Variations of Gerdy's Tubercle, Proposal
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Late Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur Bones from the Langenberg Quarry
Late Jurassic theropod dinosaur bones from the Langenberg Quarry (Lower Saxony, Germany) provide evidence for several theropod lineages in the central European archipelago Serjoscha W. Evers1 and Oliver Wings2 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 2 Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany ABSTRACT Marine limestones and marls in the Langenberg Quarry provide unique insights into a Late Jurassic island ecosystem in central Europe. The beds yield a varied assemblage of terrestrial vertebrates including extremely rare bones of theropod from theropod dinosaurs, which we describe here for the first time. All of the theropod bones belong to relatively small individuals but represent a wide taxonomic range. The material comprises an allosauroid small pedal ungual and pedal phalanx, a ceratosaurian anterior chevron, a left fibula of a megalosauroid, and a distal caudal vertebra of a tetanuran. Additionally, a small pedal phalanx III-1 and the proximal part of a small right fibula can be assigned to indeterminate theropods. The ontogenetic stages of the material are currently unknown, although the assignment of some of the bones to juvenile individuals is plausible. The finds confirm the presence of several taxa of theropod dinosaurs in the archipelago and add to our growing understanding of theropod diversity and evolution during the Late Jurassic of Europe. Submitted 13 November 2019 Accepted 19 December 2019 Subjects Paleontology, -
Morphology of the Retromalleolar Groove on Cadaveric Fibulae Utilizing Gross Inspection and Computed Tomography
CHAPTER 2 7 MORPHOLOGY OF THE RETROMALLEOLAR GROOVE ON CADAVERIC FIBULAE UTILIZING GROSS INSPECTION AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY Dana Cozzetto, DPM Pedro Cabral, MD Claudia Paulino, MD Rogerio Takahashi, MD Donald Resnick, MD INTRODUCTION purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of the morphology of the retromalleolar groove, which we The lateral malleolus is comprised of lateral, medial, and hypothesized would be predominately concave as it has posterior surfaces. The lateral surface is convex and located been reported in previous studies (1,2) based on anatomical subcutaneously. The medial surface presents a triangular observation and computed tomography (CT) scans. articular facet with an inferior apex that articulates with the lateral face of the talus. Inferoposteriorly to the articular facet MATERIALS AND METHODS is the posterior bundle of the talofibular ligament that inserts on the digital fossa, the most prominent groove in Twenty-three dry cadaveric fibulae from The Stanford- the lateral malleolus. The posterior surface is limited laterally Meyer Osteopathology Collection in San Diego’s by the oblique crest and medially by the extension of the Museum of Man were utilized for the present study. The posterior border of the fibular shaft. This surface is hollowed fibulae used were already disarticulated from the tibia, by a depression: the retromalleolar groove. The groove is which allowed proper analyses to be made both grossly obliquely situated and is bounded superomedially by a and radiographically. The age and sex of the patients was tubercle, which is superior to the apex of the retromalleolar not known. The bones were donated to science in India in fossa. -
TUBERCULOSIS a Manual for Medical Students
WHO/CDS/TB/99.272 TUBERCULOSIS A Manual for Medical Students By NADIA AIT-KHALED and DONALD A. ENARSON World Health Organization International Union Against Geneva Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Paris © World Health Organization 2003 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. TUBERCULOSIS A MANUAL FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS FOREWORD This manual aims to inform medical students and medical practitioners about the best practices for managing tuberculosis patients, taking into account the community interventions defined by the National Tuberculosis Programme. It contains basic information that can be used: • in training medical students, in supervised group work, presentations and discussions; • in refresher courses for practising physicians, and for their personal study. -
Chapter 2, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis (TB)
