Design for a Future Climate

Harris Academy, Purley

Research & Development

Aedas Architects Ltd T +44 (0)20 7837 9789 5-8 Hardwick Street F +44 (0)20 7837 9678 London EC1R 4RG E [email protected] United Kingdom www.aedas.com www.aedasresearch.com

Design for a Future Climate Technology Strategy Board

Report Authors: Dan Rigamonti, Greig Paterson Project Lead: Judit Kimpian Project Evaluator: Julie Meikle

Date: January 2012

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Executive Summary

The aim of this project has been to benefit from the opportunity presented by Existing solutions for natural ventilation were reviewed with the main design the Technology Strategy Board funding call, to carry out research on a live adaptation measures investigated including glazing performance, thermal construction project to help understand climate change risks up to 2080. The mass and ‘ventilation free areas’. architects of the project were Aedas, working alongside the mechanical engineers Van Zyl & de Villiers, led by the contractors Willmott Dixon. The end The research demonstrated that under future scenarios when assessed against user was the Harris Federation whose architectural brief included the BB101 and BREEAM incremental changes were unlikely to be sufficient in refurbishment of an existing school building as well as new-build school blocks. mitigating overheating thresholds.

The research team joined the main project at the detail design stages with a Only a combination of the adjusted solutions would meet the overheating brief to investigate practical recommendations for design adjustments that criteria currently used to assess school buildings. were cost and programme neutral. A range of impacts were investigated in the areas of construction resilience and water management, focussing on thermal comfort and building on recent research in occupant expectation, environmental analysis tools and post-occupancy evaluations. The research also offered some insights into the way in which risk assessments could be integrated into a design and build procurement route, applied to many UK construction projects through the RIBA work stages. The use of the adaptation checklist and risk assessments can be relatively simple methods to help review project performances under future scenarios irrespective of project stage.

Thermal comfort was identified as a priority with particular emphasis on reducing the risk of overheating. The research team used the most optimistic future emissions scenarios to study how even minor changes to external temperatures will impact on current design solutions. This approach was used to communicate to that client that should the building overheat under the ‘best case’ future scenario, it will overheat under all future climate predictions.

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High Level Low Level Manual The project also looked at the way in which resilience issues are addressed by Automatic Window Adaptation Window Opening Thermal Mass: internal wall finish Glazing g-value Opening Distance current design standards. In particular the team analysed the sensitivity of the Distance (mm) (mm) overheating results by varying the internal gains, altering the current climate Base Case 250 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 Free Area 1 400 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 file and hampering the night ventilation. The results indicated the importance Free Area 2 400 400 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 of reality checking the basis of modelling assumptions against realistic as well Thermal Mass 250 250 18mm CETRIS Board. Density = 1450kg/m³ 0.4 as more extreme scenarios in both the current and future climates. G-value 250 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.32 Combined 400 400 18mm CETRIS Board. Density = 1450kg/m³ 0.32 This also highlighted how various issues related to building management can Procured Design 250 400 18mm Rigidur Board. Density = 1250kg/m³ 0.37 impact on the performance of buildings which, under future climate scenarios,

will bear increased importance alongside design adaptations. Alterations from the Base Case Recommendations for building management will inform handover and

aftercare procedures. Further details of the agreed approaches to building

handover can be found in Appendix 3 with additional suggestions covering a The competitive nature of the procurement process resulted in continued potential ‘Legacy’ approach to building management moving into the future delays in agreeing final suppliers and thus likely performance parameters of described in the body of the report. These investigations extended to physical final products. However, after the original submission of the final report, adaptations triggered by building component replacement cycles and are details of procured items were passed to the team. These items were added to described in the summary tables 12 and 13 on pages 68/69. this revised and final version of the report.

Finally, the researchers carried out interviews and surveyed both the project Although the teams recommendations were not adopted in full a significant team and practice to gauge views of occupants and designers on their improvement in performance parameters from the original design items to subjective experiences of overheating and views of adaptation measures. This those procured was evidenced. also extended to engagement with pupils and staff in the academy. The basis

of this can be found in the body of the report and Appendix 4 and 5. Ventilation free areas were improved from the initial stages and the recommended increase of the top opener to 400mm was adopted, whilst The work was carried out between November 2010 and December 2011 at a 250mm was ensured to the lower windows. Glazing G values did not meet the time of major political change, educational upheaval and economic downturn. recommended value of 0.32, though were improved from 0.4 to 0.37 with no Harris Academy was one of the last projects to be procured under the extra costs. Internal finishes moved from lightweight plasterboard government’s Building Schools for the Future (BSF) scheme and was heavily construction to heavier density fibreboard but not to the recommended and affected by major cuts in capital funding as well as significant changes to modelled cementitious board. Further details of adaptation items procured building guidelines and current regulations. A chart illustrating the variety of can be found in the body of the report and Appendix 3. events impacting the procurement programme of this project can be found in the introduction section.

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The final version of this report was revised after comments had been received The team will continue to use the evidence collated from the project to and procured building components had been confirmed by the project team, increase the awareness of industry and policy makers of the need to address issued at the end of February 2012. overheating risks in the design of new and refurbished buildings. The work has already influenced the design and procurement of projects from other sectors A primary benefit of the work has been to increase the overall awareness and within the office. understanding of this subject across the practice, supported through the teams survey work. A variety of lessons can be drawn from the work, as The application of the specific adaptations to other buildings will remain with described in the text. In particular, although the most impact can be made on those that adopt a naturally ventilated strategy. However the methods of projects during the earliest stages, later stage changes can also have positive assessing risks associated with future climate scenarios is relevant to all impacts. Although these may not suffice in meeting current performance projects. As are the wider management issues highlighted in this report. criteria under future scenarios they may alleviate impacts for relatively low cost changes.

The work has helped highlight how increased transparency with regards to product performances and modelling techniques can assist efficiencies within the build process. Finally, the importance of suitable occupant engagement, maintenance and management systems in providing robust buildings in use, moving into future climates is a key lesson.

The project greatly benefited from the Technology Strategy Board funding which helped design and research teams develop and justify future climate studies that would not have been possible otherwise. This research has already been presented at a number of events, has been included in the CIBSE Schools Group and will serve as a case study for the upcoming CIBSE Technical Memorandum on Climate Change Adaptation [Appendix 0.1].

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2.1.1 Risk matrix ...... 27

Contents 2.1.2 Water Risks overview ...... 28

Executive Summary ...... 5 2.1.3 Construction Risk overview...... 28 Contents ...... 9 2.1.4 Thermal Comfort Risk overview ...... 29 List of Figures ...... 13 2.1.5 Other Considerations ...... 29 List of Tables ...... 15 2.2 Integration into workflow ...... 30 0 Introduction ...... 17 2.2.1 Programme ...... 30 0.1 The purpose of this study ...... 17 2.2.2 Cost ...... 31 0.2 The context of this study...... 17 2.2.3 Understanding ...... 31 0.3 The process of the study ...... 18 2.3 Thermal risks assessed ...... 32 0.3.1 Methodology ...... 19 2.3.1 Key factors...... 32 0.3.2 Progress of the study ...... 20 2.3.2 Climate Data ...... 32 1 Building Profile ...... 21 2.3.3 Approach to modelling ...... 34 1.1 Overview ...... 21 2.3.4 Communication of Research DTM Analysis ...... 34 1.1.1 Location ...... 21 2.3.5 Further Adjustments ...... 38 1.1.2 Scheme ...... 22 2.4 Water Risks assessed ...... 39 1.1.3 Strategy ...... 23 2.5 Construction Risks assessed ...... 40 1.2 Procurement ...... 25 2.6 Other features significant to the strategy developed...... 41 1.2.1 Programme ...... 25 2.6.1 Expectations ...... 41 1.2.2 Phasing ...... 25 2.6.2 Criteria and Assumptions ...... 43 2 Climate Change Risks ...... 27 3 Adaptation Strategy ...... 45 2.1 Overview of Risk exposure ...... 27 3.1 Detailed Thermal Modelling ...... 45 3.1.1 Overheating Criteria ...... 45

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3.1.2 Base Case ...... 45 3.6.2 Typical Classroom ...... 63 3.1.3 Design Adaptations Modelled ...... 47 3.6.3 Typical Costs ...... 64 3.2 Thermal Design Adaptations ...... 50 3.6.4 Procured adaptations, impacts and benefits ...... 66 3.2.1 Shading - manufactured: ...... 50 3.6.5 Future lifecycle forecasts ...... 68 3.2.2 Glass technologies / Film ...... 51 4 Lessons Learned ...... 71 3.2.3 Secure, bug free and maximum ventilation ...... 51 4.1 What is the best way to conduct adaptation work? ...... 71 3.2.4 Interrelationship with ceiling height: ...... 52 4.2 Who was involved in the work and what did they bring to the project? 71 3.2.5 Role of thermal mass in a warmer climate ...... 53 4.3 The initial project plan and how this changed through the course of the 3.2.6 Enhancing thermal mass in lightweight construction ...... 53 project...... 73 3.3 Water Design Adaptations ...... 54 4.4 Resources and tools used ...... 74 3.3.1 Run-off water management ...... 54 4.5 Evaluation of research approach ...... 74 3.3.2 Water use management ...... 54 4.6 Skills and services developed through involvement in this adaptation work...... 75 3.4 Construction Design Adaptations: ...... 55 5 Extending Adaptation to Other Buildings ...... 77 3.4.1 External cladding systems ...... 55 5.2 Limitations of applying this strategy to other buildings ...... 78 3.5 Management Adaptations ...... 56 5.3 An analysis of which buildings across the UK might be suitable for similar 3.5.1 Timescales ...... 56 recommendations...... 79 3.5.2 Yearly Thermal cycles ...... 56 5.4 Plans to build on the skills and tools developed in this contract in 3.5.3 Daily Thermal cycles ...... 57 delivering future services...... 80 3.5.4 Management solutions ...... 57 References ...... 83 3.5.5 Uncertainties ...... 59 Appendices ...... 85 3.5.6 Long term management ...... 60 Appendix 0: ...... 85 3.6 Cost Benefit ...... 62 Appendix 0.1: Draft CIBSE TM document (6 pages) ...... 85 3.6.1 Typical Cycles ...... 62 Appendix 1: ...... 87

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Appendix 1.1: Existing drawings (7 pages) ...... 87 Appendix 4.4: Updated Programme (1 page) ...... 93 Appendix 1.2: Marked Plans (6 pages)...... 87 Appendix 4.5: Team CVs (8 pages) ...... 93 Appendix 1.3: Marked Elevations (6 pages)...... 87 Appendix 5: ...... 95 Appendix 1.4: Marked Sections (5 pages) ...... 87 Appendix 5.1: Practice Survey (15 pages) ...... 95 Appendix 1.5: Proposed CGIs (1 page) ...... 87 Appendix 5.2: Sample Classroom Poster (2 pages) ...... 95 Appendix 1.6: Site Photographs (1 page) ...... 87 Appendix 1.7: Client letter of support (1 page) ...... 87 Appendix 1.8: BREEAM points targeted (1 page) ...... 87 Appendix 2: ...... 89 Appendix 2.1: Original Risk Evaluation List (3 pages) ...... 89 Appendix 2.2: Research DTM Analysis (6 pages) ...... 89 Appendix 3: ...... 91 Appendix 3.1: Adaptation Assessments (4 pages) ...... 91 Appendix 3.2: Details and Specifications (11 pages) ...... 91 Appendix 3.3: Contract DTM Report (5 pages) ...... 91 Appendix 3.4: BREEAM Innovation (6 pages) ...... 91 Appendix 3.5: DL Classroom Costs (1page) ...... 91 Appendix 3.6: Alumet Classroom Costs (2page2) ...... 91 Appendix 3.7: Rainwater Calculations (3 pages) ...... 91 Appendix 4: ...... 93 Appendix 4.1: Team survey (5 pages) ...... 93 Appendix 4.2: Team Interviews (2 pages) ...... 93 Appendix 4.3: Original Programme (1 page) ...... 93

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Figure 24 IES Dynamic Thermal Model of Harris Academy ...... 34 List of Figures Figure 25 internal and external free area options (next page) ...... 35 Figure 26 example of a ‘therm’ image of door threshold ...... 38 Figure 27 extract from Southfacing’s project BREEAM report ...... 39 Figure 28 Section through curtain walling system ...... 40 Figure 1 Programme and Events ...... 18 Figure 29 F. Nicol and L. Pagliano; Allowing for thermal comfort in free-running Figure 2 5 step process for assessing vulnerability to climate change (UKCIP, buildings in the new European Standard EN15251 ...... 41 2010) ...... 19 Figure 30 Number of degrees staff over or underestimated the ...... 42 Figure 3 Force field diagram to demonstrate drivers and constraints (UKCIP, Figure 31 Number of degrees pupils over or underestimated the temperature 2010) ...... 20 of the interview room ...... 42 Figure 4 Site general location ...... 21 Figure 32 Estimated number of hours during a day that staff use a computer. Figure 5 Site Location ...... 21 ...... 42 Figure 6 Existing plan ...... 22 Figure 33 Estimated number of hours during a day that pupils use a computer. Figure 7 Proposed plan ...... 22 ...... 42 Figure 8 Building Layout ...... 23 Figure 34 location axonometric ...... 46 Figure 9 Natural ventilation strategy for a typical new build teaching space .. 23 Figure 35 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all Figure 10 Landscape Plan ...... 24 naturally ventilated rooms in the base case ...... 46 Figure 11 Landscape Strategy ...... 24 Figure 36 Location of the hottest naturally ventilated room ...... 46 Figure 12 Initial decant ...... 26 Figure 37 Illustration showing adaptations ...... 47 Figure 13 Demolition ...... 26 Figure 38 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all Figure 14 New build ...... 26 naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations ...... 48 Figure 15 Completion ...... 26 Figure 39 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all Figure 16 Extract headings from Design for Future Climate. B. Gething for TSB naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations ...... 48 ...... 27 Figure 40 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all Figure 17 Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making UKCIP naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations ...... 49 2003 ...... 27 Figure 41 sketch view of orginal scheme ...... 50 Figure 18 Project specific risks based on figure 16 ...... 27 Figure 42 sketch views of solar shading devices ...... 50 Figure 19 RIBA Green Overlay edited by Bill Gething ...... 30 Figure 43 Loxford school perforated shades ...... 50 Figure 20 project timeline based on RIBA stages ...... 30 Figure 44 Examples of extended openers ...... 51 Figure 21 Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making UKCIP Figure 45 Example of a Sliding Hinge Window ...... 51 2003 ...... 31 Figure 46 Example face fixed actuators and hidden actuators ...... 52 Figure 22 ...... 31 Figure 47 Example gauges of insect mesh products ...... 52 Figure 23 Mean temperature change with a low emissions scenario (UKCIP Figure 48 Rigidur (left), Cetris (right) ...... 53 2002b) ...... 33 Figure 49 Roof layout for rain fall calculations ...... 54

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Figure 50 Early head detail ...... 55 Figure 51 Later head detail ...... 55 Figure 52 Daily Average Temperature Graph. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 56 Figure 53 Daily Peak Temperatures Graph. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 57 Figure 54 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in May. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 57 Figure 55 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in June. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 58 Figure 56 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in July. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 58 Figure 57 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in August. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 58 Figure 58 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in September. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room ...... 58 Figure 59 Future overheating adaptations scenarios; staff view ...... 59 Figure 60 Future overheating adaptation scenario; pupils view ...... 59 Figure 61 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and altered assumptions ...... 60 Figure 62 Example of what a Stage 6 Soft Landings 10 year legacy worksheet might look like ...... 61 Figure 63 typical classroom view ...... 63 Figure 64 Typical windows with horizontal louvers ...... 63 Figure 65 Typical windows with vertical louver and section ...... 63 Figure 66 Typical plan ...... 63

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List of Tables

Table 1 Table of indicative Cost and Impacts ...... 31 Table 2 Changes in global temperature (°C) and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (parts per million) for the 2080s period (2071- 2100 average) for the four scenarios. Carbon dioxide concentration in 2001 was about 370 ppm (UKCIP, 2002a)...... 32 Table 3 Comparative table of modelling and procurement options ...... 36 Table 4 Comparative table of products and performance ...... 37 Table 5 Construction U-values ...... 46 Table 6 Table of glazing system ...... 46 Table 7 Table of internal gains ...... 46 Table 8 Assessment of overheating as per BB101 and BREEAM for the hottest naturally ventilated room in the base case ...... 47 Table 9 Design adaptations from the base case ...... 47 Table 10 Assessment of overheating as per BB101 and BREEAM for the hottest naturally ventilated room in the base case and various design adaptations ... 49 Table 11 Indicative Costs for a typical classroom ...... 65 Table 12: Thermal Adaptations - as Procured ...... 66 Table 13: Construction, Water and Building Management Adaptations - as Procured ...... 67 Table 14 Designing for comfort considering future adaptations and maintenance cycles...... 68 Table 15 Planned Future Adaptations with indicative costings ...... 69

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0 Introduction 0.2 The context of this study. 0.1 The purpose of this study The project timeline, Figure 1, helps to put the research project into the

context of what proved to be an eventful year for both educational building Climate change will have different impacts from region to region and these management and procurement. In June 2010, the Technology Strategy board impacts will vary by building and by occupant sensitivity. Studies identifying launched its competition; ‘Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings.’ changes in the earth’s atmosphere have been known for some time however Shortly after the launch date the newly formed coalition government designers of the built environment have been slow to accept that planning for announced the end of the current round of Building Schools for the Future these conditions is within their scope. As a result, detail briefing requirements educational project funding and a freeze on all existing projects. for most buildings still focus primarily on meeting today’s climatic conditions.

