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Origins of the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessmsent

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Origins of the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessmsent Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment i Version 2.0, March 2006 ASSESSMENT OF THREATS TO SAGEBRUSH HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF CONCERN IN THE WYOMING BASINS Version 2.0, March 2006 Produced by USGS Biological Resources Discipline, in collaboration with: USDI Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, and USDA Forest Service National Forest System in Partial Fulfillment of Interagency Agreement DLI030016 “Ecoregional Analysis of Sagebrush Ecosystems” between the USGS Biological Resources Discipline and the Bureau of Land Management Suggested citation for this document: Rowland, M. M., M. Leu, S. Hanser, S. P. Finn, C. A. Aldridge, S. T. Knick, L. H. Suring, J. M. Boyd, M. J. Wisdom, and C. W. Meinke. 2006. Assessment of threats to sagebrush habitats and associated species of concern in the Wyoming Basins. Version 2.0, March 2006, unpublished report on file at USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Snake River Field Station, 970 Lusk St., Boise, ID 83706. DRAFT – FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment ii Version 2.0, March 2006 AUTHORS Mary M. Rowland, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, OR Matthias Leu, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Boise, ID Steve Hanser, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Boise, ID Sean P. Finn, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Boise, ID Cameron A. Aldridge, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Ft. Collins, CO Steven T. Knick, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Boise, ID; [email protected] 208-426-5208 (Principal Investigator) Lowell H. Suring, USDA Forest Service, Terrestrial Wildlife Ecology Unit, Boise, ID Jennifer M. Boyd, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, OR Michael J. Wisdom, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, OR (Principal Investigator) Cara W. Meinke, USGS Biological Resources Discipline, Boise, ID DRAFT – FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment iii Version 2.0, March 2006 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any large, interagency, cooperative endeavor such as the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment requires the participation and help of many entities and people. Mark Hilliard, Cal McCluskey, and Tom Rinkes, USDI Bureau of Land Management, were instrumental in promoting the concept of ecoregional assessment in sagebrush ecosystems to complement other studies and assessments at the Field Office-level of planning. Other BLM state wildlife biologists who provided support and assistance included Robin Sell (Colorado), Signe Sather- Blair (Idaho), Roxanne Falise (Montana), and Steve Madsen (Utah). In particular, we thank Tom Rinkes for his support of the project from its inception and for organizing field visits with BLM offices throughout the study area. Many scientists and managers from various BLM offices took time to listen to our explanations of the assessment’s objectives and then accompanied us in the field to show us the key management issues related to sagebrush communities within their respective Field Offices. We consulted many biologists for their expertise in various taxonomic groups or modeling approaches. These included Gary Beauvais, Carol Dawson, Kristi Dubois, Erica Fleishman, Mark Fuller, Bob Gitzen, Ken Henke, Bonnie Heidel, Vicki Herren, Matt Holloran, Douglas Johnson, Todd Katzner, Doug Keinath, Mike Kochert, Bob Lehman, Stuart Markow (deceased), Bob Oakleaf, Janet Rachlow, Carol Spurrier, Karen Steenhof, William Turner, and Eric Yensen. Adam Kozlowski provided information on pygmy rabbit distributions in Utah and Melanie Purcell for the species in Wyoming; Bridgett Naylor and Tom Zarriello helped with GIS support. Steve Campbell and Dave Trochlell with NRCS provided help with soils layers. Joe Bohne, Tom Christiansen, and Carrie Dobey of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department arranged for our use of sage-grouse lek and pronghorn location data from Wyoming as well as seasonal range maps for several species of concern on our lists. Lydia Bailey of Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks assisted with range maps for pronghorn in that state, and Wendy Eklund of Idaho Fish and Game provided the same for Idaho. Jay McLeod, Mitchell Hannon, Jennifer Faulkner, Landy Figueroa, Ben Pieper, and Tori Timmerman assisted in the first year of field sampling. The Lander BLM Field Office staff provided office space and other logistical support for the field crews. DRAFT – FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment iv Version 2.0, March 2006 CONTENTS KEY FINDINGS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIAL BY CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1: Overview of