J. P. N. Chansauria, M. Sahai Abstract Tinospora cordifolia Miers. and Centella asiatica Linn. were screened for their putative antistress activity in a battery of experiments. Ethanol extracts of both drugs at 100 mg/kg exhibited significant antistress activity in all the parameters studied, compared with diazepam at 2.5 mg/kg.

Journal: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 26 (February 2004): 145-62 Title: Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Actions of Medicinal Plant Tinospora cordifolia Are Mediated Through Activation of Tumor‐Associated Macrophages Authors: Nisha Singha, Sukh Mahendra Singha & Pratima Shrivastavaa Abstract The present investigations were under taken to study whether the tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) of Dalton's lymphoma (DL), a spontaneous transplantable T cell lymphoma, can be activated by the alcoholic extract of medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (ALTC). Intraperitoneal administration of ALTC in DL‐bearing mice not only augments the basic function of macrophages such as Phagocytosis as well as their antigen presenting ability and secretion of IL‐1, TNF and RNI. The results of the present investigation also indicate that the intraperitoneal administration of ALTC slow down the tumor growth and increases the life span of tumor bearing host, thus showing its anti tumor effect through destabilizing the membrane integrity of DL cells directly or indirectly. This is the first study of it's kind regarding the effect of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia on the activation of tumor associated macrophages and showing the antitumor effect on the spontaneous T‐cell lymphoma (DL), thus may have clinical implications. PMID: 15106739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: J Toxicol Sci. 2002 Aug;27(3):139-46. Title: Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of Tinospora cordifolia in CCl4 intoxicated mature albino rats. Authors: Bishayi B1, Roychowdhury S, Ghosh S, Sengupta M. Abstract Effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on modulation of hepatoprotective and immunostimulatory functions in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxicated mature rats is reported here. Administration of CCl4 (0.7 ml/kg body weight for 7 days) produces damage in the liver as evident by estimation of enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as serum bilirubin level. CCl4 administration also causes immunosuppressive effects as indicated by phagocytic capacity, chemotactic migration and cell adhesiveness of rat peritoneal macrophages. However, treatment with T. cordifolia extract (100 mg/kg body weight for 15 days) in CCl4 intoxicated rats was found to protect the liver, as indicated by enzyme level in serum. A significant reduction in serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin were observed following T. cordifolia treatment during CCl4 intoxication. Treatment with T. cordifolia extract also deleted the immunosuppressive effect of CCl4, since a significant increment in the functional capacities of rat peritoneal macrophages (PM phi) was observed following T. cordifolia treatment. The results of our experiment suggest that treatment by T. cordifolia extract may be the critical remedy for the adverse effect of CCl4 in liver function as well as immune functions. PMID: 12238138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;96(3):445-9. Epub 2004 Nov 23. Title: Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis. Authors: Badar VA1, Thawani VR, Wakode PT, Shrivastava MP, Gharpure KJ, Hingorani LL, Khiyani RM. Abstract The efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) extract in patients of allergic rhinitis was assessed in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Seventy-five patients were randomly given either TC or placebo for 8 weeks. They were clinically examined and Hb %, TLC, DLC and nasal smear was done. At the end of trial baseline investigations were repeated, drug decoded and results analyzed. With TC treatment 100% relief was reported from sneezing in 83% patients, in 69% from nasal discharge, in 61% from nasal obstruction and in 71% from nasal pruritus. In placebo group, there was no relief in 79% from sneezing, in 84.8% from nasal discharge, in 83% from nasal obstruction, and in 88% from nasal pruritus. The difference between TC and placebo groups was highly significant. TLC increased in 69% patients in drug treated group and in only 11% with placebo. After TC, eosinophil and neutrophil count decreased and goblet cells were absent in nasal smear. After placebo, decrease in eosinophil and neutrophil count was marginal and goblet cells were present. TC significantly decreased all symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Nasal smear cytology and leukocyte count correlated with clinical findings. TC was well tolerated. PMID: 15619563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Journal: J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Apr;70(1):9-15. Title: Hypoglycaemic and other related actions of Tinospora cordifolia roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Authors: Stanely P1, Prince M, Menon VP. Abstract Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for treating diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of an aqueous T. cordifolia root extract (TCREt) to alloxan diabetic rats caused a significant reduction in blood glucose and brain lipids. The extract caused an increase in body weight, total haemoglobin and hepatic hexokinase. The root extract also lowers hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and serum acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase in diabetic rats. Thus TCREt has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect. PMID: 10720784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: Ayu. 2013 Oct;34(4):383-9. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.127720. Title: Effects of Medhya Rasayana and Yogic practices in improvement of short-term memory among school-going children. Authors: Sarokte AS1, Rao MV2. Abstract Excellent memory, extraordinary intelligence, great academic achievement, and successful career are the dreams of every individual in this era of competition and professionalism. A good memory power acts as a catalyst in all walks of life, be it academic success or maintenance of personal relationships. It is observed that an average man uses only 10% of his natural memory. Remaining 90% is left unused in a haphazard manner. As per the American psychologist Carl Emil Seashore, if one is alert and makes systematic attempts to awaken and use the natural memory properly, his/her natural memory would be activated creatively and would offer benefits of higher order. A comparative study was conducted comprising 90 subjects to know the efficacy of Medhya Rasayana and Yogic practices in short-term memory of school-going children. The study was conducted over a period of 3 months. It was an open, prospective, and randomized clinical study. The subjects of group A formed the control group and they were observed silently for 3 months without any intervention. The subjects in group B were administered with Choorna (powder) of four Medhya Rasayanas, Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.), Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. and Thoms.], and Sankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy), at a dose of 2 g twice daily with milk. Subjects belonging to group C were advocated regular Yogic practices of Asanas, Pranayama, and Dhyana. Further study revealed that among the three groups, group B treated with Medhya Rasayana showed highly significant and most effective changes with respect to objective parameters in the tests, i.e. (1) short-term memory test pictures and (2) serial recall effects test using memory scope. Among the three groups, group C treated with Yogic practices showed highly significant and most effective changes with respect to subjective and objective parameters in mini mental status scale i.e. test 3. The treatment is cost effective and devoid of side effects, which can be beneficial for the community. Mean increase after first follow-up in group B was higher as compared to group C. This shows that Medhya Rasayanas are quick in action and bring about improvement in memory faster when compared with Yogic practices. So, on the whole, group B can be considered to be the most efficient among the three groups. PMID: 24695779 [PubMed]

Journal: J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Aug 8;155(1):373-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.029. Epub 2014 Jun 5. Title: Soma, food of the immortals according to the Bower Manuscript (Kashmir, 6th century A.D.). Authors: Leonti M1, Casu L2. Abstract ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Food is medicine and vice versa. In Hindu and Ayurvedic medicine, and among human cultures of the Indian subcontinent in general, the perception of the food-medicine continuum is especially well established. The preparation of the exhilarating, gold-coloured Soma, Amrita or Ambrosia, the elixir and food of the 'immortals'-the Hindu pantheon-by the ancient Indo-Aryans, is described in the Rigveda in poetic hymns. Different theories regarding the botanical identity of Soma circulate, but no pharmacologically and historically convincing theory exists to date. We intend to contribute to the botanical, chemical and pharmacological characterisation of Soma through an analysis of two historical Amrita recipes recorded in the Bower Manuscript. The recipes are referred therein as panaceas (clarified butter) and also as a medicine to treat nervous diseases (oil), while no exhilarating properties are mentioned. Notwithstanding this, we hypothesise, that these recipes are related to the ca. 1800 years older Rigvedic Soma. We suppose that the psychoactive Soma ingredient(s) are among the components, possibly in smaller proportions, of the Amrita recipes preserved in the Bower Manuscript. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Bower Manuscript is a medical treatise recorded in the 6th century A.D. in Sanskrit on birch bark leaves, probably by Buddhist monks, and unearthed towards the end of the 19th century in Chinese Turkestan. We analysed two Amrita recipes from the Bower Manuscript, which was translated by Rudolf Hoernle into English during the early 20th century. A database search with the updated Latin binomials of the herbal ingredients was used to gather quantitative phytochemical and pharmacological information. RESULTS: Together, both Amrita recipes contain around 100 herbal ingredients. Psychoactive alkaloid containing species still important in Ayurvedic, Chinese and Thai medicine and mentioned in the recipe for 'Amrita- Prâsa clarified butter' and 'Amrita Oil' are: Tinospora cordifolia (Amrita, Guduchi), three Sida spp., Mucuna pruriens, Nelumbo nucifera, Desmodium gangeticum, and Tabernaemontana divaricata. These species contain several notorious and potential psychoactive and psychedelic alkaloids, namely: tryptamines, 2-phenylethylamine, ephedrine, aporphines, ibogaine, and L-DOPA. Furthermore, protoberberine alkaloids, tetrahydro-β-carbolines, and tetrahydroisoquinolines with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I) activity but also neurotoxic properties are reported. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that Soma was a combination of a protoberberine alkaloids containing Tinospora cordifolia juice with MAO-I properties mixed together with a tryptamine rich Desmodium gangeticum extract or a blending of Tinospora cordifolia with an ephedrine and phenylethylamine-rich Sida spp. extract. Tinospora cordifolia combined with Desmodium gangeticum might provide a psychedelic experience with visual effects, while a combination of Tinospora cordifolia with Sida spp. might lead to more euphoric and amphetamine-like experiences. PMID: 24907429 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: Ayu. 2014 Jan;35(1):46-9. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.141919. Title: Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Rasayana drugs in healthy human volunteers. Authors: Kuchewar VV1, Borkar MA2, Nisargandha MA3. Abstract BACKGROUND: It is increasingly being realized that many of today's diseases are due to "oxidative stress" that results from an imbalance between formation and neutralization of free radicals. Rasayana Chikitsa is a unique branch of Ayurveda. The word Rasayana means the way for attaining excellent Rasadi Dhatus. Several medicinal plants have been described as Rasayanas in Ayurveda. Ashwagandha and Guduchi are the best among the Rasayanas described by Charaka. AIM: To study the efficacy of Ashwagandha and Guduchi in oxidative stress in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 30 healthy volunteers after obtaining written informed consent. They were randomly distributed in three groups. Each group was treated with three different colored capsules containing Ashwagandha, Guduchi and placebo in the dose of 1 capsule (500 mg) twice a day for 6 months. The parameters such as hemoglobin%, Erythorcyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Super-Oxide Dismutase (SOD) level, etc., were assessed before and after treatment. The Student's t-test was applied to assess significant variations in all of the studied parameters. RESULTS: In this study, there was a significant increase in SOD level and decrease in MDA level in Ashwagandha and Guduchi groups. CONCLUSION: Ashwagandha and Guduchi may be helpful in preventing the oxidative stress and premature aging. PMID: 25364199 [PubMed]

Journal: Phytomedicine. 2014 Jun 15;21(7):966-9. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.02.010. Epub 2014 Mar 26. Title: Gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane diterpene isolated from Tinospora cordifolia Miers (Guduchi) on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Authors: Antonisamy P1, Dhanasekaran M2, Ignacimuthu S2, Duraipandiyan V3, Balthazar JD2, Agastian P4, Kim JH5. Abstract The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of epoxy clerodane diterpene (ECD), isolated from Tinospora cordifolia on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Administration of indomethacin exhibits extreme levels of ulcer index (UI) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Indomethacin down regulated PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF and EGF). The ECD pretreatment considerably increased the levels of PGE2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro- angiogenic factors. The ulcer-healing activity of ECD was inhibited by pre-administration of the specific COX-1 inhibitor (SC560) and nonspecific NOS inhibitor (L-NAME), which indicates the involvement of PGE2 and NOS in ECD induced ulcer healing activity. These findings suggest that ECD exerts its antiulcer activity by reinforcement of defensive elements and diminishing the offensive elements. PMID: 24680619 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Journal: Ayu. 2011 Jul;32(3):375-9. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.93918. Title: Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. Authors: Deole YS1, Chavan SS, Ashok BK, Ravishankar B, Thakar AB, Chandola HM. Abstract In recent years, many Ayurvedic formulations are being researched to provide an effective antidepressant and anxiolytic drug in the field of psycho-pharmacology. The present study was planned to evaluate the anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet comprising three herbs Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers), Aamalaki (Emblica officinalis Garten) (RGT) and Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn). Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups of six animals each, comprising of both male and female in each group. Group I received water served as normal control (WC), group II received vehicle and served as vehicle control (VC), group III received Rasayana Ghana tablet and group IV received standard drug diazepam (2 mg/kg) for anxiolytic study in elevated plus maze and standard antidepressant imipramine (5 mg/kg) for anti-depressant activity in behavior despair test. Rasayana Ghana tablet along with ghee and honey as vehicle is found to be having antidepressant and anxiolytic activity in experimental animals. Thus, this formulation can be used in prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety. PMID: 22529654 [PubMed]

Journal: Title: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) – validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies Authors: Avnish K. Upadhyay, Kaushal Kumar,1 Arvind Kumar,2 and Hari S. Mishra3 Abstract T. cordifolia (Guduchi) is a large, glabrous, perennial, deciduous, climbing shrub of weak and fleshy stem found throughout India. It is a widely used plant in folk and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. The chemical constituents reported from this shrub belong to different classes, such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. Various properties of T. cordifolia, described in ancient texts of Ayurveda, like Rasayana, Sangrahi, Balya, Agnideepana, Tridoshshamaka, Dahnashaka, Mehnashaka, Kasa-swasahara, Pandunashaka, Kamla-Kushta-Vataraktanashaka, Jwarhara, Krimihara, Prameha, Arshnashaka, Kricch- Hridroganashak, etc., are acquiring scientific validity through modern research adopting "reverse pharmacological" approach. Potential medicinal properties reported by scientific research include anti- diabetic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti- stress, anti-leprotic, antimalarial, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory and anti-neoplastic activities. This review brings together various properties and medicinal uses of T. cordifolia described in Ayurveda, along with phytochemical and pharmacological reports. PMID: 20814526 [PubMed]