At a time of restricted capital budgets and increasing pressure to meet As a result, the Harris Academy project was on hold until August 2010 when accommodation demands, meeting these existing requirements are inevitably the Secretary of State gave his formal approval to continue the works due to higher up the agenda than addressing future risks. The question is what the advanced stage of this Academies Programme funded building. The adjustments can be made to buildings that will lessen the impacts of these approval letter highlighted the financial concerns of the government, which climatic changes and improve resilience whilst accommodating existing project set the tone of severe financial constraints for the project. budgets and programmes?

In April of the same year, The James Review (Review of Education Capital ; see The subject of this TSB funded research was to take a live building project at a figure 1) was published supporting an increased drive toward cost efficiency in relatively late stage with an already well developed design, budget and brief procurement through the use of modularised and repeatable construction and examine how the consideration of future climate issues might impact on systems. The Innovation and Growth Team’s 2010 report (Low Carbon current detail design and procurement choices. The primary aim of the project Construction; see figure 1)also highlighted the need for low carbon was to improve the understanding of climate change risks and adaptation construction whilst maintaining the requirement for both high quality and solutions amongst design and procurement teams and incorporate results in internal comfort levels suitable for learning. The Building Bulletins, defining the built project. The team has shared the project outcomes with the end design standards for all education projects, remain under review at the time of users as well as the broader organisations of project participants. this report. The fragility such changes can add to a building project in mid-flow has been exposed on this project. Targets for the design and procurement team remain to deliver the project on time and on budget for maximum benefit to both client and building users.

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WEEKS HARRIS ACADEMY DfFC PROGRAMME July- Sept 2010 Oct - Dec 2010 Jan - March 2011 April - June 2011 July- Sept 2011 Oct - Dec 2011 Jan-Mar 2012 June -August 2012 A B C WEEKS at WEEKS at Period of at RATE % % % RATE A RATE B Months July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May June WEEKS C DESIGN FOR FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECT START DATE : 01 OCTOBER 2010 ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : PLANNING SUBMISSION ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : CONTRACTOR PROPOSALS ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : INITIAL TEMPORARY ACCOMODATION ENABLING WORKS

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : CONSTRUCTION PACKAGES

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : DECANT INTO TEMPORARY ACCOMODATION

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : DEMOLITION

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : STRUCTURAL WORKS

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM : ENVELOPE AND FIT+OUT DESIGN FOR FUTURE CLIMATE PROJECT END DATE : 01 DECEMBER 2011

A Testing alternatives under future scenarios. Financial Year Payment 2 Financial Year Payment 3 Financial Year Payment 4 Financial Year Payment 1 Financial Year Payment 2 Financial Year Payment 3 Financial Year Payment 4 Financial Year Payment 1 1. Architects R+D Key outcome: Briefing Workshop + Research + 3 scenarios W Co-ordination of schematic design information and adaptation team management with some design input. Workshop organisation and attendance. 6 0.05 0.25 0.30 0.3 1.5 1.8 Running design propsals through 2020, 2050 and 2080 weather data scenarios (incorporating unregulated energy and heat gain forecasts) into research model and draw conclusions including three test scenarios. 2. MEP Key outcome: Briefing Workshop W

Initial Study outcomes workshop attendance. Briefing for Design Modification. 1 0.05 0.30 0.00 0.05 0.3 0 3. Contractor Key outcome: Briefing Workshop W

Initial Study outcomes workshop attendance. Briefing for Design Modification. 1 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.2 0.2 0

B Design modifications and implimentation. 1. Architects R+D Key outcome: Design Modifications Workshop and reviews. W R R W

2.Modelling MEP of alternative scenarios. Suggestions for Design Key changesoutcome: + Design DetailsModifications and Specification. Workshop + 3 15 0.05 0.20 0.20 0.75 3 3 InvestigationScenarios of 3 design choice options using the project model and varification with future scenarios. Running the Part W L compliant building design through 2020, 2050 and 2080 weather data scenarios and reporting to the team on outcomes and incorporating changes where possible including workshop attendance. 6 0.05 0.30 0.00 0.3 1.8 0 3. Contractor Key outcome: Design Modifications Workshop + Costs. W

Workshop attendance with review of options from programme, capital and whole life cost perspectives. 4 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.2 0.2 0

C Presentation + Final Report Writing 1. Architects R+D Key Outcomes: Final Reports R R W W R R R

Preparation of final report documentation. 13 0.10 0.20 0.10 1.3 2.6 1.3 2. MEP W W R

Input into final reports. 3 0.05 0.30 0.00 0.15 0.9 0 3. Contractor W W

Input into final reports. 3 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.3 0 0

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The team developed their methodology during the early stages of the project 0.3 The process of the study but it is helpful at these later reporting stages to compare with formally recognised tools. Since 1997, the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) has This report has been based on the report recommendations set out by the been assisting organisations and developing guidance to understand how Technology Strategy Board, their own report on the same subject and the climate change affects them. The UKCIP Adaptation Wizard tool was research team’s interpretations of previous work and related reports. The developed to help organisations adapt to climate change through a 5 step intention is for the report to act as a narrative, highlighting key outcomes from process. Figure 2 from the tool describes a circular process for identifying the research, how these formed part of the design and procurement process, vulnerability and assessing potential adaptation options. These stages mirror and how they might be further embedded into any future projects. many of those that occurred during this project with reference to the risk identification guidance provided by TSB.

0.3.1 Methodology The list below outlines the activities undertaken by the research team, considering overall risks and adaptations to start with, testing thermal comfort issues through the use of commonplace dynamic modelling tools and concluding with a summary of the broader implications of the study. The methodology was as follows:

 Review of project specific adaptation options.  Project packages marked-up and focus areas agreed.  Detailed Thermal Modelling (DTM) methodology and ‘base case’ design agreed with design team.  Research and simulation of cost effective measures to reduce overheating.  Recommendations of outcomes conveyed to the team.  Review of DTM assumptions and criteria.  Agreed options simulated by the building services engineer in the contract DTM.  Update of work stage specific adaptation options.

 Recommendations for product selection and procurement. Figure 2 5 step process for assessing vulnerability to climate change (UKCIP, 2010)  ‘As procured’ DTM study proposed.  Building user and team engagement surveys.  Summary of above impacts for future consideration.

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0.3.2 Progress of the study The initial stages of the project remained quite open with the client seeing this as an opportunity for learning and application where possible. The briefing requirements for the research work set a number of questions to be answered as the project progressed. Many of these are answered in the last sections of this reports.

The UKCIP Adaptation Wizard tool helps highlight some of the various drivers and constraints impacting any adaptation work through the force field diagram (Figure 3). The questions set out by the research briefing helped to act as drivers to the process and link with items shown in the diagram. As explained earlier, the purpose of this project was to take an already well defined building design to see if measures could be taken at these late stages without impacting on the project programme or costs.

In this context an understanding can be achieved of how, in reality and on this project, the constraining factors as listed can often outweigh the drivers. This Figure 3 Force field diagram to demonstrate drivers and constraints (UKCIP, 2010) helps explain why future climate data remains unused on many projects despite being available for some time. In order to remove some of the barriers to progress, such as scepticism to climate change, the least severe change in climate scenarios were used to carry out much of this research. This conservative approach was therefore partly used to communicate to that client that should the building overheat under the ‘best case’ future scenario, it will overheat under all future climate predictions. More detail of the chosen climate scenarios is given in section 2.3.2.

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1 Building Profile 1.1 Overview

1.1.1 Location The current Harris Academy Secondary School accommodates approximately 800 pupils and staff which is anticipated to increase to 1150 pupils and 50 staff in the coming years. Harris Academy will specialise in Enterprise and Sport and is located in South Croydon, Surrey which is in a suburban area adjacent to a large park (Figure 4 and Figure 5). It is on a highpoint of land and slopes down to the Northwest, adjacent to Metropolitan Open Land and a residential neighbourhood.

The existing school consists of a number of existing buildings (2, 3 and 4 storeys) built between 1957 and 2002 as shown in Figure 6. The location and Figure 4 Site general location arrangement of the proposed blocks means that the site will add to the climate change resilience of the building – the microclimatic impact of the adjacent park and the exposed high ground will lower temperatures locally. These mitigating effects were not considered in the course of this study.

Figure 5 Site Location (Images taken from Google Earth)

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1.1.2 Scheme The physical increase in the size of the academy from the higher student numbers can be represented by the increase of gross area from 7935sqm currently to 11584sqm. The 2002 and 2007 blocks are retained with new areas (yellow on Figure 7 with part 2, 3 and 4 storey extensions).

The new Harris Academy Purley building will be approximately 70% new build and 30% refurbished with a total floor area of just over 11,500sqm. On completion it will be an 11-18 Academy, the admission numbers will be 180 (6FE including 6 form) allowing for development, to a main school of 900 students with a 6th Form of 250.

The building has a planning requirement to achieve ‘Excellent’ under the 2009 BREEAM requirements for school buildings. A summary of BREEAM points targeted can be found in Appendix 1.8.

The Sponsor / Academy Trust is the Harris Federation of South London School Figure 6 Existing plan who hopes to continue to expanding their academies construction programme.

The Academy will offer state-of-the-art ICT and computing facilities and every student will be encouraged to develop computing skills of the highest order so that they possess these as a life skill and as a valuable asset in the highly competitive London and South Eastern employment market.

Figure 7 Proposed plan

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1.1.3 Strategy cooling. Each new classroom is fitted with an automated high level window opening that provides background ventilation in winter and night ventilation in The majority of teaching spaces are naturally ventilated such as the English, summer. Existing and refurbished 2002 areas face north and will retain the Humanities, Math and Science rooms (Figure 8). The ventilation strategy for the single sided ventilation as is currently in place. classrooms will use a mixture of stacks, cross flow and single sided ventilation.

In a typical new classroom (Figure 9), high level automated openings, low level manual openings and a transfer grille with acoustic attenuation, located at high level at the back of the classroom, will be in place to encourage cross ventilation. Warm stale air from the classrooms is transferred to a plenum above the corridors before being exhausted through stacks via opening louvers.

The entire naturally ventilated classrooms with exception of the 2002 refurbished building will be provided with exposed concrete soffits. This Figure 9 Natural ventilation strategy for a typical new build teaching space exposed thermal mass stabilises internal temperatures and provides passive

Figure 8 Building Layout

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The landscaping of the academy will be as shown in Figure 10 and explained in Figure 11. Car parking provision will increase from 54 currently to 70 spaces as part of the proposals. Cycle parking provision will increase from 12 currently to 100 spaces.

Most importantly, the new Academy will play a full part in the growing Harris Federation of Academies. As an organisation, ambitions for expansion continue under the new political arena and procurement model with two more academies due to open by 2013, one of which being a freeschool. Though the subject of Climate Change Adaptation is increasingly mentioned in briefing requirements for building projects, currently no formal policy can be found on the Federations website (extracts given in Appendix 1.9).

This highlights an opportunity for this work to act as a useful catalyst in assisting this large client body to formulate their own organisational policies as well as strengthen briefing requirements for new projects. The architectural Figure 10 Landscape Plan practice would hope to strengthen established relationships through this research and the construction project to help embed tried and tested policies and procedures for the future. This will help ensure lessons are learnt and implemented thoroughly on future schemes in order to develop robust design and management programmes to achieve the highest quality of student experience and learning outcomes now and for the future.

Further project details can be found in Appendix 1.1 -1.6 : Existing drawings, Marked Plans, Marked Elevations, Marked Sections, Proposed CGIs and Site Photographs.

Figure 11 Landscape Strategy

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1.2 Procurement

1.2.1 Programme The Opening Date for the Academy was September 2009 with Academy Specialisms of Enterprise (Business/eCommerce & ICT) and Sport for Key Stages 3 & 4. The opening date of new buildings is planned for November 2012 with a Design Capacity of 900; 11 – 16 year olds & 250 post 16.

1.2.2 Phasing

Harris Academy Purley is a single scheme procured by the London Borough of Croydon through the PfS National Framework. The Sponsor / Academy Trust is the Harris Federation of South London School.

The chosen procurement strategy is Lump Sum Design & Build. This provides a fixed price Contract Sum payable against defined milestones. Procurement follows standard PfS procedures for the National Framework projects at the time. Final decisions regarding appointment of contractor and sign off of final designs are by the LB Croydon Academies Project Board following full consultation with sponsors and the Academy Project Steering Group.

The project building programme is phased over two years to minimise disruption to the academy through the installation of temporary accommodation as shown in Figure 12- Figure 15

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Figure 12 Initial decant Figure 14 New build

Figure 13 Demolition Figure 15 Completion

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2 Climate Change Risks 2.1 Overview of Risk exposure

2.1.1 Risk matrix

Figure 16 Extract headings from Design for Future Climate. B. Gething for TSB As part of the original submission, risk items from the TSB report prepared by Bill Gething were used to determine key concerns based on maximum impact and minimum costs. The original risk Evaluation List (Appendix 2.1) was Figure 17 Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making UKCIP 2003 developed as the project work progressed through team discussions and internal reviews and used as a live document with a final more detailed version description in Section 3 of this report (Adaptation Assessments: Appendix 3.2)

As a BREEAM excellent project, many of the aspects relating to water management were considered lower risk as they are covered by individual credits within the standard, as are some aspects of thermal comfort in a current climate. This target was established from the outset of the project, encouraging a greater level of integration into the final design. Thermal comfort and construction risks in a future climate are not covered by BREEAM, (there is however an opportunity to achieve innovation credits after a separate assessment by BRE and a fee) making these the focus areas during the early stages of the research work. As described in the UKCIP technical report (Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making-2003) priorities can be based on a probability and consequence matrix (Figure 18) allowing us to rate those relevant to our project. Figure 18 Project specific risks based on figure 16

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2.1.2 Water Risks overview 2.1.3 Construction Risk overview As described in the Gething report, annual rainfall for the ‘UK is not predicted Exposure to driving winds and rain are likely to increase in most UK areas. Less to change significantly, but its distribution between winter and summer is projected data is available for this but indications can be taken from various likely to be different’ page 31; Design for Future Climate. B. Gething for TSB. maps available from the BRE (see Design for Future Climate. B. Gething for This is likely to result in increased water stress during dry spells and flooding TSB) . Exposure to solar radiation is also likely to increase in the warmer during wet periods. Projected rainfall data for differing periods is available and months which will increase the significance of shading devices on facades. may be used as reference as are water stress maps for the London area. Increased extreme weather such as wind driven rain, are likely to impact various aspects related to construction though quantification of these impacts Water supply: Water conservation in the London region is an on-going area of on specific details can be less clear and more reliant on judgement. concern for boroughs as well as specific projects. Planning requirements and those set out by the BREEAM criteria focus on reduction of consumption but Structural stability -below ground: The site is located on an area of flat and cost constraints often do not allow for localised supply systems as was the stable chalk ground so structural stability is considered a low risk item. case here. The relationship of water supply with energy supply is also becoming an increasingly important factor with the opening of a desalination Structural stability -above ground: This item maybe be of slightly higher risk plant for the London area. however the concrete frame construction choice is a robust design for this type of building. The progress of the project meant that frame choices were Drainage failure: In many sites across London drainage systems are now sized already made early on in the procurement process. to take increased demands for surface water run off due to the increased areas of hard paving. This site lies adjacent to a large area of parkland on chalk Failure of Materials: This is considered a risk item for most projects and as soil and so associated risks are reduced. A drainage strategy providing a series such the construction team will be asked to provide material warranties and of soakaways is provided and is therefore considered a low risk item. life cycles estimates on completion of the building. As a school building all Although not considered to be major risk items, failure of building related materials selected are chosen with the intention to remain robust in use and drainage systems can lead to significant issues over time. Ponding and leaks are checked as such. can cause on-going problems for school buildings. Relatively cost effective solutions such as increased gutter sizes and falls can assist in reducing risks Failure of Construction: This again is a medium risk item for all projects. leading to major problems. Site working: The existing CDM regulations help to cover some risks associated Area and Localised floods: The project is located next to a large open space with site working conditions however are unlikely to cover temperature and is a low risk flood area – a third party report confirming this has been regulations and similar concerns due to the immediacy of the programme. received. Localised flooding on the site relating to hard standing areas may be a probable risk but impacts will be reduced by the installation of effective soakaways to the adjacent green areas.

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2.1.4 Thermal Comfort Risk overview Metabolic Heat Thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind which expresses Metabolic heat is the heat produced by the body as it carries out physical satisfaction with the thermal environment,” (ISO, 2005: p-10). Thermal comfort activity. The higher the work rate, the more heat the body produces. is affected by environmental and personal factors. The six main factors are described below. A number of risks are associated with these factors, through climate change or otherwise, which affect internal comfort in buildings. There will be an Environmental factors: increased risk of overheating when internal heat gains (caused by waste heat from equipment, lights and occupants) are higher than designed for as well as Air temperature: A common indicator of thermal comfort is indoor air when there is an increase in diffuse and direct solar radiation. Conductive heat temperature (°C). This is the temperature of the air surrounding the body. As gains may not be as anticipated if southerly glazing or curtain walling systems the external air temperature is predicted to rise as the climate changes, as have under estimated levels of insulation or excessive thermal bridging outlined in section 2.3.2, indoor air temperature was identified as a risk in through the frames. Furthermore, as external temperatures rise it becomes terms of summertime overheating. harder to provide cooling from natural ventilation alone.