the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment CHAPTER 2: Ecological and Administrative Setting CHAPTER 3: Sagebrush-Associated Species of Conservation Concern in the Wyoming Basins CHAPTER 4: Changes in the Wyoming Landscape from Oil and Natural Gas Development CHAPTER 5: Evaluating the Human Footprint in the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment Area CHAPTER 6: Models of Hypothesized Effects of Threats on Example Species CHAPTER 7: Data Gaps and Deficiencies CHAPTER 8: Management Uses and Benefits APPENDIX 1: Methods of Species Selection, Range Mapping, and Assignment of Sensitivity Scores for Species of Concern APPENDIX 2: Methods for Spatial Analysis of Changes in Landcover Resulting from Oil and Gas Development in Wyoming APPENDIX 3: Background and Methods for Analysis of the Human Footprint in the Wyoming Basins APPENDIX 4: Methods and Rationale Used to Develop Predictive Models for Example Vertebrate Species in the Wyoming Basins Assessment Area APPENDIX 5: Miscellaneous Appendix Tables APPENDIX 6: Assumptions and Limitations in the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment APPENDIX 7: Evaluating Predictions of the Human Footprint and Example Species Models in the Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment Area APPENDIX 8: Glossary of Terms DRAFT – FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment v Version 2.0, March 2006 Key Findings and Management Implications • The Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment (WBEA) area encompasses one of the most expansive regions of sagebrush habitats remaining in the western United States - more than 26 million acres, representing 25% of the sagebrush in the nation. ¾ As such, management of the WBEA area will have a substantial effect on sagebrush habitats and species as a whole. • Concomitant with the amount of sagebrush habitat, the Wyoming Basins area harbors some of the largest extant populations of sagebrush-obligate species, such as greater sage- grouse and pronghorn. ¾ Future persistence of these sagebrush-obligate species therefore is closely linked to effective management of sagebrush habitats in the Wyoming Basins. • Examples of key potential threats identified for the Wyoming Basins included climate change; roads, trails, and two-tracks; oil and gas development; and invasive and noxious plants. ¾ Holistic management of all such threats, which are increasingly pervasive in landscapes of the Wyoming Basins, is required if associated negative effects on the sagebrush ecosystem are to be substantially or fully mitigated. • Forty vertebrates and 65 vascular plants of conservation concern were identified for regional assessment in the Wyoming Basins. Among the vertebrate species were greater sage-grouse, ferruginous hawk, white-tailed prairie dog, and pygmy rabbit. Plants selected for assessment included dwarf mentzelia, Ownbey’s thistle, and starveling milkvetch. ¾ The large number of species of concern, and the diverse taxonomic groups represented, suggest that no single species or environmental characteristic can be used to manage lands effectively for all species of concern in the Wyoming Basins, instead requiring more comprehensive management of many species and conditions. • Sensitivity to disturbance was quantified for the vertebrates in our assessment, based on life history characteristics; among the most sensitive species were the midget faded rattlesnake, Swainson’s hawk, prairie falcon, pronghorn, and spotted bat. DRAFT – FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Wyoming Basins Ecoregional Assessment vi Version 2.0, March 2006 ¾ Effective management and mitigation of human disturbance is an important component of maintaining populations of species that are sensitive to such disturbance. • Species richness of sagebrush-associated vertebrates of concern was greatest in southwestern Wyoming, where as many as 36 of the 40 vertebrate species of concern co- occur. Moreover, some of the areas identified as most affected by anthropogenic disturbance, as estimated by our human footprint model, are also those that have the greatest species richness. ¾ Human activities occurring in southwestern Wyoming are expected to have disproportionately and substantially greater effects on a larger number of species of concern compared to other portions of the WBEA area. • More than 83,000 oil and gas wells have been drilled in the state of Wyoming since 1960; within the Green River Basin alone, well pads and associated roads have eliminated 138,000 acres of shrubland habitats since 1964. Moreover, mean patch size of shrublands in developed fields of the Basin has decreased from 1,280 acres prior to 1964 to 360 acres in 2004. ¾ The spatially pervasive pattern of these oil and gas wells, the substantial loss in habitat resulting from their development, and their effects on adjacent areas indicate that current and future management and mitigation of this land use will have substantial bearing on persistence of species of concern
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