Radiant temperature: The sensation of heat radiating from a surface or heat In this project, comfort in external areas was not considered a risk item. source is felt as radiant temperature. Extreme radiant temperatures and Landscaping across the site provides adequate protection and the site is near radiant asymmetry can cause discomfort. an open area with a large park.

Air velocity: This describes the speed of air moving across the body. Stagnant 2.1.5 Other Considerations air conditions may cause the internal environment to feel stuffy. Air Energy Supply: Although often excluded, this is the final medium risk item movement in cool indoor environments may be perceived as a draught, while which covers a number of areas. In many school buildings, predicted energy in warm environments, air movement can increase heat loss from the body use and actual energy use differ significantly. The risk of high energy through convection, helping the body to cool down. consumption in keeping warm due to poor construction and detailing or control in building where heat is not recovered can be underestimated. The Humidity: Humidity relates to the amount of moisture in the air. High humidity lack of control or management issues relating to electrical consumption can levels prevents the evaporation of sweat from the skin and therefore reduces also be a high risk item, potentially worsened in warmer climates through the the body’s natural ability to cool itself. use of increased plug loads and thus increased internal gains.

Personal factors:

Clothing insulation: Clothing interferes with the body’s ability to lose heat to the environment. The removal or addition of clothing allows the body to adapt to the thermal conditions.

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2.2 Integration into workflow

2.2.1 Programme The research work commenced part way through the RIBA works stages for a design and build programme which meant that recommendations had to be tailored to the existing design proposals. Figure 20.

The research team, whilst attending a number of design team meetings, were working in parallel to the project team. As with many projects, once an approval to proceed to detail stage is received, the process is extremely pressurised for all concerned to achieve the goals set out before them. This helps to highlight the need for early integration into project workflows at briefing stages. The project was nevertheless successful in re-iterating existing requirements placed upon the building delivery team and set out at the briefing stages. This led to an increased opportunity for these targets to be more robustly met.

At the time of writing this report the RIBA released the ‘Green Overlay’ which includes significant references to future climate adaptation as well as mitigation issues. This will help to ensure that these issues are at the forefront of the profession and projects from the initial stages.

Figure 20 project timeline based on RIBA stages Figure 19 RIBA Green Overlay edited by Bill Gething

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2.2.2 Cost 2.2.3 Understanding The risks were assessed alongside the potential adaptation measures list This work was about sharing an understanding of the issues within the team (Appendix 2.1), project documentation and drawing sets (Appendix 1). Items and later across the practice to help the decision making process as described more suited to earlier project stages were excluded, unless already considered in Figure 21 (from the UKCIP wizard tool report). This knowledge share was by the design team. Risk areas considered significant and indicative further expanded through in house CPDs and an online survey (results given in adaptations were then rated in terms of estimated cost and impact to help Appendix 5). The uptake of recommendations was based not only on the establish easy win, high impact items with medium to low costs as shown in climate variables, such as the modelling results using the various data sets, but Table 1. also non-climate variables (Figure 21) such as programme and cost. For this particular project, programme and cost had to be the primary drivers in the Thermal Construction HIGH COST MEDIUM COST LOW COST selection process. Water

Glass / Film technologies Max free area natural vent openings

Secure and bug-free night ventilation Building Management policies Energy efficient cooling HIGH Building fabric insulation standards Maximum temperature legislation Groundw ater cooling POTENTIAL Shading – manufactured Fixing standards – walls, roofs Minimal heating appliance design Ceiling or desk fan fans Loading from ponding IMPACT hot w ater load as design driver Low water use fittings Gutter / roof / upstand design UnderpinningTanking / tanks SUDS and soakaway design Reflective materials

Green roofs / transpiration cooling Enhanced control systems – peak lopping Heat reclaim systems Detail design for extremes – w ind / rain– 3- Interrelationship with renewables MEDIUM Grey w ater storage step Building processes-Construction Shading – planting POTENTIAL Rain w ater storage Stability Inclement w inter w eather – rain Maximising daylight with overheating Extremes – w ind / rain IMPACT Water-intensive construction processes Management policies - ecoschools Effect of extended heat / UV – Alternatives to w ater-based drainage Lateral stability – w ind loading standards

Role of w ater – landscape / pools external space – overheating relief noise and air pollution Failsafe design for extremes – w ater Built form – building to building shading LOW ceiling height Firebreaks Shading parking / transport infrastructure IMPACT OR Role of thermal mass Foundation design – subsidence / heave Lightning strikes (storm intensity) TO LATE Pools as irrigation w ater storage w ater table; contamination, buoyancy Flooding Plant selection – drought resistance Limits to development Working conditions – site accommodation vs cooling effect of transpiration Internal conditions in incomplete buildings Materials behaviour in high temperatures

Table 1 Table of indicative Cost and Impacts

Figure 21 Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making UKCIP 2003

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2.3 Thermal risks assessed UKCIP02 Climate Increase in Global Global Atmospheric CO2 Change Scenario Temperature (°C) Concentration (ppm) 2.3.1 Key factors Low Emissions 2.0 525 In terms of risk assessment, overheating was seen as one of the most Medium-Low Emissions 2.3 562 significant risks for this type of building, both in terms of prolonged warm Medium-High Emissions 3.3 715 spells as well as maximum internal temperature thresholds. This was identified High Emissions 3.9 810 both through our own practice experience of Post Occupancy Evaluations and further supported by the Westminster Academy case during the year (see Table 2 Changes in global temperature (°C) and atmospheric carbon dioxide figure 1). The nature of educational buildings is that they need to remain concentration (parts per million) for the 2080s period (2071- 2100 average) for the flexible whilst maintaining an environment conducive to learning (and without four scenarios. Carbon dioxide concentration in 2001 was about 370 ppm (UKCIP, unreasonable energy consumption). 2002a).

The research team used a ‘low emissions’ climate scenario to carry out their research. Unlike the vast majority of studies which use ‘medium-high 2.3.2 Climate Data emissions’ climate scenarios, the research team’s approach was to test the The CIBSE future weather files based on UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002 most optimistic future scenario. This approach was preferred as the research (UKCIP 2002b) data were used throughout this research to assess internal was being carried out on a live project at the detailing and procurement stage, temperatures in the naturally ventilated teaching spaces. The UKCIP02 after all major design decisions have been made. Therefore these scenarios provide predictions for changes in the climate on 50km grid cells recommendations may be more easily integrated into the design rather than across the UK. This data is provided for three incremental ‘timeslices’ seeming overly speculative and disruptive to the project cost and programme st throughout the 21 century: 2020 (2011-2040), 2050 (2041-2070) and 2080 requirements. This conservative approach was also used to communicate to (2071-2100). Furthermore, this data is split into four emissions scenarios: low, that client that should the building overheat under the ‘best case’ future medium-low, medium-high and high. The predicted global atmospheric scenario, it will overheat under all future climate predictions. concentrations of carbon dioxide and increases in global temperature by the 2080s as a result of these emissions scenarios are shown in Table 2.

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Figure 23 shows the mean annual and seasonal temperature increase across the UK throughout the 21st century as predicted by the UKCIP02 low emissions scenario.

Alternative climate predictions sources were available, most notably the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) data. The main difference being that the UKCP09 data is based on probabilistic projections and is split into 25km grid cells across the UK. Further research is needed as to how this data can be used in building design therefore the research team opted for the robust UKCIP02 data which was readily available from CIBSE.

As with all climate change predictions, the UKCIP02 have an inherent level of uncertainty attached to them. This is based, in part, on the unknown future greenhouse gas emissions and underlying science uncertainties (Jenkins, Lowe, 2003).

Figure 23 Mean temperature change with a low emissions scenario (UKCIP 2002b)

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2.3.3 Approach to modelling In order to analyse the risk of overheating in the naturally ventilated rooms, dynamic thermal modelling (DTM) was implemented using the 2.3.4 Communication of Research DTM Analysis aforementioned UCKIP02 climate data. IES (Integrated Environmental The results of the research DTM analysis showed indicatively that free area Solutions) software was used to carry out all DTM (Figure 24). had the highest impact on thermal comfort. When the free areas were reduced due to the design of the sills, as was the case during the initial stages of the research, the lack of free area could be identified as a risk.

A variety of design options were presented to the team (Figure 25) to highlight the relationship between the external façade package free area and that required for the internal acoustic transfer grills. As two separate costing packages, the design link between them in terms of building performance can often become blurred unless explicitly highlighted.

Figure 24 IES Dynamic Thermal Model of Harris Academy A comparison of the various performance parameters for the fabric at The research team agreed with the building service engineers to develop and different stages of design development were presented to the team alongside work from a ‘research’ DTM of the building to allow this work to continue in recommendations resulting from the research modelling (Table 3). parallel with contract work. After analysis of the original design under future climate scenarios within the research DTM, defined adaptations were At this stage, the product procurement process was on going with supply evaluated in the ‘contract’ DTM, which was managed by the building services chains not yet being fully agreed but individual costs being evaluated. The engineers. research team spent time investigating product options available from proposed suppliers suggested by the client at the time. The purpose of this The research DTM analysis included the risk and benefits associated with exercise was to evaluate these under the key parameters affecting thermal altering free areas, glazing g-values, internal blind specifications and internal comfort, in terms of climate change risks to be weighed up against non-climate gains. The results of the research dynamic thermal modelling studies can be change risks such as cost and programme. found in Appendix 2.2: Research DTM Analysis. Through discussions with the building services team and potential suppliers, the estimated risks associated with various product choices not meeting the requirements of BREEAM (BRE, 2010) and BB101 (2006) were shown to the team (Table 4)

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Figure 25 internal and external free area options (next page)

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EPC TOP OPENER BOTTOM OPENER BB101 Bream BREEAM RATING

Estmated Estmated NIGHT INSECT APPROX APPROX Estimated Effect on Impact on FRAME FRAME AVERAGE HINGE DAY VENT Risk of >120 Risk of >60 DESIGN SHADING DAYLIGHT ACTUATOR ANGLE VENT MESH / FREE AREA RESTRICTOR HINGE TYPE FREE AREA Risk of Days Carbon BREEAM ENE TYPE NAME U VALUE TYPE DEPTH Hours over Hours over DEPTH TYPE PER ROOM PER ROOM over 32 0C Emissions points 28 0C 28 0C

1.05 x 1855 (approx 6 units (1.05x0.210=) (1.05x0.240=) EXTENSIVE SHADING AS per class with 1x 600 LOW LOW LOW EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 210 Top Hung tbc 0.220 x 6 = tbc 240 FA GAP Mid Hung 0.252 x 6 = AS ITT REPORT AS ITT REPORT MODELLED FOR ITT openers and 1 x 600 pivot (PASS) (PASS) (PASS) 1.32m2 1.51m2 window)

1.05 x 1855 (approx 6 units (1.05x0.210=) (1.05x0.240=) BASIC SHADING AS per class with 1x 600 MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW BASIC PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 210 Top Hung tbc 0.220 x 6 = tbc 240 FA GAP Mid Hung 0.252 x 6 = AS ITT REPORT AS ITT REPORT MODELLED FOR ITT openers and 1 x 600 pivot (PASS) (PASS) (PASS) 1.32m2 1.51m2 window)

(1.56x0.210=) 50 FA GAP (1.56x0.05=) 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 2x Standard MEDIUM HIGH HIGH LIKELY PREVIOUS AS ESTIMATES EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.9 x Max 210 Top Hung No 0.327 x 4 = 120 Chain (minus 70 for Top Hung 0.078 x 4 = LIKELY INCREASE openers) Actuators (PASS) (FAIL) (FAIL) DECREASE 1.31m2 sill) 0.312m2

(1.56x0.210=) (1.56x0.120=) AS DfFCA RESEARCH 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 170Chain (tbc with LOW MEDIUM HIGH not in R+D scope not in R+D scope EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 210 Top Hung tbc 0.327 x 4 = 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = BASE MODEL openers) BC) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) 1.31m2 0.74m2

MODELLING AS DfFCA RESEARCH (1.56x0.500=) (1.56x0.120=) 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 170 Chain (tbc with LOW LOW MEDIUM not in R+D scope not in R+D scope MODELWITH ADJUSTED EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 500 Top Hung No 0.78 x 4 = 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = openers) BC) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) TOP LIGHT 3.12m2 0.74m2

AS DfFCA RESEARCH (1.56x0.210=) 170 FA GAP (1.56x0.170=) 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 RETROFIT 240+ Stay LOW LOW LOW not in R+D scope not in R+D scope MODELWITH ADJUSTED EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 210 Top Hung 0.327 x 4 = (minus 70 for Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = openers) SCREEN (tbc with BC) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) BOTTOM LIGHT 1.31m2 sill) 1.06m2

AS DfFCA RESEARCH (1.56x0.350=) 170 FA GAP (1.56x0.170=) 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 RETROFIT 240+ Stay LOW LOW LOW not in R+D scope not in R+D scope MODELWITH ADJUSTED EXTENSIVE PASS Aluminium tbc 1.6 tbc x Max 400 Top Hung 0.546 x 4 = (minus 70 for Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = openers) SCREEN (tbc with BC) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) BOTTOM LIGHT 2.18m2 sill) 1.06m2

Table 3 Comparative table of modelling and procurement options

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EPC TOP OPENER BOTTOM OPENER BB101 Bream BREEAM RATING

Estmated Estmated NIGHT INSECT APPROX APPROX Estimated Effect on Impact on FRAME FRAME AVERAGE HINGE DAY VENT Risk of >120 Risk of >60 DESIGN SHADING DAYLIGHT ACTUATOR ANGLE VENT MESH / FREE AREA RESTRICTOR HINGE TYPE FREE AREA Risk of Days Carbon BREEAM ENE TYPE NAME U VALUE TYPE DEPTH Hours over Hours over DEPTH TYPE PER ROOM PER ROOM over 32 0C Emissions points 28 0C 28 0C

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.120=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT LOW LOW MEDIUM LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 65 1.9 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170 Chain 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 0.74m2 by WD/ VZDV)

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.170=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT 240 Quadilent mid 170+ FA LOW LOW LOW LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 65 1.9 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN bar Stay GAP (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 1.06m2 by WD/ VZDV)

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.120=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT LOW LOW MEDIUM LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 60 HI 1.8 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170 Chain 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 0.74m2 by WD/ VZDV)

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.170=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT 240 Quadilent mid LOW LOW LOW LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 60 HI 1.8 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170+ FA GAP Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN bar Stay (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 1.06m2 by WD/ VZDV)

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.120=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT LOW LOW MEDIUM LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 75 SI 1.74 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170 Chain 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 0.74m2 by WD/ VZDV)

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.170=) PASS / RETROFIT 240 Quadilent mid LOW LOW LOW BALANCE ? BALANCE ? openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 75 SI 1.74 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170+ FA GAP Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = IMPROVED SCREEN bar Stay (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV (tbc by WD/ VZDV

650 openers) 2.09m2 1.06m2 PRODUCTS 1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.120=) PASS / 1 x Standard BOX LOW LOW MEDIUM BALANCE ? BALANCE ? openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 55 CL 1.69 - Max 500 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170 Chain 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = IMPROVED Actuator REQUIRED (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV (tbc by WD/ VZDV 650 openers) 2.09m2 0.74m2

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.170=) PASS / 1 x Standard BOX 240 Quadilent mid LOW LOW LOW BALANCE ? BALANCE ? openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 55 CL 1.69 - Max 500 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 170+ FA GAP Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = IMPROVED Actuator REQUIRED bar Stay (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV (tbc by WD/ VZDV 650 openers) 2.09m2 1.06m2

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.120=) PASS / RETROFIT LOW LOW MEDIUM openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 70 HI 1.65 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung 0.725 x 4 = 245 (tbc with BC) 120 FA GAP Top Hung 0.187 x 4 = AS ITT REPORT AS ITT REPORT IMPROVED SCREEN (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 0.74m2

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.465=) (1.56x0.170=) PASS / LOW LOW LOW openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Aluminium AWS 70 HI 1.65 1x Tiptronic 55 Max 465 Top Hung SCREEN 0.725 x 4 = 245 (tbc with BC) 170+ FA GAP Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = AS ITT REPORT AS ITT REPORT IMPROVED (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) (tbc by VZDV) 650 openers) 2.09m2 1.06m2

1565 x 1855 (2x 600 (1.56x0.265=) (1.56x0.170=) LIKELY PASS / RETROFIT 240 Quadilent mid LOW LOW LOW LIKELY INCREASE openers) / 1565 x 2055 (2x EXTENSIVE Composite Futura 1.8 1x Hidden - Max 265 Top Hung 0.413 x 4 = 170+ FA GAP Top Hung 0.265 x 4 = DECREASE (tbc IMPROVED SCREEN bar Stay (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc bt VZDV) (tbc by WD/ VZDV) 650 openers) 1.65m2 1.06m2 by WD/ VZDV)

Table 4 Comparative table of products and performance These were presented to the design team and are shown in here. The

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Recommendations were taken on board by the team and where no significant Under Part L (2010), teams should endeavour to meet pre-construction targets cost implications occurred, these were to be re-investigated in the contract in the post construction or as built carbon calculations rather than meet DTM (Section 3). minimum requirements as previously required. Any discrepancies can be considered as weak spots that may be exacerbated over time and under As a result of highlighting the relationship between the envelope free areas, increased thermal conditions, driving rain and wind speeds. Although not the internal transfer grille and thermal comfort, the building services required, a similar approach to the overheating report has been suggested by engineers produced a table of solutions. These solutions were applied and a the team to test the as built construction conforms with the as designed DTM analysis for every room in the proposed building showed how the design targets. met the requirements. The solutions are given in Figure 25 and the individual room results are in the Appendix 2.4.

2.3.5 Further Adjustments A study of U-values as input into the thermal model can often highlight potential disparity between modelled inputs and those built (highlighted in Figure 26). At the time of this project, a requirement in the regulations was introduced to account for this disparity post construction, depending on the demonstration of reasonable provision (Section 5.7 Quality of Construction Figure 26 example of a ‘therm’ image of door threshold and Commissioning Part L2 2010) or a confidence factor. This newly introduced requirement was later removed through an addendum.

To help mitigate the risk associated with the discrepancy between the modelled thermal fabric and the actual thermal performance, the team introduced a 10% adjustment factor as agreed with the building control officer. This was to allow for the potential uplift to calculations of linear transmittance (or non-repeating cold bridge) as originally required. These uplifts reflect the ‘confidence factor’ that the installed envelope will perform as per the design intention.

These figures are key, primarily in terms of energy usage for heating though may also impact on cooling requirements for the southerly facades. In the areas with high IT loads and cooling units, this will impact on energy usage and the resulting carbon emissions which are likely to increase to maintain comfort in a future climate.

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As explained earlier many of the water risk items are reduced as the site is not 2.4 Water Risks assessed within a flood region and the BREEAM targets (figure 27) cover some of the future climate items. 1. Energy and water The links between energy and water are becoming more evident. Water is abstracted as part of the industrial process to cool energy plants. Energy is needed to pump and treat drinking and waste water.

2. Reducing water consumption Reducing consumption helps conserve water in droughts and reduces the amount in the sewer system in extreme rainfall events. Climate change will increase the pressures on water resources.

3. An integrated management approach Integrated water management focuses on managing all the aspects of the water cycle – supply, sewage management, treatment and storm water management to achieve sustainability (environmental, social and economic).

4. Water treatment technologies Rainwater harvesting and grey water technologies are important as they can assist in sustainable water management of water.

5. Surface water management and Sustainable Drainage

6. Managing flows in water pipes The loss of water through leakage in England and Wales in 2008/9 was 2,493 mega litres per day of water put into the supply (Defra, 2009). This highlights that leakage is being reduced, but still needs to be monitored. Figure 27 extract from Southfacing’s project BREEAM report

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2.5 Construction Risks assessed

The assessment of construction risk items was on an informal review basis with the Architects, Contractors and BRE. As a later stage project, many items such as structural foundations agreement occurred earlier in the programme and therefore were not considered significant risk items. As a flat chalk site, issues related to stability are reduced.

Items such as cladding and curtain wall design levels were followed up. The indication was that designing for increased wind speed were standard practice as per guidance from the Center for Window and Cladding Technology. Material choices for the façade were an on-going issue as these are a key consideration for planning and as a cost item, the rendered final choice was primarily to achieve a cost effective solution for easy maintenance.

A significant construction aspect of the project was to achieve the required air tightness levels and ensure sheathing boards were sealed and inspected. The primary location for these concerns was with in the specification which was reviewed as part of the work.

The team worked together with the BRE to review the detail drawings to minimise thermal bridge risks and air leakage. An approach to improve the longevity of air tightness was recommended through the introduction of an air tightness membrane. This work was further supported through specification reviews ensuring key requirements for installation inspection and correct sealing of junctions were included. An example set of project detail drawings and specification comments can be found in Appendix 3.2.

Figure 28 Section through a typical window detail

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2.6 Other features significant to the One of the intentions at the early stages of the project was to carry out a day of surveys with students and pupils alike within the building to engage them strategy developed. with the research work and gauge what expectations they had of their new buildings. 2.6.1 Expectations The building is made up of a variety of buildings from different eras and in The research team were unable to carry out the full engagement work as different conditions as described in section 1. planned (primarily because the school felt thermal comfort surveys may negatively reflect on the school and the forthcoming inspectors visit). In a significantly delayed and reduced visit (2 hours), the team were able to carry out some surveys in four classrooms and with a handful of teachers. The number of participants was in the region of 40.

Although this meant the results were not statistically significant they were informative and beneficial with some relevant results can be seen here and a copy of the questions are included in Appendix 2.3: Engagement Questions. Not too surprisingly, people were generally quite poor at estimating the level of temperature in the space they were in (Figure 30 and Figure 31).

The survey also touched on a number of other items not covered here which Figure 29 F. Nicol and L. Pagliano; Allowing for thermal comfort in free-running can be found in Appendix 2.3. The survey was adjusted and expanded as an buildings in the new European Standard EN15251 online survey and sent both to the project team and the practice for comment. The results of these can be seen in Appendix 4.1 and Appendix 4.2. There is likely to be a slight variation of the expectation levels from the occupants with in the buildings (Figure 29), with the highest expectation associated with the new building.

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Figure 30 Number of degrees staff over or underestimated the temperature of the interview room Figure 32 Estimated number of hours during a day that staff use a computer.

Figure 31 Number of degrees pupils over or underestimated the temperature Figure 33 Estimated number of hours during a day that pupils use a computer. of the interview room

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2.6.2 Criteria and Assumptions Figure 31 and 32 show what the occupants (teachers and staff) estimate their hours of computer use to be. An assessment of the design assumptions were made in order to test the robustness of the current design under potential situations that may cause internal air temperatures to rise, such as increased internal gains and hampered free areas. The details and results of this analysis can be found in Section 3.5.4.

The primary model to help design for and mitigate these risks in a proactive way is set out in the BSRIA Soft Landings Framework. A number of checklists for projects are given for each stage – a later stage checklist for years 1-3 is suggested later in this report. Were possible, early engagement with potential building users prior to design completion may also help in bringing an understanding of the building’s shared responsibility and assist in meeting occupant expectations in use.

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BREEAM Hea10 requires the building to maintain internal summer 3 Adaptation Strategy temperatures that are “significantly better than the recommendations of Building Bulletin 101.” (BRE, 2010: p-98). The project overheating reports The aims of the adaptation strategy were to make detailed recommendations developed by the building services engineers adheres to there being no more to the project team to help make the building more resilient in a future than 60 hours a year where temperatures rise above 28°C in order to comply climate. The areas of adaptation covered were thermal comfort, water and with BREEAM Hea10 overheating criteria. construction. The applicability of these adaptations for future retrofit is described in section 3.2 and tables 12 and 13. (see also Appendix 3.1) The aforementioned criteria is relevant for the occupied hours 0900-1530, Monday to Friday between 1st May-30th September and uses test reference 3.1 Detailed Thermal Modelling year (TRY) climate data for London, UK.

Alternative overheating criteria is available such as that found in CIBSE Guide A 3.1.1 Overheating Criteria (2006). BB101 criteria was also under revision during this research. The building was designed to meet overheating criteria set out in Building Bulletin 101 (BB101, 2006) and BREEAM HW10 (BRE, 2010) as set out in the As discussed in section 2.3.2, UKCIP02 ‘low emissions’ scenarios were chosen project’s ‘Invitation to Tender’ documentation. In order to communicate to simulate a future climate at different timeslices. These were also test future predictions in a consistent manner to the project team and client, this reference year (equivalents) in keeping with the aforementioned overheating criteria was used to evaluate the current and adapted design in future criteria. scenarios. 3.1.2 Base Case BB101: “The performance standards for summertime overheating in The base case represents the proposed design of the academy at the initial compliance with approved document L2 for teaching and learning stages of the research work after initial studies were carried out on the areas are: ‘research’ DTM. The following assumptions (Table 5-Table 7) were used in the

build-up of the base case design and all simulations from this point forward a) There should be no more than 120 hours when the air temperature were managed by the building services engineers on the ‘contract’ DTM. in the classroom rises above 28°C

b) The average internal to external temperature difference should not A review of the average indoor air temperatures of all new build naturally exceed 5°C (i.e. the internal air temperature should be no more than ventilated rooms will be summarised along with a detailed review of the 5°C above the external air temperature on average) hottest naturally ventilated room: an east facing science lab on the 3rd floor c) The internal air temperature when the space is occupied should not (Figure 36). exceed 32°C.

In order to show that the proposed school will not suffer overheating two of these three criteria must be met.” (BB101, 2006: p-9)

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naturally ventilated room fails both the BB101 and BREEAM criteria from 2020 onwards (Table 8). Construction New Build U-value Ground Floor 0.20W/m2K Roof 0.16W/m2K External walls 0.22W/m2K Glazing 1.6W/m2K Table 5 Construction U-values

Automatic Manual High level Low level Light G-value opening opening Transmission distance distance (mm) (mm) New build 0.4 0.7 250 250 Glazing Figure 35 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally Table 6 Table of glazing system ventilated rooms in the base case

Room type Occupancy Heat Occupancy Lighting Heat Equipment Gain gain (W/m2) Heat Gain (W/person) 70 (sensible) Classrooms 30 12 400W 40 (latent) 70 (sensible) Labs 30 12 20W/m2 40 (latent) Table 7 Table of internal gains

The base case design passes both BB101 and BREEAM overheating criteria under current London TRY climate conditions (Table 8).

When the base case is simulated under 2020, 2050 and 2080 scenarios, the number of hours the indoor air temperature exceeds 28°C and 32°C increases Figure 36 Location of the hottest naturally ventilated room the further into the future the building is analysed (Figure 35). The hottest

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Number of hours Average ΔT(Indoor Maximum Pass both BB101 Climate Data Indoor Air Air Temp - External Indoor Air and BREEAM Temp>28°C Dry-bulb) (°C) Temp HW? Current 31 6.4 31.4 pass 2020 72 6.4 32.2 fail 2050 100 5.8 33.1 fail 2080 160 5.6 34.1 fail

fails BREEAM fails BB101 fails BB101 + BREEAM

Table 8 Assessment of overheating as per BB101 and BREEAM for the hottest naturally ventilated room in the base case

3.1.3 Design Adaptations Modelled The following adaptations to the base case design were applied in order to reduce the internal air temperatures. The details of each alteration to the base case model used are expressed in Table 9 and illustrated in Figure 37.

Low Level Manual High Level Adaptation Window Opening Automatic Window Thermal Mass: internal wall finish Glazing g-value Figure 37 Illustration showing adaptations Distance (mm) Opening Distance Base Case 250 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 Free Area 1 400 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 Free Area 2 400 400 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.4 Thermal Mass 250 250 18mm CETRIS Board. Density = 1450kg/m³ 0.4 G-value 250 250 12.5mm plasterboard. Density = 600kg/m³ 0.32 Combined 400 400 18mm CETRIS Board. Density = 1450kg/m³ 0.32 Alterations from the Base Case

Table 9 Design adaptations from the base case

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Free Area Increasing the free area increases the potential for external air to replace internal air at times when the external dry-bulb temperature is lower than the internal air temperature. The two alterations to the base case were to 1) increase the low level manual opening distances from 250mm to 400mm and 2) increase both the low level manual and high level automated opening distances from 250mm to 400mm

Thermal Mass Thermal mass reduces the rate at which the internal air temperature changes due to the capacity of the mass to absorb and release heat. This is beneficial during the day, as it absorbs excess heat energy in the air, as well as at night when the air temperature is relatively low, allowing the mass to lose heat to the air, storing ‘coolth’ for the following day. The thermal mass of the external Figure 38 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally walls and internal partitions can be supplemented by replacing lightweight ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations plasterboard finishes with a heavyweight board. The thermal mass of a material is related to its density and specific heat capacity.

Solar Control Glazing By reducing the glazing g-value, the amount of solar radiation transmitted through the glass is reduced. The glazing g-value was reduced by 20%, from 0.4 to 0.32.

Figure 39 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations

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All adaptations reduce the number of hours the classrooms overheat when assessed under future climate conditions (Figure 38-Figure 40), with the increased ‘free area 2’ option having the greatest benefit of all the individual adaptations. It can be seen from Table 10 that the hottest room does not pass both sets of criteria from 2020 onwards with one single adaptation strategy. However, the room does pass both sets of criteria in 2020 and 2050 when all proposed adaptations are combined. Both the ‘free area 2’ and combined adaptations pass BB101 criteria in 2080, however as the internal air temperature exceeds 28°C for more than 60 hours, they fail BREEAM criteria in 2080.

Ventilation rates needed to reduce the risk of overheating in summer have to be for an order of magnitude higher than the ventilation rates needed to maintain adequate indoor air quality during the heating season. This was

Figure 40 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally highlighted to the design team as a priority and 400mm high and low opening ventilated rooms in the base case and design adaptations distances were recommended to be incorporated into the glazing details. Thermal mass in the form of gypsum fibreboard, at a density of 1200kg/m3, 2020 2050 2080 was integrated into the internal partitions and a lowered glazing g-value of Adaptation a b c d a b c d a b c d 0.37 was also adopted in order to help reduce the number of hours of Base Case 72 6.4 32.2 fail 100 5.8 33.1 fail 160 5.6 34.1 fail overheating. The parameters of the procured items for the envelope can be Free Area 1 53 6.0 32.1 fail 88 5.4 33.1 fail 127 5.2 34.1 fail found in Appendix 3.8-3.10. Free Area 2 37 5.5 32.1 fail 66 5.0 33.1 fail 105 4.7 34.0 fail Thermal Mass 54 6.2 32.0 fail 94 5.7 33.0 fail 145 5.5 33.9 fail The building services engineers have recommended to the client that an ‘as G-value 55 6.1 32.1 fail 94 5.7 33.1 fail 139 5.4 34.0 fail procured’ Dynamic Thermal Model, which will assess’ the most recent design Combined 27 5.2 31.8 pass 55 4.8 32.8 pass 92 4.5 33.8 fail under current and future climate scenarios, be created when the Building Regulations Part L 2010 required as built energy calculation is carried out.

fails BREEAM fails BB101 fails BB101 + BREEAM Finally, it was recommended that the windows either be fully replaced or a a) Number of occupied hours indoor air temperature>28°C solar film added to the glass in 30 years. This updated glazing system could b) Average ΔT(indoor air temperature – external dry-bulb temperature) (°C) c) Maximum indoor air temperature then meet the improved g-value of 0.32 in order to move closer towards the d) Does the room pass both BB101 and BREEAM overheating criteria? combined adaptation model which passes both BB101 and BREEAM overheating criteria under 2020 and 2050 climate conditions. Details of these Table 10 Assessment of overheating as per BB101 and BREEAM for the hottest adaptations will be outlined in the following section. naturally ventilated room in the base case and various design adaptations

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A more extensive option included south facing rooms having one solid shelve, located at the top of the window and east and west facing rooms with solid 3.2 Thermal Design Adaptations vertical shading devices located at each side of the windows. The original scheme design allowed for an internal light shelf to be used to bounce light The various issues relating to thermal comfort listed below remained the focus from the external envelope into the depth of the classrooms maximising of the research study. daylight. Concerns over maintenance in use, as well as costs, resulted in these being excluded from the design. 3.2.1 Shading - manufactured: Shading has been an integral part of the scheme from the outset and was therefore not considered as an adaptation strategy. However, external shading plays a key role in reducing solar heat gains entering the buildings. From an early stage in the project, analyses was carried out to look at the potential impact of shading devices across the building. A minimum and an extensive shading design were modelled by the building service engineers leading to a combination of each being discussed throughout the procurement process.

Figure 42 sketch views of solar shading devices The building complies with the overheating criteria set up by BREEAM Hea10 and ADL2A without the need of external shading, with the exception of fully However, the external shading devices remain perforated throughout the glazed rooms of the B&E block at ground and first floor. These rooms require scheme to allow light to penetrate the shades without increasing solar gains horizontal shading devices as shown in figure 41. thus maintaining daylight levels. The shading devices, used in the model, are two solid horizontal shelves, 500mm protrusion. One shelve is located at the top of the window and the other is 0.75mm below (as procured details can be found in Appendix 3.11)

Figure 43 Loxford school perforated shades

Figure 41 sketch of revised entrance elevation

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The advice of the research team was to maintain an extensive shading solution 3.2.3 Secure, bug free and maximum ventilation throughout the building – the proposal being somewhere between the two Daytime: In terms of daytime ventilation, the main driving concern is to options. ensure that the design solutions are secure outside normal hours of use and

safe during standard hours of use – in particular with respect to the risk of Moving into a future climate, the position of the sun does not change and so in falling. A number of products are available on the market to assist in this effect solar shading strategies should not change dramatically. However, the respect, though these can become costly additional items. An option is to intensity of the sun will increase at peak times due to reduced cloud cover. apply these to upper level windows only where overheating risks will be Where overall temperatures are increased; the need to maintain shade will greatest. These should not be needed in today’s climate but may be useful clearly become more significant. The balance of retaining winter low level sun additions in the future and would be potential retrofit items prior to will also retain its importance. replacement of window systems. These would replace standard restrictor products to increase the mouth of the opening. (see Appendix 3.13 and 3.14) 3.2.2 Glass technologies / Film In this scheme visual light transmittance and g values have primarily been achieved through specification of glazing products as opposed to applied film technologies. Throughout the building, the design assumption has been to adopt a g value of 0.4 to all windows with an assumed visual light transmission of 0.7. This g values have been reduced wherever possible. Figure 44 Examples of extended openers

The research recommendations were to achieve a g value of 0.32, whereas the Other options that can be investigated in the future are to review hinge procured items achieve a g value of 0.37 (see Appendix 3.10 and 3.09) which is systems used on cladding replacements. Sliding hinge systems can often an improvement on the original value of 0.4. A film product is usually applied improve the free area of given openings by introducing flow to the top and to the inside face of the glazing and can achieve g values as low as 0.25 though bottom of the unit – helping with single sided ventilation. this is likely to impact on internal daylight levels.

In the entrance area, the trademark tinted yellow look is achieved through film applied to internal entrance partitions rather than to the external curtain walling. However, moving towards a future adaptation plan, there may be options to look at film applied retrofit solutions to reduce g values if this is required prior to lifecycle replacement of curtain wall envelope systems (see section 3.6).

Figure 45 Example of a Sliding Hinge Window

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Insect mesh products can assist in reducing the impacts on security systems Nightime: Night ventilation systems rely on fitted actuators which can either and increase robustness under future temperature increases. These were be integral to the window system or face fitted (which if used will have an investigated during the procurement stages of the project, though not impact on the type of insect mesh that can be fitted). incorporated for budgetary reasons (further information on sample products can be found in Appendix 3.12).

Figure 47 Example gauges of insect mesh products

Figure 46 Example face fixed actuators and hidden actuators Hidden window actuators were recommended to allow screens to be easily Night ventilation actuators will often be linked to Building Management fitted to the opening vents in the future without boxing out which may impact Systems. Care may need to be taken to ensure voltage ratings are matched as on planning permissions (see Appendix 3.15). these can affect these links. 3.2.4 Interrelationship with ceiling height: Any ventilation should be designed with thought and consideration for the The floor to floor heights remain relatively generous despite the reduction in school security regimes. In many Post Occupancy Studies, it can be found that height of the building as a result of planning considerations. The u/s of slab night cooling systems are often not used as intended as they are at odds with distance being 3750mm which is significantly over the minimum requirements. the schools security and alarm systems – setting off motion detectors in the This allows a greater buffer zone for hot air in summer months, giving greater wind (free areas calculated by the selected supplier for the procured items are flexibility for the space to deal with environmental changes such as increased given in Appendix 3.8). moisture, smells and temperature. This also allows for the possibility in terms of space planning to introduce low carbon plant and mechanical cooling in the A key aspect of this will be to ensure Soft Landings forms a strong part of the future if and when required. handover process for the building and into the first years of occupation. At the ITT stage, the main contractor for this building, who is also a member of the Soft Landings User group, has signed up to carry out a soft landings approach to handover. This will help to highlight and tackle any user control issues that arise early in occupation.

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Two particular products were investigated – one being a dense gypsum fibre board and the second being a cementitious board. Rigidur, the first of the two has a density of 1200kg/m3 and the second Cetris a density of 1600 kg/m3 ( 3.2.5 Role of thermal mass in a warmer climate The approach to the design, and on the advice of guidance, has been to Figure 48). maintain exposed soffits and thus an in situ concrete frame is often the most cost effective methodology for this. As a building, the soffits will remain exposed, as too will columns and any structural walls helping to increase internal thermal mass and reduce diurnal temperature swings.

This approach, to introduce the majority of thermal mass above head height, links in closely with the position of automatic opening vents and the night cooling strategy of the building. As a naturally ventilated building, the flop of air will pass over the heavy mass internal surfaces helping to maximise the benefits from the dense materials. The external envelope and internal partitions can remain light weight, or better still, be constructed on heavier materials – adding to the overall thermal capacity of the building. Figure 48 Rigidur (left), Cetris (right)

3.2.6 Enhancing thermal mass in lightweight construction Appendix 3.16 and 3.17 include data sheets for the two products (although specific heat capacity is not given, the density of each product gives an The team have investigated increasing the levels of thermal mass through the indication of its likely ability to retain heat or coolth over an elongated period adaptation of internal finishes applied to internal walls and furnishings. Initial of time). investigations looked at research schools investigating phase change materials, normally placed at ceiling level, being placed within furnishings. The reason for The focus was made to look at the internal finish of the external envelope to this being that with the relatively quick turnaround of internal furniture (5-10 see how cost effective products might be used to assist with an increased level years), this could be a relatively simple retrofit measure. of internal mass.

The issue currently is one of cost, however problems also exist with placing The added benefit of increased mass finishes over standard gypsum mass too close to occupants which may result in discomfort. Thermal mass plasterboard is their hard-wearing characteristics, particularly relevant in should ideally be a certain distance from occupants to ensure temperature school buildings such as the Harris Academy. differentials are not to noticeable.

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3.3 Water Design Adaptations

3.3.1 Run-off water management 3.3.2 Water use management The BS EN 12056-3: 2000 requires a maximum area drained for one outlet at a This was not a significant aspect of the project reviews, as explained earlier. rainfall intensity of 0.054 l/s/m2. This resulted in the specification of 100mm As required by BREEAM, restrictor taps will be specified as well as water down pipe. The team increased this to Category 2 Rainfall which allows for a meters, major leak detection and sanitary shut off. 30% increase of rainfall that we are designing to in terms of future climate change for the building roof areas (Figure 49) 150mm pipes were specified as It has been proposed that a water harvesting system might be installed in 10 an uplifted enhancement as this was a minimal cost item (see Appendix 3.5) years to supply rainwater sufficient for 15 cisterns.

Further details can be seen in the costs section of this report.

Figure 49 Roof layout for rain fall calculations

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3.4 Construction Design Adaptations:

3.4.1 External cladding systems To avoid fixings and penetrations into the roof scape, the team looked to weigh down PV systems with ballasts where uplifts in future, due to increased wind speeds, may occur. An external consultant continues to work on confirming details, including ballast size for the PV systems to ensure longevity. Further details can be found in Appendix 3.18.

In terms of longevity of an air tight envelope, the team recommended a membrane throughout. Cost concerns led to a review of this and on advice this Figure 50 Early head detail has been removed and the line moved outward to the sheathing board for the construction. The inclusion of a clear specification for sealant between boards and external insulation has been key to this. The insulation system changed from a carrier system (Figure 50) to a face fix and glued system (Figure 51). The scheme includes the use of membrane sections at crucial or complex junctions.

We have recommended there be a final review of the systems installed once the building is complete. This would help inform the work required to be carried out by the engineers as the procured Part L calculation required for building regulations. An ‘as procured’ dynamic thermal model can sit alongside this to show the actual impact on thermal performance. This has been recommended to the client once the building is complete. The replacement cycles for key construction elements, as included in the Invitation to Tender document, can be found in Appendix 3.20. Figure 51 Later head detail

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3.5 Management Adaptations 3.5.2 Yearly Thermal cycles 3.5.1 Timescales In order to gain a better understanding of the annual and daily temperature This study helps to illustrate that management issues on a daily, weekly and profile within the hottest naturally ventilated room (an east facing 3rd floor yearly cycles have as significant an impact on performance in changing science lab), the internal and external dry-bulb temperatures were plotted for climates as in longer cycles affected by future climate. Longevity and conditions in the current climate, 2020, 2050 and 2080. effectiveness of initial installations and their likely replacement will also be significantly affected by occupant behaviour and understanding related to Figure 52 and Figure 53 look at the average and peak daily internal and external maintenance, particularly in schools. temperatures respectively over a summer for a test reference year (TRY). On 7 occasions in the year, according to the peak graph, internal temperatures will Any assessment of future climate should be studied with this backdrop in peak over 30 degrees, increasing by a few degrees depending on the selected mind, in particular the need to balance management routines and occupant ‘timeslice’. These peaks occur during the summer unoccupied months when expectations with actual retrofit installations. The triggers for investment of the students are on summer breaks. However, we can see that in May, an capital expense as well as investments of occupants time will vary depending occupied month, the peak remains below 30 degrees but will rise near this on the approach adopted and the timescales considered relevant. Tables 12 level under future climate conditions. and 13 in the next section add ‘management’ to the standard adaption headings of ‘thermal, construction and water adaptations’ assessing these over likely lifecycle periods.

These periods highlight replacement or refurbishment dates for key items that occur naturally over a buildings lifecycle (see also Appendix 3.20). The key here is to link management cycles related to training, regulation updates etc with these likely physical changes.

The following sections discuss different ways to look at data to help highlight how overheating issues may solved more often than not with management changes and time investment before the need for retrofit installations and capital investment.

Figure 52 Daily Average Temperature Graph. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room

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have called management solutions. Can the school review daily management routines to help mitigate risk areas? Can the school look at changes over the years timetabling to ensure rooms are not used during these times or even finish earlier?

In many cases it may well be impractical to incorporate such changes as the school needs to remain as flexible as possible to consider its changing needs. However, it is becoming clear that single design solutions will become increasingly less tenable as temperatures increase. The net result will be a resurgence of an energy hungry air conditioned built environment. However, as was shown in the earlier DTM exercises, the most cost effective solutions will be combined interventions. So management solutions combined with thoughtful design may be a suitable way forward.

Figure 53 Daily Peak Temperatures Graph. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room

3.5.3 Daily Thermal cycles When studying dynamic thermal modelling on a daily basis it may be possible to look at different types of adaptation measures as the most economic and practical ones. Figure 54 - Figure 58 take individual peak days for each of these months to show when a temperature rise occurs during each day for the hottest naturally ventilated room in the school. It can be clearly seen that these events tend to occur toward the end of the day and more often than not within the last hour or half hour. Moving into a future climate, these periods will be longer and include the fully occupied May school month.

3.5.4 Management solutions

Solutions that may not be directly related to the building design can be the Figure 54 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in May. Internal Air most effective. Or in another light, why pay for significant design adaptations if temperatures are for the Hottest Room this is only to mitigate temperatures for a short period during a day? These we

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Figure 55 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in June. Internal Air Figure 57 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in August. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room temperatures are for the Hottest Room

Figure 56 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in July. Internal Air Figure 58 Daily Temperature Profile for the hottest weekday in September. Internal Air temperatures are for the Hottest Room temperatures are for the Hottest Room

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An assessment of the design assumptions were made in order to test the During the survey work carried out in the school, the team incorporated a robustness of the current design under potential situations that may cause question on the subject of adaptations, combining design and management internal air temperatures to rise, such as increased internal gains and solutions to see how the users might react to these intervention ideas. This hampered night ventilation as discussed in section 3.3.4 and 3.6.2. In order to shows how different solutions fared from the staff and students perspective. carry out this analysis, various assumptions to the base case were altered.

The night ventilation strategy relies on the assumption that the high level automated openings will be always free from obstructions, such as lowered internal blinds. To model this level of unpredictability, the available free area for night ventilation was restricted to 50% of the designed area during unoccupied hours, when the building management system (BMS) operates its night ventilation strategy.

BB101 overheating criteria require the building to be tested under average weather conditions: test reference year (TRY) climate data. In order to assess the effect on indoor air temperatures during a hot summer in the current Figure 59 Future overheating adaptations scenarios; staff view climate, the base case was modelled under design summer year (DSY) conditions.

Finally, the current assumption is that the pupils will not operate personal laptops within each naturally ventilated teaching space. In order to simulate the impact of personal laptop usage with these spaces, various numbers of laptops were included in the equipment heat gain assumptions, with a contribution of 130W extra heat gain per computer.

The results of the study (Figure 61) show that the duration in which the indoor air temperature exceeds comfortable levels increases in each alteration.

Figure 60 Future overheating adaptation scenario; pupils view 3.5.5 Uncertainties

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3.5.6 Long term management

Some of these issues relating to use and management should be picked up by the Soft Landings framework (to which this project is signed up) within the period after occupation. The operations and maintenance manual will become a key document for the building user and management team through its life and should incorporate many useful tips for the smooth running of the buildings.

1. Building Services Information 2. Emergency Information 3. Energy & Environmental Strategy 4. Water Use 5. Transport Facilities Figure 61 Graph showing the average temperature hours in range for all naturally ventilated rooms in the base case and altered assumptions 6. Materials & Waste Policy 7. Re-fit/Re-arrangement Considerations This analysis highlights the impact that uncertainties and occupant behaviour 8. Reporting Provision can have on the duration of high internal temperatures. This suggests the need 9. Training to simulate different sources of risk, including a future climate, in order to 10. Links & References design robust buildings. Client and end user involvement in addressing these 11. Building Log Book risks is therefore one of the key recommendations of this report. A reduced version or simplified ‘Building User Guide’ will be provided in A balance between design and management of buildings will help address accordance with BREEAM. This document contains the necessary details about resilience in future climates whilst maintaining current targets to mitigate any the everyday operation of the development, in a form that is easy for the further changes by unnecessary carbon emissions. To communicate this, a intended users to understand. This is to ensure that end users understand the range of informative posters can be displayed in each classroom (Appendix philosophy of not only the mechanical and electrical systems, but also the 5.2). The posters will include advice on keeping cool and information on how passive design features and use them in the way the design intended. to effectively manage the natural ventilation and night cooling strategy of their classroom. Coupled with links to the curriculum on future climate change and outside activities such as eco-schools, this could provide and effective engagement, management and improvement programme.

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This information should be passed on to the personnel making management Figure 62 is a headline document that might sit with the Soft Landings decisions, so that implications of such decisions on the management of the framework becoming a self-managed legacy document or 10 year repeat plan building is known. For example, this User Guide will explain how to avoid to help the building and its users manage themselves in a changing climate energy inefficient practices such as not opening all windows when the comfort with increasing pressure. Below is an example of what a BSRIA Soft Landings cooling is being used in ICT rich spaces or ensuring blinds remain up at the end style checklist for a 10 year check might contain. of the day to maximise night ventilation. This kind of document may be developed as a building specific addition with Thermal comfort should be covered in the environmental strategy for the reference to already available UKCIP adaptation tools discussed earlier. building. Finally, as the project progresses after its Soft landings period, the building and its team will often be managing it unaided. The research team An extract of the Invitation to Tender, including handover references to the have investigated whether there would be an opportunity, considering the Soft Landings Framework, can be found in Appendix 3.19. changing needs likely to be demanded in a future climate and over the longer term , for rolling document or legacy plan.

Figure 62 Example of what a Stage 6 Soft Landings 10 year legacy worksheet might look like

Stage Action Purpose Initiator Participants Scope of Duties Notes

To assess any changes in use Building 1 and management, numbers of management Building managers discussion of how the buildings use Building management survey occupants, opening hours etc. team and owners Interviews with building managers may have changed highlight any new or historical Building 2 building user issues in management Building managers Building User Survey particular thermal comfort team and Occupants complete and collect questionnaires can be standard BUS forms of other assess pattern of energy use Building Building team to review log book from 3 over prolonged period along management management and previous 10 years use and highlight Review energy log and records Reviewwith external maintenance climate regime team maintenance teams any patterns where documentation available so far, match replacement Building Building 4 Maintenance and replacement with lifecycle and maximise management management and team to review condition of review of systems cost benefits team maintenance teams equipment in light of use patterns link to O+M where available Building Contractors, to record and highlight issues 5 to assess condition of building management management and alongside prior to lifecycle Walkabout survey and tests in relation to use team maintenance teams replacement dates photographs etc. Building Contractors, review, design documents, ideal is develop a joined up 7 Opportunities for improvement to link routine maintenance management management and conditions and investigate recomissioning plan based on issues with upgrades with recomissioning issues team maintenance teams refurbishment / upgrade plan. highlighted

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• Internal walls: plasterboard partitions using Rigidur board. Subject to 3.6 Cost Benefit the avoidance of intentional, malicious damage to internal walls, plasterboard partitions have a life cycle equivalent to lightweight 3.6.1 Typical Cycles blockwork. Redecoration (including surface filling/patching) undertaken As explained, the key focus of this work has been to look at cost effective and on a 7 year cycle. ideally cost neutral adaptations, with recommendations for the existing design to be tested within the contract dynamic thermal model. Where adaptations • Internal floor finishes: selected to be durable and hardwearing. Non- could not be incorporated within the current project, design opportunities for specialist floor surfaces will only require replacement after 15 years. later stage incorporation were investigated. Table 14 and 15 highlights these opportunities under future scenarios and Appendix 4.1 lists detail descriptions • Ceilings: large areas of structural soffit remain of options adopted and opportunities for further changes to be made. The life exposed, requiring no maintenance or replacement over the life of the span of building elements as agreed with in the original brief were considered building. If exposed soffits are painted (and this is an aesthetic alongside adaptations in terms of maintenance, repair and replacement consideration only), normal redecoration cycles apply. regimes as, can be seen in definitions adopted within the Invitation to Tender. • Fixtures, fittings and equipment will be selected in conjunction with ‘Life Cycle’ Harris Federation and will be of a standard appropriate to the Materials and components have been selected to minimise life cycle environment in which they are being used. Lifecycle varies depending repair/replacement costs in the early years of the buildings life, and to upon the equipment/component. Seating to carry a 10 year warranty optimise life cycle costs over its entire life. Our strategy is predicated on and furniture to last a minimum of 15 years. the following selections: • External materials: roads, footpaths and hard standings are a • Envelope materials: brickwork (minimal repair/replacement cost over combination of tarmac, block paving and concrete flag paving. building life). Maintenance is minimal and repairs/replacement are subject to wear and frost damage. Major repair/replacement unlikely before 20 years. • Envelope materials: proprietary metal cladding – 30+ years lifecycle. • All-weather playing surface: with regular maintenance projected • Envelope materials: acrylic render – 20 year lifecycle, after which lifecycle between 10-15 years. surface requires repair rather than replacement. Extract from ITT

• Roof coverings: inverted roof utilising reinforced bitumen membrane – Further description of lifecycle periods can be found in Appendix 3.20. As a maximum protection from both impact and UV damage to a product project aiming to achieve maximum value to the client and building users, the with a 20 year lifecycle. project specific costs were not finalised until the final and revised issue of this report.

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3.6.2 Typical Classroom

Figure 63 typical classroom view

Figure 64 Typical windows with horizontal louvers

Figure 65 Typical windows with vertical louver and section

Figure 66 Typical plan

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3.6.3 Typical Costs The nature of the procurement route and client / research team relationship Table 11 shows indicatively how cost would increase with the incorporation of meant project specific costs were commercially sensitive and so it was not the various items modelled during the earlier sections of this report. possible to share these for the purpose of this study. In lieu of these project Interestingly, the costs of the items are not directly related to their specific costs, the research team sought capital cost comparisons from and effectiveness as adaptation measures. independent quantities team (see 7.4.5 Appendix 4) as well as direct from product suppliers (7.4.6 Appendix 4) for a typical classroom. The typical In particular, increasing the free area of upper vents may result in a cost saving classroom is described in figures 63-66 on the previous page – these describe due to the nature of hidden versus face fixed actuators. Although care needs the elements relating to the adaptations modelled per classroom. to be taken to consider long term performance and how this may also impact

on the cost and appearance of any future insect mesh installation. Increasing In reality, it was not possible to provide a shopping list approach with various free area to the bottom of the unit is possible but we see the extended upgrades, due to the interdependent nature of the various items. For example, openers being almost 3x the price of standard openers – whilst introducing a one provider was unable to provide a window with a U value of 1.4 or 1.6 that third opening light to the mid pane would be 4x the price of the extended could also be used with the actuator and chain systems – the choice was 1.5 or openers (or 12x the price of the standard restrictor). 1.8. Other items such as the width of opening mouth that some actuators provide, varies from product to product and is often not directly cost related. However, as the earlier risk investigations highlighted, the free area achieved For example, some face fixed cheaper actuators could provide the greatest with a 100mm restrictor is very dependent on the detail and may result in less free area, though being face fixed, these would lead to greater expense on than 50% of that being actual ventilation free area. In moving from a 0.4 g insect mesh products due to boxing out around actuators. value to a 0.32 g value, the indicative rate increase is around 5% on the capital

cost of the unit whilst a U value increase of around 0.1 W/m2K would be So although this gives some indication of various cost items, a variety of around 10%. The adjustment to the thermal mass is an increase from the project specific factors and interrelated costs needs to be considered. Both standard but moving from heavier weight gypsum fibreboard to cement board figures are likely to vary in reality from project to project and part of the may be a saving – although there may be installation issues. reason for delaying procurement of specific products on projects is to maximise competitive advantages gained between manufacturers’ prices. If we were to assume the combined measures on the window units, based on

maintaining a hidden actuator (due to the impact boxing of insect mesh may

have on planning issues) and providing a mid-pane opener, as an alternative,

the capital cost increase for each window would be from approximately

£10,000 to £16-17,000.

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A reduced version, not using the hidden actuator and retaining the fixed mid pane, may bring this cost down by around £2,000 – still seeing an increase of 40-50%. The increase in thermal mass will increase finish costs by around 50% although this may be less where design standards require more robust finishes than single sheet plaster board.

Table 11 Indicative Costs for a typical classroom

INDICATIVE COSTS WINDOW TYPE INDICATIVE DESCRIPTIONS 1 metal frame window U value 1.6 G value 0.4 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £9,676 3 metal frame window U value 1.6 G value 0.32 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £10,160 4 metal frame window U value 1.5 G value 0.4 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £10,668 5 metal frame window U value 1.5 G value 0.32 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £10,973 8 metal frame window U value 1.4 G value 0.4 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £10,160 5 metal frame window U value 1.4 G value 0.32 4 x top openers with hidden actuators linked to BMS undefined opening depth 4 x manual bottom openers see below for restrictor details fixed mid pane £11,201 ACTUATORS TO WINDOWS 1 4 no. Face fixed actuators ( only suitable for certain frame sizes approx 1.5 U) £987 2 4 no. Hidden actuators ( only suitable for certain frame types approx 1.45 - 1.5 U) £1,640 ADDITIONAL OPENER TO WINDOWS 1 4 no. mid pane openers introduced with Extended Folding Opener with link bar (restricted to 315mm) Per Vent £1,200 RESTRICTORS TO WINDOWS 1 4 no. Standard 100mm opening depth restrictors £82 2 4 no. Standard folding opener with link bar at 150mm opening depth (only suitable for thick frame types) £202 2 4 no. Extened folding openers with mid bars and 315mm opening depth restrictors (only suitable for thick frame types) £300 INSECT MESH TO WINDOWS 1 Insect mesh suitable for hidden actuators to all top opening windows £1,180 2 Insect mesh suitable for chain actuators to all top opening windows £1,770 INTERNAL BLINDS TO WINDOWS 1 Full height internal roller blind fixed to window head. 0.6 shading coefficient. Sizing and number of blinds to suit overall window width. £3,540 2 Light shelf fixed below top opener with internal roller blind fixed beneath. 0.3 shading coefficient. Sizing and number of blinds to suit overall window width. £4,130 TRANSFER GRILLS TO INTERNAL WALLS 1 Acoustic attenuated transfer grills for internal classroom walls to achieve 0.8 free area.Assume fire rated £1,475 2 Acoustic attenuated transfer grills for internal classroom walls to achieve 0.64 free area. Assume fire rated £1,475 3 Acoustic attenuated transfer grills for internal classroom walls to achieve 0.54 free area. Assume fire rated £1,475 INTERNAL WALL FINISH 1 layers 12.5mm plasterboard and paint finish £4,720 2 layer 12.5mm Rigidur and paint finish £16,000 3 layer 12.5mm Cetris cement board and paint finish £12,000

FUTURE RETROFIT OPTIONS INVESTIGATED 1 Classroom Stand alone CO2 sensor & display. Add an additional £ 700 to link to BMS £590 3 Air Conditioning. Individual wall mounted split unit to meet cooling demands of classroom. 5kW unit. no link to BMS - locally controlled £8,260 4 4 x 24 V ceiling fans, electrical connection to mains power and fixings. Based on £ 150 / fan plus allowance for power supplies, assume manual control £1,475 5 4 x 12 V ceiling fans, direct electrical connection to stand alone Photovoltaic system and fixings. Based on f £ 150 / fan plus allowance for individual PV array, assumed at 2m2 £2,950

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3.6.4 Procured adaptations, impacts and benefits The tables 12 and 13 below also highlight the benefits that of these options and any opportunities for further improvements in the future. Thermal The table in Appendix 2.1 lists the adaptation options investigated at the adaptations have had the highest number of items investigated and adopted, outset of the project. This list developed into the table of rated measures with less for construction and water, whilst the team added management as a given in Appendix 3.1. The table below has been extracted from these tables, fourth list of items considered significant in future scenarios. with columns added to highlight which items have been adopted fully and which have been adopted in part – with an indication of any cost impact. Table 12: Thermal Adaptations - as Procured CLIMATE NON-CLIMATE Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Comfort: Keeping cool – building Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e High risk for a naturally vented building with no cooling. Original design proposed two no real benefit in increasing shading in the future unless options; minimum shading and extensive shading current design incorporates somewhere Shading – manufactured High Medium Medium Medium minimum level is provided in which can extensive could be yes (awaiting costs) etween the two.Shading was assumed for the future climate work and thus not adjusted as added. Standard level reduces heat gains significantly. it has a significant impact. Comments made to original CP drawings .

Shading – building form High n/a n/a suitable for early stage work as integral to design none simple solution to reduce gains yes n/a Considered an easy win as cost difference may be minimal. Standard technology being used to significant impact on gains. G value could be increaed in 25 Glass technologies High Low Medium achieve performance. VLT 0.7 g-value 0.4. Research recommendations to increase this 0.32 Medium yes cost neutral years with the end of the cladinng life cycle and full replacement current design in region of 0.37 Light coloured materials specified for reflection can impact on programe where with regards to Reflective materials Low Low Medium Low maintenance regime to re paint retain reflectance yes cost neutral planning considerations.

Recommendation to install insect mesh to opening vents to prevent vermin and insects at Benefits need to be confirmed to locality and may not be approx cost neutral night impacting school security regime. Recommedned using hidden actuators to make ventilation Secure and bug-free night ventilation High Medium Medium Medium seen for sometime. Ventilation is key to the reductions of part retroft installation easier. Note risk of blinds remaining down at night to be included in approx £1.20 per overheating. Soft Landings through poster design. m2 insect mesh .

F2F heights was an issue at planning stage in terms of resulting building heights. Depth Increases potential for internal volume to buffer swings in nominal increase in Interrelationship with ceiling height Medium Low Low reduced slightly though still generous at 3250 to u/s slab to assit with thermal strategy. Medium temperature and internal conditions. Also allows space for yes overal rates Recommend dowmnstand to allow for future retrofit cooling if required easy installation of retrofit.

exposed concrete soffits and columns throughout the building to meet with natural Often a cost saving item as concrete frame is a cost Role of thermal mass in a warmer climate Medium Medium Medium Key yes n/a vented and cooled design strategy. effective construction method. Potential to introduce board as a retrofit measure in future Initial proposal to uise platerboard thoughout at 600 kg/m3 density. Proposal to used 70% increase from Enhancing thermal mass in lightweight construction Medium Medium Low Key with refurbished interior. Also supports robustness yes 2 layers p/b to cement board at 1600kg/m3 density or gypsum fibre board at 1200 kg/m3 requirements. rigidur n/a Review of requirements included in work alll modelling adjustments and future scenarios no change : At the time of writing the report existing temperature tested on the same basis as current model (BB101 and BREEAM) In particular testing 1 modelling / 0.5 guidance for school was being reviewed and revised. The prolonged periods of warn tempoeratures ( over 28 degrees ) and risks of high engineering man- Maximum temperature legislation High Medium Low Key research team investigated the potential impact various yes days. temperatures ( over 30 degrees). 'During working hours, the temperature in all alternatives including adaptive comfort migth have. This is Design change : workplaces inside buildings shall be reasonable' assumed definition is between 13oC and likely to continue to change into the future. 3 modelling / 30oC. 1.5 engineering / revising man-day. CLIMATE NON-CLIMATE Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Comfort: Keeping warm Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e

n/a no change : An improvement on building regs mimimum limiting U values to meet reduction in CO2 1 modelling / 0.5 Relatively simple solutions with minimal capital cost emissions for Part L 2010. At the start of they research project 25% or 50% to linear engineering man- Building fabric insulation standards Medium Medium Medium Medium differences. Some time outlay for increased accuracy in yes days. bridge factors was proposed, this was later repealled by DCLG. Team agree an allowance calculations. Design change : for thermal bridging within the modelling agreed on by the Building Control officer. 3 modelling / 1.5 engineering / revising man-day.

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CLIMATE NON-CLIMATE Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Constructrion Fixings / weatherproofing Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e ballast cost minimal approx 3 man-days Fixing standards – walls, roofs Low Medium Medium Sundry items investigated: such as ballast to PV supports Medium reduced risk of leakage through minimised penatrations ipart site inspection approx 5 man-days review s approx 3 man-days site inspection Detail design for extremes – wind – 3-step approach Low Medium Medium recommended air membrane, inspection and sealed sheathing boards Low Improved longevity of detailing and risks of failure part approx 5 man-days review s membrane excluded due to cost inc. recommended air membrane and sealed sheathing boards, fixings to insulation. Details and Installaton care improves longevity and reduces need for Approx 10K Detail design for extremes – rain – thresholds / joints Low Medium Medium Medium part specs reviewed replacement and maintenance can help reduce running cots labour allow ance for review s and site inspection Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Constructrion - Materials behaviour Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e

approx 3 man-days Effect of extended heat / UV – drying out, shrinkage, expansion, Visual benefits of school image aswell s maintenece issue for site inspection Medium Medium Low Fixing details and specs reviewed, longevity in performance Low part de-lamination, softening, reflection, admittance, colour fastness school running ocsts approx 5 man-days review s

approx 3 man-days Performance in extremes – wind – air tightness, strength, recommended air membrane and sealed sheathing boards. Details and specs reviewed. BRE winter running cosrts reduced through reduced heat lloss little site inspection Medium Medium Medium Low part suction / pressure also checking for air tightness. opportunity for future retrofit approx 5 man-days review s

Performance in extremes – rain Medium Medium Medium increased gutter sizes Low redcues risks of damage. part cost neutral

CLIMATE NON-CLIMATE Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Water conservation Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e reduction in water consumption reducing school running Low water use fittings Medium Low Medium Low water use fittings specified as part of BREEAM targetted points Low yes marginal 5% costs improve with maintenance cycle Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Drainage – external / building related Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e reduction in capital costs of drainage systems, waste SUDS and soakaway design Low Medium Low included within scheme design and part of BREEAM Mediuim yes 10% inc connections and risks of localised flooding. Longevity improved with reduced weathering issues and Gutter / roof / upstand design Low Low Low 30% uplift to run-of allowed for in design Low yes neutral waterproofing requirements. CLIMATE NON-CLIMATE Risk to Likely Risk Programm Cost Risk DESIGN ADAPTATIONS ADOPTED Building management Impact BENEFITS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Procured Cost Impact e

cost t in time Medium review handover, early occupation and in use eductation for thermal comfort. Soft post occupany, one year performance review and ongoing Operation High zero High part allowance for (operation) Landings approach. tarining Soft Landings legacy. building occupants

cost t in time Medium Internal Gains High zero Review IT requirements and management systems High Ongoing review if IT systems and links to FM part allowance for (operation) building occupants

cost t in time Medium Use of building log book to record and manage waste, Consumption High zero Ensure building log book is in place and monitoring equipment is commissioned correctly High part allowance for (operation) water, elecricity and gas consumption. building occupants publicity campaigns for pupils to drink water curriculum cost t in time Activity Medium Medium Low Engage with school users through design process wherever possible. Key part allowance for activities building occupants

cost t in time Maintenance Medium Medium Low Complete whole life building assessments for O+M information Key regular building checks and repairs regime part allowance for building occupants

Table 13: Construction, Water and Building Management Adaptations - as Procured

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3.6.5 Future lifecycle forecasts

These measures, it is suggested, would be investigated in 20 or 30 years time Table 14 describes these thermal adaptation measures in the context of the and although some costs are given, clearly these will significantly change in various parts of the building relative to their life cycle. Items described through this time as the technology becomes available. A similar approach has been this report are listed under the current scenario and at later stages where taken to the items listed in table 13, considering construction, water and introduction may be feasible, such as when cladding is replaced. Later stage management issues. In particular, management issues will have an on-going items not covered in the original design adaptations, such as internal fans, relevance to all other items from handover on. solar cooling and PCM are also mentioned.

TIMESCALE CURRENT 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 1955 BLOCK interior refurbished interior refurbished (major refurbishment / replacement) interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced (windows / roof replaced ) (windows / roof replaced ) 2002 BLOCK interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced windows / roof replaced exterior refurbished windows / roof replaced exterior refurbished 2007 BLOCK majour refurbishment interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced 2012 BLOCK New Build interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced External cladding and glazing replaced Render and roof covering requires surface repair exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced

Designing for comfort Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Increased daytime ventilaltion Installation of extended restrictors approx £500 Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase Internal ceiling fans DC £150 per unit investigate solar extract to per unit increased free area window cost approx Coupled with 50 4 per class. stack Increased night time cooling. increased actuated openings minimal Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase increased free area window cost Increased thermal mass Concrete and lining board density 50% inc' to PCM to interior furniture tbc PCM to interior furniture PCM to interior furniture boards Reduce solar exposure improve design G value to .32 5% to initial option to add internal film £30 m2 increase shades if Cladding replacement and 5% increase glazing at approx to achieve g (todays prices) appropriate external upgrade incresaing G value to window value of 0.32 or 0.25 planting refurbish patch and repaint labour and refurbish patch and repaint labour and Reflective materials selected materials materials insect screens retrofit If required retrofit If required £10 per m2 cooling Green roof retrofit to app £150m2. increase in individual units £8000 per solar cooling systems ? refurbished block or look at cooling systems units (todays Keeping cool - building design price) Reduce direct solar exposure Landscaping and pergolas to parking , water Keeping cool - external spaces courtyard design and PV covering roof. community ffacility features etc Reducing losses thermal bridging allowance included. replace heat source fabric Keeping warm Artightness improved. interior drafts filled performance upgrade

Construction Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Structural stability - below Standard subsoil checks to chalk ground. Tableground 14 Designing for comfort considering future adaptations and maintenance cycles. Wind loading standard as per design Full site inspection Full site inspection Full site inspection Structural stability - above and manufacturers requirements reviewing structural integrity reviewing structural integrity reviewing structural integrity ground of systems . of systems . of systems . warranties gathered and tested re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external external façade as fabric to meet future fabric to meet future re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future Weatherproofing / fixings required. standards. standards. external façade as required. standards. Systems reviewed weathering seals and re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external cladding. external façade as fabric to meet future fabric to meet future re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future JanuaryMaterials 2012 required. standards. standards. external façade as required. standards. 68 Managing water Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs £30,000 for Irrigation systems, Water supplies with rainwater full on site water recycling shut off, leak detection, meters , Low reuse per 15 systems powered by Water conservation santitary fittings water use systems to meet BREEAM . WCs. renewables. internal / external drain design All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected Drainage SUDS and 30% increase to RWPs green roof see above cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused Landscape ecologicl improvement grey water irrigation systsmes £5,000 draught resistant plants

Operation review handover, early occupation and Soft Landings log book and maintenance post occupany tarining and in use review Building Management eductation for thermal comfort Internal Gains Review IT requirements and internal Review IT requirements Review IT requirements and Review IT requirements and management systems and management systems management systems management systems

Consumption Use of building log book to record and internal Targets set and achieved manage waste, water, elecricity and gas consumption. Activity publicity campaigns for pupils to drink internal temperature and CO2 internal review timetables and internal water curriculum activities sensors uniform

Maintenance regular building checks and repairs internal interior walk around and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal regime check maintenace maintenace maintenace maintenace maintenace TIMESCALE CURRENT 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 1955 BLOCK interior refurbished interior refurbished (major refurbishment / replacement) interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced (windows / roof replaced ) (windows / roof replaced ) 2002 BLOCK interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced windows / roof replaced exterior refurbished windows / roof replaced exterior refurbished 2007 BLOCK majour refurbishment interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced 2012 BLOCK New Build interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Design for a Future Climate Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced External cladding and glazing replaced Render and roof covering requires surface repair Technology Strategy Board exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced Designing for comfort Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Increased daytime ventilaltion Installation of extended restrictors approx £500 Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase Internal ceiling fans DC £150 per unit investigate solar extract to per unit increased free area window cost approx Coupled with 50 4 per class. stack Increased night time cooling. increased actuated openings minimal Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase increased free area window cost Increased thermal mass Concrete and lining board density 50% inc' to PCM to interior furniture tbc PCM to interior furniture PCM to interior furniture CURRENT boards2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 TIMESCALE Reduce solar exposure improve design G value to .32 5% to initial option to add internal film £30 m2 increase shades if Cladding replacement and 5% increase 1955 BLOCK interior refurbished interiorglazing refurbished at approx to achieve(major grefurbishment (todays prices) / replacement) appropriate external interior refurbished upgrade incresaing G valueinteriorto window refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittings replacedvalue IT of upgrade 0.32 or 0.25 planting Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced refurbish patch and repaint labour and refurbish patch and repaint labour and (windows / roof replaced ) (windows / roof replaced ) Reflective materials selected materials materials 2002 BLOCK insect screens interiorretrofit refurbished If required interiorretrofit refurbished If interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Furniture and fittingsrequired replaced £10 IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced Furniture and fittings replaced windowsper /m2 roof replaced exterior refurbished windows / roof replaced exterior refurbished cooling Green roof retrofit to app £150m2. increase in individual units £8000 per solar cooling systems ? 2007 BLOCK majour refurbishment interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished refurbished block or look at cooling systems units (todays Keeping cool - building design Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced interiorprice) refurbished Furniture and fittings replaced Reduce direct solar exposure exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced Landscaping and pergolas to parking , water New Build interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished interior refurbished Keeping2012 BLOCK cool - external spaces courtyard design and PV covering roof. community ffacility features etc Furniture and fittings replaced IT upgrade Furniture and fittings replaced External cladding and glazing replaced Reducing losses thermal bridging allowance included. replace heat source fabric Render and roof covering requires surface repair Keeping warm Artightness improved. interior drafts filled performance upgrade exterior refurbished services replaced exterior refurbished exterior refurbished services replaced

Construction Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Designing for comfort Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Structural stability - below Standard subsoil checks to chalk ground.Increased daytime ventilaltion Installation of extended restrictors approx £500 Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase Internal ceiling fans DC £150 per unit investigate solar extract to ground per unit increased free area window cost approx Coupled with 50 4 per class. stack WindIncreased loading night standard time cooling. as per design increased actuated openings minimal Full site inspection Replacement windows wiuth 15% increase Full site inspection Full site inspection Structural stability - above and manufacturers requirements reviewing structural integrity increased free area window cost reviewing structural integrity reviewing structural integrity ground Increased thermal mass Concrete and lining board density 50% inc' to PCM to interior furniture tbc of systems . PCM to interior furniture ofPCM systems to interior . furniture of systems . warranties gathered and tested boards re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Reduce solar exposure improve design G value to .32 5% to initial externaloption to façade add internal as film £30 m2 fabricincrease to meetshades future if fabricCladding to meetreplacement future and 5% increase re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future Weatherproofing / fixings glazing required.at approx to achieve g (todays prices) standards.appropriate external standards.upgrade incresaing G value to window external façade as required. standards. value of 0.32 or 0.25 planting Systems reviewed weathering seals and re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external refurbish patch and repaint labour and refurbish patch and repaint labour and cladding. external façade as fabric to meet future fabric to meet future re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future Materials Reflective materials selected required. materials standards. standards. materials external façade as required. standards. insect screens retrofit If required retrofit If required £10 Managing water Measures Methods perCosts m2 Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs cooling £30,000 for Green roof retrofit to app £150m2. increase in individual units £8000 per solar cooling systems ? Irrigation systems, Water supplies with rainwater refurbished block full on site water recycling or look at cooling systems units (todays Keeping cool - building design shut off, leak detection, meters , Low reuse per 15 systems powered by price) Reduce direct solar exposure Water conservation santitary fittings water use systems to meet BREEAM . WCs. Landscaping and pergolasrenewables. to parking , water Keeping cool - external spaces internal / external drain design courtyard design and PV covering roof. community ffacility featuresAll rainwater etc collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected Drainage SUDS and 30% increase to RWPs green roof see above cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused Reducing losses thermal bridging allowance included. replace heat source fabric Landscape ecologicl improvement grey water irrigation systsmes £5,000 draught resistant plants Keeping warm Artightness improved. interior drafts filled performance upgrade Operation review handover, early occupation and Soft Landings log book and maintenance Construction Measures postMethods occupany tarining and in use Costs reviewMethods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs StructuralBuilding Managementstability - below Standard subsoil checks to chalk eductation for thermal comfort ground.Internal Gains Review IT requirements and internal Review IT requirements Review IT requirements and Review IT requirements and ground management systems and management systems management systems management systems Wind loading standard as per design Full site inspection Full site inspection Full site inspection Structural stability - above reviewing structural integrity reviewing structural integrity reviewing structural integrity Consumptionand manufacturers requirements Use of building log book to record and internal Targets set and achieved of systems . of systems . of systems . ground manage waste, water, elecricity and warranties gathered and tested gas consumption. re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external external façade as fabric to meet future fabric to meet future re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future Activity publicity campaigns for pupils to drink internal temperature and CO2 internal review timetables and internal required. standards. standards. external façade as required. standards. Weatherproofing / fixings water curriculum activities sensors uniform Systems reviewed weathering seals and re-rendering / re-cladding Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external Full overhaul of external cladding. external façade as fabric to meet future fabric to meet future re-rendering / re-cladding fabric to meet future Maintenance regular building checks and repairs internal interior walk around and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Exterior walkaround and internal Materials required. standards. standards. external façade as required. standards. regime check maintenace maintenace maintenace maintenace maintenace Managing water Measures Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs Methods Costs £30,000 for Irrigation systems, Water supplies with rainwater full on site water recycling Table 15 Planned Future Adaptationsshut off, leakwith detection, indic meters ,ative Low reuse costings per 15 systems powered by Water conservation santitary fittings water use systems to meet BREEAM . WCs. renewables. internal / external drain design All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected All rainwater collected Drainage SUDS and 30% increase to RWPs green roof see above cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused cleaned and reused Landscape ecologicl improvement grey water irrigation systsmes £5,000 draught resistant plants

Operation review handover, early occupation and Soft Landings log book and maintenance post occupany tarining and in use review Building Management eductation for thermal comfort Internal Gains Review IT requirements and internal Review IT requirements Review IT requirements and Review IT requirements and management systems and management systems management systems management systems Consumption Use of building log book to record and internal Targets set and achieved manage waste, water, elecricity and gas consumption. Activity publicity campaigns for pupils to drink internal temperature and CO2 internal review timetables and internal water curriculum activities sensors uniform

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A similar approach has been taken to the items listed in table 14,which goes The programme focuses primarily on incorporating environmental awareness on to consider construction and water issues. Construction issues inevitably tie within schools through engagement activities and curriculum inclusion more with routine maintenance cycles such as rendering and repainting (www.keepbritaintidy.org/ecoschool ) carried out as a matter of course. These will further link to key replacement cycles for cladding and roofing systems. Water issues are in many ways easier items to cost and these have been added here. Where the current scheme incorporates water reduction measures these are likely to move towards water recycling through grey-and rain water systems. As can be seen here the capital investment required remains significant (based on current prices) and is therefore likely to be delayed until necessary or until demand bring costs down. Figure 68 Eco-school web extract

This brings us on to the final section, not covered in the original risk and adaptations list added to table 15 by the team which covers management. Although this touches upon issues in each section the table lists some key watch points that this research has shown can be of significant benefit.

The example of the poster included in Appendix 5.2 gives an example of how an organisation such as the Eco-schools programme may help to mitigate the impacts of some of these issues through engagement. This may become an increasingly useful resource moving into the future which is not only about equipping schools to better cope with a changing climate but to educate students to better cope with and understand the changing environment.

Figure 67, Waterscan; Rainwater Harvesting for Education

Schemes such as the Eco-schools programme offer useful information for schools wishing to take greater control of their own systems and apply directly for grants to help towards installation.

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4 Lessons Learned The team had set themselves a challenging target by also commencing part way through the development process to try to integrate ideas that were cost and programme neutral. 4.1 What is the best way to conduct The project helped to highlight the requirement for a balance between the adaptation work? design and procurement of the project as well as the management of the buildings, to help address increased resilience in future climates, whilst This work started during the period of agreeing contractors’ proposals. This maintaining current targets to mitigate any further changes by unnecessary was a very useful exercise for the purpose of this study but it is clear that the carbon emissions. most success will be seen from early engagement with the project team and client to get everyone on board and agree upon a suitable approach. This project has led to queries on other projects within the office where teams have re-evaluated overheating models in the light of adaptation reports and In moving from the computational tools to procurement of materials and re-evaluated procurement lines and sepcifications. The work has helped products there needs to be a greater level of detail and accuracy in product increase understanding of this issue and is likely to help improve resilience of specifications to support ventilation system designs, particularly with natural all buildings produced by the office. Dissemination projects such as ventilation, that cannot rely on specific fan powers but on open areas and CarbonBuzz and the Aedas Global knowledge network will be useful outlets for envelope specifications. this report and lessons drawn from the work.

The final stages of this work stepped away from direct project involvement and towards understanding the modelling results already processed within the context of future projects. A key part of this process related assumptions reviewed with actual items procured and installed. One recommendation 4.2 Who was involved in the work and stemming from the research work has been to carry out an ‘as procured’ what did they bring to the project? overheating thermal model. This would help highlight risk areas to building users and clients as part of the operations and maintenance manual. The project was initially intended to be carried out by the research team, the

architects, the project engineers and contractor’s research quantities team The rationale for stepping away from the project at hand was for a number of and design team. As the research progressed, due to the pressures of the reasons. Firstly the procurement route for the project as a single stage Design project, the work was largely carried out in-house, with architects and and Build restricted dialogue between the building user and the research engineers working well together. This was supplemented by on-going input team. Once the contract had commenced, communication between the from a UCL doctorate student who ran much of the in-house research based research team and contractor team became difficult due to the project Dynamic Thermal Modelling. pressures. Aspects such as cost remained commercially sensitive and disturbance to the project programme potentially costly for all concerned.

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This shift from a combined part research / part project based team inevitably It was the original intention that from the start of the research a further had its impact on the work and potentially on the level of uptake of significant part of the original team for the project would be the building recommendations. However the team intended to take a standard project to occupants. Although occupants were engaged in the work their input was see if items could be re-evaluated to improve robustness with a view to a limited by the timing of this and the numbers involved. The team were very similar approach being taken for other project potentially at earlier stages. grateful to the staff who helped arrange the short visit to the Academy.

The team at VZDV were a crucial part of the research team and were efficient Project Team Interviews in testing recommendations in the contract DTM, discussing impacts and engaging with the research team whilst managing their own obligations within A focus of this study has always been to integrate the research into the design the project. The same can also be said of the project team with the architects and procurement process. In order to gain feedback into this process, an and in particular the project Architect and project runner. All engaged with the architect (Aedas) and a building services engineer (Van Zyl & de Villiers) were research work whole heartedly whilst not impacting on the progress of their interviewed by the research team. The full interview can be found in Appendix project work. The research team were very grateful for this. 4.2.

A great deal of further input on cost items was greatly appreciated from John Through the interview process both the architect and engineer stated that McEvoy of Davis Langdon and Craig Smith from Alumet ltd. This was further they were aware of adaptation measures but that these measures were not expanded by a number of individual suppliers willing to engage and take an mandatory in their other designs. The engineer stated that when adaptation interest in the subject area. Further input from the contractors research was options are considered on other projects, 2020 UKCIP02 ‘low emission’ also appreciated in reviewing the final report. scenarios (2020 or 2050) are used in place of the current climate data.

In terms of the research team, the original bid and day to day running of the Both designers agreed that future climate implications should be integrated work was by lead Dan Rigamonti with Judit Kimpian acting a reviewer and into building regulations. The building services engineer believed that, as a picking up particular items such as unregulated energy aspects and assisting in minimum, a UKCIP02 ‘low emission’ scenario that most closely reflects the cost information. The research was joined soon after commencing by Greig design life of the building should replace the current climate data. Paterson, an EngD researcher from UCL, who quickly became a core member of the group, liaising on dynamic thermal modelling with the building services The architect stated that the consideration of a future climate is both a design team and creating the research based dynamic thermal model. His own and building management issue and that the communication between research focusses on early design stage environmental prediction techniques designer and end user is key. The engineer believes that design ultimately for school projects in the UK. dictates how a building is managed and therefore the designers of form, fabric and operating systems have a responsibility to design in a clear and robust manner. This will in turn lead to better management of the effects of climate change, such as summertime overheating.

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Both designers stated that mitigating against climate change traditionally took However both external and project pressures on the design team limited the priority over adapting buildings to climate change. Some of the barriers, it was level of early stage engagement in adjusting the building design. said, to considering adaptation measures were programme and cost restraints – that is, there is little time to explore adaptation options and any added cost The competitive nature of the procurement process to achieve best value to that such adaptations included can be difficult to justify during the value the client meant that specific products to be installed were confirmed very late engineering process. in the process. Only after the first submission of this report were items confirmed with a construction drawings issued, requiring this report to be In order to design buildings that are more robust in the future, both designers resubmitted with appropriate information added. However, much time was agreed that future climate resilience measures should be investigated from spent on offering support to the project team throughout the protracted briefing stages, prior to any design work commencing. It was suggested that ‘value engineering process’ – where the design team saw most value from the industry give guidelines to their client to encourage clients to develop future research. The analysis and resulting evidence allowed the proposed adaptation climate resilience in detail into their brief, including the cost plan. It was said features to be ‘somewhat ring-fenced’ from the more drastic VE exercises. that if a building’s performance changes, the cost plan must reflect this. If both Appendix 4.4 gives the most recent updated version of the programme for are connected then the cost plan will be more robust. comparison.

A further measure, it was suggested, would be the communication of all A further aspect of the work that adjusted was the level of engagement the financial benefits that such adaptations would have during the design life of research team could achieve with the final users of the building. The intention the building. Finally, it was recommended that designers incorporate the initially was to survey students in the temporary accommodation to assess ability to more easily incorporate future retro-fits into their designs such as their experience of this internal environment. This proved difficult due to the ability to add external shading on facades identified to be at risk of programme reasons and engagement issues. The initial plan also included a overheating in the future. one day survey visit where full engagement with students and teachers would help assess perspectives on comfort and occupant expectations of the new building. The school continually postponed the visit and finally gave the 4.3 The initial project plan and how this research team 2 hours to visit the building. changed through the course of the project.

The initial plan is included in Appendix 4.3 and shows a significant amount of work at the front end of the project. The research team engaged with the design and procurement team well during project meetings. The project update was a useful tool to highlight the issues concerning fabric performance.

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4.4 Resources and tools used 4.5 Evaluation of research approach

In preparation for the project, the team based much of their studies on the The team investigated and developed its own methodologies (based on information provided by TSB. Although not adopted at the start of this project reports made available) as the project progressed. This worked well as a first the approaches described by existing guidance documents such as the UKCIP time attempt to look at the issues, make recommendations and learn new wizard give a very good methodology with support papers helping to methods. Towards the end, in preparation for the final report, further work understand the principles of risk evaluation as a primary aspect of the project. was carried out looking through already available tools such as the UKCIP wizard. These are useful tools and the guidance gives an insightful All dynamic thermal modelling (DTM) was carried out with IES (Integrated understanding of risks rather than adaptations which would have been useful Environmental Solutions) software. This method was useful at estimating the to use during the early stages to evaluate these risks. building performance of naturally ventilated buildings. However, the detailed nature and complexities of these buildings shows some weakness in the The research focus took an approach of using software and criteria used in the results when studied in detail. Many of these issues could have been aided by design and assessment of the building prior to the start of the future climate using computational packages such as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) research. This DTM modelling approach was unable to simulate wider thermal and thermal bridge calculation software. comfort factors such as localised air movement which would have required computational fluid dynamics (CFD).Nevertheless, it is recommended that a A low emission scenario UKCIP02 (UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002) company (architectural or otherwise) invest in one or more of their staff to be dataset was used within IES to assess internal temperatures in naturally trained in the use of detailed thermal modelling (such as IES) as it does offer ventilated teaching spaces. The limitations of using a low emissions scenario the ability to gain hourly to annual performance indicators for each modelled was that the impacts of climate change may be underestimated. However, in room (or thermal zone). practical terms on a live project, a lower emissions scenario was preferred over a more severe scenario where recommendations are likely to be more As the core research team was based within an architectural practice, a extreme and potentially more costly, thereby running the risk of being labelled ‘research’ DTM of the building was required to be built as intellectual property too speculative and ultimately rejected. Moreover, this conservative approach rights prohibited the building services engineers from sharing their ‘contract’ was used to communicate to that client that should the building overheat DTM. As described in section 2.1, adaptations and risks were tested in the under the ‘best case’ future scenario, it will overheat under all future climate research DTM before being simulated in the contract DTM by the building predictions. services engineers. While this process proved useful for the core research team in understanding the intricacies of the design adaptations, it was timely. A number of published documents are also available that are useful touch points for such projects. One particular document is the London Adaptation This highlights both the need for transparency of computational models within plan which needs to be adopted fully by the city of London ( it is still in draft the industry and the need for custom simulation tools of reduced complexity form) before any projects can start to take this as a suitable briefing tool. that cater for the needs of architects. In future projects a shared and open dynamic model may be the most useful tool to assess risks even if a simplified

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Design for a Future Climate Technology Strategy Board version. This raises similarities with the legal issues surrounding the sharing of building information models (BIM) and some recent advances in that field may The aforementioned research student is developing a design decision support help progress the sharing of thermal analysis models too. tool as part of an EngD, which aims to offer designers real time feedback of environmental performance indicators at the early stages of design of school This research commenced almost one year after outline proposals were projects in the UK. The work carried out on this project, in particular the ability submitted and part way through the detailing stages of the building to predict the risk of overheating in future climate scenarios, will help inform procurement process. The limitations of joining the project at this later stage the creation of the tool – such as designing robustness (future were that early design and briefing decisions could not be influenced. Early climate/occupant behaviour) into the method. The completion of this research communication with the client, of the significance of future climate will be 2014 and aims to integrate into the design process of Aedas UK school adaptations, is also important in order to fully incorporate an adaptation design teams. It is also projected that this tool will be made available to strategy into the contract and design workflow. architecture practices across the UK.

It is therefore recommended that future climate adaptations studies begin at The core authors increased their working knowledge of current guidance and the briefing stages of a project. Nevertheless, this research has demonstrated the impacts that future climate is likely to have on meeting these that the basic design assumptions of a project can be re-assessed at the requirements. The increased understanding of modelling tools used has been detailing stages and successfully integrated into a future climate adaptation coupled with a greater familiarity with the context within which these tools strategy. Despite budget restraints, this has enabled critical features, such as can be used. How project setups and procurement arrangements can inhibit the glazing specification and internal finishes, to be improved. the impact of the most advanced of modelling tools. The practicality of product purchasing often inevitably does not allow for exact replication of Finally, the research proposal helped to highlight the need for greater buildings as modelled and in reality the cumulative effect of adjusted engagement from the client and occupant side, facilitated by the design team. parameters can impact performance in reality. At its most extreme a poorly The Soft Landings approach is a definite part of this which helps all involved to integrated supply chain when coupled with disinterested or under informed understand concepts of occupant expectation and manage these occupants can lead to significant issues in operation. The research team grew appropriately. their understanding of management techniques for design teams helping the procurement process and leading to greater collaboration within the team and more reasonable expectations of the occupants. 4.6 Skills and services developed through The original checklist developed from this work has been circulated to other involvement in this adaptation work. offices in the UK and is used to help assess risks on projects. Shared knowledge within teams through internal design reviews has helped the team to review As explained, the main tool used for the work was the IES modelling software, their own overheating reports in the light of potential future changes to re- used primarily by the UCL researcher. As an architects practice, we have access evaluate internal gain assumptions and overheating criteria. to IES though it is much less used than the more approachable Ecotect, part of the intention was to increase familiarity with the tool amongst designers.

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5 Extending Adaptation to Other

Buildings In terms of water resilience, it is clear that BREEAM serves some purpose in defining some basic elements relating to water issues – many of which are 5.1 How this strategy, recommendations quantifiable. In terms of construction issues, this is one of the less definable areas for all buildings. We are able to test buildings in wind tunnels but this is and analysis might be applied to other unlikely for the majority of buildings and so many will be judged on ‘belt and braces’ verses minimum requirements. buildings Again, this is perhaps where manufacturers and suppliers will need to have a In the current climate there is significant pressure for efficient design, both in greater evidenced knowledge of their products under future scenarios and terms of cost and energy performance - heightened by this call for greater specifiers, a better understanding of resilience related to product resilience in the future. The resistance to and need for cooling is one of the performances even if indicatively. most significant aspects of this and this study of a naturally ventilated building goes some way to assist in these discussions. This has also impacted on issues relating to warranties and insurances and is likely to do so further in the coming years. These will feed into increased It helps to show that clear briefing requirements, robust design details, careful emphasis on an evaluating total project costs and remaining key parts of procurement and careful management of buildings can maintain suitable whole life project evaluations. The Soft Landings principles of maintenance comfort levels into the future with only localised cooling. The current balance and management may increasingly be applied to more elongated periods. sits primarily with IT system specifications and how these are managed. Since the research work within the practice began, the approach to reviewing Academy buildings increasingly resemble office buildings in their heat gain and items such as procured g values, free areas and assessment criteria has been occupancy patterns. The principle of careful location of IT and managing such applied to a number of other projects with some impacts. A new glazed areas individually whilst naturally ventilating elsewhere may be a good one. transport station in the London area has been reviewed, highlighting a Adaptations that relate to building configuration, such as external area, floor discrepancy with quoted figures to procured items. The same approach to to floor height, atria configuration etc have not been part of this study but evaluating risk extracted from the Bill Gething report was adopted for a series may be of critical consideration to other naturally ventilated buildings. of bus stations in the North of England.

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A town centre regeneration project, won by another regional Aedas office in Many of these design adaptations may have relatively low capital cost impacts the UK, focused on operational energy use as a part of the brief. This helped to but higher project costs in terms of design and modelling times. Design highlight associated risks to internal gains these unregulated loads bring. This solutions alone will rarely avoid risks entirely. How users engage with this project is also being modelled under future climate scenarios and a key aspect elongated procurement process can help teams manage design approaches, of reducing the need for cooling has been in agreeing the IT strategy with the occupant expectations, and achieve varied case by case designs with known client. Soft Landings and risk management is a key part of this. and agreed outcomes that can be managed.

The recent project also touches on aspects of the CarbonBuzz project, which A major barrier to implementation of many of the ideas relating to occupant primarily focuses on unregulated energy consumption, but this is inherently engagement described in this report is the procurement route and the limited linked to unregulated heat gains – which were a key part of this work. The involvement of building users in the design process. The cancelation of the outcomes of this work and others in the TSB programme will be disseminated Building Schools for the Future Programme in July 2010 has not as yet been through the activities of the group. replaced with a major equivalent. However movements such as Free-schools make some steps in incorporating building user -back into the process but The team have already presented the project CPD (Appendix 5.3) to a number these are inevitable within refurbishment projects. of offices in the UK and it is freely available on the Aedas R&D website and global knowledge site. The publicly available nature of these outputs will help What is clear is the current government’s discussions of a need for severe cost readers apply lessons themselves and with Aedas being recognised as the reductions, in real costs, of publicly procured buildings somewhere between largest architecture practice in the world in 2011 and Willmott Dixon being 20-30%, will be needed. This will inevitably force greater efficiencies in the one of the largest contractors for education projects in the UK, the impacts we build process with more schools as lower prices but possibly result in fewer hope will become widespread. school buildings being able to invest in future climate resilience.

5.2 Limitations of applying this strategy to other buildings

As with most education buildings of this type, the main contractor was the client rather than the final building user. The assessment of risk, lines of communication and uptake therefore had to work within this framework. In practical terms this meant liaising with different project specialists at each gateway stage which encourages shared responsibility but can affect lines of communication across the supply chain.

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More specifically this project as an Academy highlighted the risks associated 5.3 An analysis of which buildings across with increased internal gains through IT loads. This issue is particularly relevant to Academies with expanded IT requirements and as such the the UK might be suitable for similar assessments are equally relevant to office buildings. recommendations. The wider adaptation aspects discussed in this report relating to building

management and the idea of a legacy Soft Landings document perhaps The schools estate makes up a significant proportion of the UK building stock incorporated into the building user guide have far wider applications. The Soft as can be seen in figure 67 below (extracted from Appendix 5.5). As described Landings approach is being encouraged throughout the London office. earlier the specific options investigated as part of this study are likely to be Although a Legacy stage is quite a leap from the 3 year aftercare approach, the most relevant to naturally ventilated schools. adoption of better building user guides will inevitably help prompt questions

related to long term management issues particularly where whole life costing

is adopted.

The building investigated in this work fell under the BSF Academies

programme and was therefore procured under a Design and Build programme.

This procurement route was selected primarily for cost certainty and although

the BSF programme no longer exists the need for cost control is more

important as ever. This work is likely to be relevant to all cost driven school

projects where natural ventilation is the obvious choice to help minimise the

risk of high energy consumption associated with mechanical ventilation.

The report in appendix 5.4 goes some way to describing how educational

building go towards making up the UK building stock, a large part of these

building are likely to rely on naturally ventilated approaches.

The methodology of this research could largely be applied to other naturally

ventilated school projects at the detailing stages of the design process. The

focus of the research was to review how minimum design requirements for Figure 69: Floor Areas of Non-domestic premises in England and Wales; Professor Philip Steadman (UCL) thermal comfort in a changing climate may be interpreted and if these are

appropriate to the procurement of cost effective solutions. The key is

translating the adopted overheating criteria to both the procurement team However the approach taken to risk assessment, the impact of reviewing and client to enable the assessment of risks, including a future climate, based specifications and items likely to be procured can be used on a wide variety of on realities in use. buildings.

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The team developed a practice survey to aid dissemination and gauge an 5.4 Plans to build on the skills and tools understanding of the issues related to climate adaptation and mitigation. The results of this survey can be found in appendix 5.1 of this report. This has developed in this contract in delivering helped increase practice awareness and it is hoped that the practice future services. sustainability group will build on these initial engagement methods through sustainability champions within each office.

The main advantage of carrying out this research has been the provision of expert advice and additional analysis time it provided for the design and This work already features in the practices international capability statement ( procurement team. Over and above the inclusion of cost neutral aspects such Appendix 5.4) and is likely to gain greater recognition as an area of study as as increased free areas, added thermal mass and increased gutter sizes, the projects are received across the practice. This will be further supported by the work has highlighted practical issues of programme pressures as well as tool being developed by the UCL Eng D researcher based within practice over occupant engagement. the next 3 years as mentioned earlier.

This work helps inform where current minimum design standards may be adjusted and how effective operation and management helps form part of a 5.5 Further needs you have in order to wider strategy for resilience in education buildings. This in turn helps ensure teams are better equipped to design these buildings and occupants are better provide adaptation services. informed to use them.

A large part of the reason for applying for the TSB funding was to increase the An area of skills improvement that would help improve the practices abilty to practice’s skill and awareness of the issues surrounding climate change offer adaptation services would be a wider knowledge and use of adaptation. Dissemination within the London office and across the UK offices computational analysis, such as IES. This is, however, coupled with the need through CPD’s is the first step. Having developed an approach and for in depth understanding of some of the risk assessment concepts described methodology to analyse climate change risks the practice is able to offer this by the UKCIP work to ensure modelling results are correctly interpreted and as part of its overall scope of services. used to inform answers and not as answers in themselves.

The conclusions of the research and analysis also point to better ways of The nature of this project, as has been explained on a number of occasions analysing the overheating risks of projects for the present climate which links throughout this report, has been based on a design and build contract with a to other studies carried out by Aedas, such as the CarbonBuzz project. These tight time frame and budget, which has had its impact on the possibilities for research projects aim to grow the practice’s ability to design and deliver adaptations. The briefing requirements for such a project may cover future buildings that are manifestly more resilient to future risks and are therefore adaptation requirements, though not to any particular level of detail. Design likely to have a longer life at lower maintenance costs and greater end user solutions can only be expected to meet the requirements set out at briefing satisfaction. stages and only where possible move beyond these. It is therefore necessary

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This type of procurement is likely to impact opportunities for adaptations in similar ways due to time pressures placed upon consultant teams where cost is inevitably the main driver. Therefore, one of the most significant needs to help meet the demands of future climate is a review of procurement systems and planned programmes to allow time to evaluate such measures and meet briefing requirements set out to a greater level of detail.

One aspect of this is the need for early stage design decision tool which help non-engineers understand issues relating to climate adaptation and how choices impact these. The involvement of the UCL EngD researcher has been a promising link to this area and lessons learned here are likely to show in some form in the development of his doctorate research.

Finally one aspect that will gain increased attention within the industry as we deal with ever demanding client basis is the legal aspects relating to buildings and professional insurances. A key requirement that has not yet resulted from the TSB work is guidance on best practice approaches that may be recommended to clients for different buildings stocks. Guidance such as the London Adaptation plan remain in draft format and therefore do not offer clear advise to clients, occupants, designers and contractors alike as they are not formally adopted by the city of London.

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References

Design for future climate: Opportunities for adaptation in the built BB101 (Building Bulletin 101), 2006. Ventilation of School Buildings. [online] environment. Bill Gething for the Technology Strategy Board 2010 Available at http://www.education.gov.uk/ [Accessed 10th December 2011]. Climate adaptation: Risk, uncertainty and decision-making. UKCIP Technical Report May 2003 BRE, 2010. BREEAM Education 2008: Scheme Document SD 5051. Watford, UK: BRE Global Ltd. UKCIP (2010) The UKCIP Adaptation Wizard V 3.0. UKCIP, Oxford Available at www.ukcip.org.uk/wizard CIBSE, 2006. CIBSE Guide a: Environmental Design. London: The Chartered Institute of Building services Engineers. Green Overlay to the RIBA Outline Plan of Work edited by Bill Gething 2011 Available at www.ribabookshops.com/green-overlay ISO, 2005. ISO 7730: Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the Allowing for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in the new European PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Switzerland: ISO Standard EN15251 F. Nicol: London Metropolitan University, UK copyright office. L. Pagliano: Politecnico di Milano, Italy September 2007 Jenkins, G., Lowe, J., 2003. Hadley Centre Technical Note 44: Handling An overview of the European Standard EN 15251 Fergus Nicol and Mike Wilson Uncertainties in the UKCIP02 Scenarios of Climate Change. Exeter, UK: Met London Metropolitan University, UK 9-11 April 2010. Office Hadley Centre. Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk UKCIP, 2002a. Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom: The UKCIP02 Conservation of Fuel and Power: Approved Document L2A October 1st 2010 Briefing Report. UK: DEFRA. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_ADL2A_2010.pdf UKCIP, 2002b. Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom: The UKCIP02 The BSRIA Soft Landings Framework. Available from Scientific Report. UK: DEFRA. www.bsria.co.uk/download/?404;http://www.bsria.co.uk:80/download/soft- landings-framework.pdf

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Appendices

Appendix 0:

Appendix 0.1: Draft CIBSE TM document (6 pages)

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Appendix 1:

Appendix 1.1: Existing drawings (7 pages)

Appendix 1.2: Marked Plans (6 pages) Appendix 1.3: Marked Elevations (6 pages) Appendix 1.4: Marked Sections (5 pages)

Appendix 1.5: Proposed CGIs (1 page)

Appendix 1.6: Site Photographs (1 page) Appendix 1.7: Client letter of support (1 page)

Appendix 1.8: BREEAM points targeted (1 page)

Appendix 1.9: Federation website extracts (1 page)

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Appendix 2:

Appendix 2.1: Original Risk Evaluation List (3 pages)

Appendix 2.2: Research DTM Analysis (6 pages)

Appendix 2.3: Engagement Questions (2 pages)

Appendix 2.4: Room Overheating Assessments (4p)

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Appendix 3:

Appendix 3.1: Adaptation Assessments (4 pages)

Appendix 3.2: Details and Specifications (11 pages)

Appendix 3.3: Contract DTM Report (5 pages)

Appendix 3.4: BREEAM Innovation (6 pages)

Appendix 3.5: DL Classroom Costs (1page)

Appendix 3.6: Alumet Classroom Costs (2page2)

Appendix 3.7: Rainwater Calculations (3 pages)

Appendix 3.8: AOV free areas as Procured (2 pages)

Appendix 3.9: Window /Curtainwalls as Procured (8 p)

Appendix 3.10: Glazing as Procured (2 pages)

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Appendix 3.11: Shading as Procured (1 pages)

Appendix 3.12: Insect mesh investigated (6 pages)

Appendix 3.13: Folding opener 1 investigated (1 p)

Appendix 3.14: Folding opener 2 investigated (2 ps)

Appendix 3.15: Hidden Actuator 1 investigated (1 p)

Appendix 3.16: High Mass finish investigated (1 p)

Appendix 3.17: Med Mass finish Procured (1 p)

Appendix 3.18: Flat roof PV ballast as Procured (2 ps)

Appendix 3.19: ITT extract Handover (3 ps)

Appendix 3.20: Life cycle costing assumptions (1 p)

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Appendix 4:

Appendix 4.1: Team survey (5 pages)

Appendix 4.2: Team Interviews (2 pages) Appendix 4.3: Original Programme (1 page)

Appendix 4.4: Updated Programme (1 page)

Appendix 4.5: Team CVs (8 pages)

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Appendix 5:

Appendix 5.1: Practice Survey (15 pages)

Appendix 5.2: Sample Classroom Poster (2 pages)

Appendix 5.3: CPD presentation (40 pages)

Appendix 5.4: Capability Statement (15 pages)

Appendix 5.5: Schools Presentation (23 pages)

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