Chapter 2 Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Table of Contents Chapter Objectives . 19 Introduction . 21 Transmission of TB . 21 Pathogenesis of TB . 26 Drug-Resistant TB (MDR and XDR) . 35 TB Classification System . 39 Chapter Summary . 41 References . 43 Chapter Objectives After working through this chapter, you should be able to • Identify ways in which tuberculosis (TB) is spread; • Describe the pathogenesis of TB; • Identify conditions that increase the risk of TB infection progressing to TB disease; • Define drug resistance; and • Describe the TB classification system. Chapter 2: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 19 Introduction TB is an airborne disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) (Figure 2.1). M. tuberculosis and seven very closely related mycobacterial species (M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. caprae, M. pinnipedii, M. canetti and M. mungi) together comprise what is known as the M. tuberculosis complex. Most, but not all, of these species have been found to cause disease in humans. In the United States, the majority of TB cases are caused by M. tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis organisms are also called tubercle bacilli. Figure 2.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission of TB M. tuberculosis is carried in airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, of 1– 5 microns in diameter. Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or laryngeal TB disease cough, sneeze, shout, or sing. Depending on the environment, these tiny particles can remain suspended in the air for several hours. M. tuberculosis is transmitted through the air, not by surface contact. Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. -
Anatomy of the Knee Bony Structures Quad Muscles
Anatomy of the Knee Bony Structures Quad muscles - Tibia: proximal end forms tibial plateaus, tibial plateaus, articulates with Tendon femoral condyles. o Knee hinge joint flexion/extension Patellar tendon o Tibial plateaus separated by intercodylar tubercles . Medial and lateral tubercle Tibial tuberosity Lateral tibial plateau is smaller compare to medial . Tibial plateaus slope posteriorly o Cruciate ligaments and meniscus attach anterior and posterior to tubercles Fibular head o Distal to plateaus is tibial tuberosity . Common insertion for patellar tendon Lateral condyle o Distal and anterior to plateaus are lateral and medial condyles . Lateral condyle has facet that articulates with head of fibula IT Band Facet = extremely smooth surface of bone o Medial to lateral condyle is Gerdys tubercle o GERDYS tubercle – point of muscular attachment - Femur: medial/lateral condyle o Medial condyle is longer than lateral and slightly more distal o Slight external rotation at terminal (full) extension o Femoral condyles project more posterior than they do anterior o Groove between condyles, anteriorly is trochlear or patello- femoral groove o Posteriorly the condyles are separated by intercodylar notch (fossa) . Notch more narrow in women o Linea aspera: longitudinal ridge on posterior surface of femur (rough line) o Medial and lateral super condylar lines: lines running from each femoral condyle posteriorly to the linea aspera o Femur is longest and strongest bone o Directly superior to condyle is epicondyle (epi – above) o On medial side of medial epicondyle is adductor tubercle . Serves as point of attachment for adductor magnus muscle o Small groove present within medial and lateral condyle to accommodate the medial and lateral meniscus (very shallow) - Patella o Largest Sesamoid bone in body o Rounded, triangular bond and has only one articulation with femur o Can only dislocated laterally o Posterior surface has 3 facets . -
The Muscles That Act on the Lower Limb Fall Into Three Groups: Those That Move the Thigh, Those That Move the Lower Leg, and Those That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes
MUSCLES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON LOWER LIMB The muscles that act on the lower limb fall into three groups: those that move the thigh, those that move the lower leg, and those that move the ankle, foot, and toes. Muscles Moving the Thigh (Marieb / Hoehn – Chapter 10; Pgs. 363 – 369; Figures 1 & 2) MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: ANTERIOR: Iliacus* iliac fossa / crest lesser trochanter femoral nerve flexes thigh (part of Iliopsoas) of os coxa; ala of sacrum of femur Psoas major* lesser trochanter --------------- T – L vertebrae flexes thigh (part of Iliopsoas) 12 5 of femur (spinal nerves) iliac crest / anterior iliotibial tract Tensor fasciae latae* superior iliac spine gluteal nerves flexes / abducts thigh (connective tissue) of ox coxa anterior superior iliac spine medial surface flexes / adducts / Sartorius* femoral nerve of ox coxa of proximal tibia laterally rotates thigh lesser trochanter adducts / flexes / medially Pectineus* pubis obturator nerve of femur rotates thigh Adductor brevis* linea aspera adducts / flexes / medially pubis obturator nerve (part of Adductors) of femur rotates thigh Adductor longus* linea aspera adducts / flexes / medially pubis obturator nerve (part of Adductors) of femur rotates thigh MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: linea aspera obturator nerve / adducts / flexes / medially Adductor magnus* pubis / ischium (part of Adductors) of femur sciatic nerve rotates thigh medial surface adducts / flexes / medially Gracilis* pubis / ischium obturator nerve of proximal tibia rotates -
Species - Domesticus (Chicken) to Mammals (Human Being)
Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Sunil N Tidke and Sucheta S Tidke, 2013 ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 2, No. 4, October 2013 © 2013 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved Research Paper MORPHOLOGY OF KNEE JOINT - CLASS- AVES - GENUS - GALLUS, - SPECIES - DOMESTICUS (CHICKEN) TO MAMMALS (HUMAN BEING) Sunil N Tidke1* and Sucheta S Tidke2 *Corresponding Author: Sunil N Tidke [email protected] In the present investigation, a detailed comparison is made between the human knee and the knee of chicken (Gallus domesticus), with the object of determining similarities or variation of structure and their possible functional significance, if any special attention has been paid to bone taking part in joint, the surrounding muscles and tendons, which play an important part in stabilizing these joints, the form and attachments of the intraarticular menisci, which have been credited with the function of ensuring efficient lubrication throughout joints movement, and to the ligaments, the function of which is disputed. Keywords: Bony articular part, Intra capsular and extra capsular structure and Muscular changes INTRODUCTION patella. A narrow groove on the lateral condyle of femur articulate with the head of the fibula and The manner in which the main articulations of intervening femoro fibular disc. The tibia has a the vertebrate have become variously modified enormous ridge and crest for the insertion of the in relation to diverse function has been patellar tendon and origin of the extensor muscle. investigated by many workers, notably, Parsons The cavity of the joint communicates above and (1900) and Haines (1942). The morphology of the below the menisci with the central part of joint knee joint of human has been studied in great around the cruciate ligament. -
Outcome of Lateral Condyle Tibia Fractures Treated by Lateral Head
International Journal of Orthopaedics Sciences 2020; 6(3): 542-547 E-ISSN: 2395-1958 P-ISSN: 2706-6630 IJOS 2020; 6(3): 542-547 Outcome of lateral condyle tibia fractures treated by © 2020 IJOS www.orthopaper.com lateral head buttress plate (LHBP) Received: 05-05-2020 Accepted: 08-06-2020 Dr. Manoj Kumar Meena, Dr. Mukul Jain, Dr. Harish Kumar Jain, Dr. Dr. Manoj Kumar Meena Resident, Department of Raghuveer Ram Dhattarwal and Dr. Rajuram Jangid Orthopaedics, Jhalawar Medical College and SRG Hospital, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/ortho.2020.v6.i3i.2250 Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India Abstract Dr. Mukul Jain Introduction: The lateral tibial condyle fracture is one of the common fractures encountered in Senior Resident, Department of Orthopaedic practice which usually occur in the road traffic accidents involving pedestrians crossing the Orthopaedics, Jhalawar Medical College and SRG Hospital, road with direct hit on lateral condyle of tibia (Bumper fracture). Tibia plateau fractures constitute 1% of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India all fractures and 8% fractures in elderly. Isolated injuries to the lateral plateau account for 55 to 70% of tibial plateau fractures. Complex kinematics of its weight bearing positions and also stabilities of Dr. Harish Kumar Jain collateral ligaments and articular congruency are the main reasons which necessitates the union perfect Professor, Department of reduction. Orthopaedics, Jhalawar Medical Aim: To determine the outcome of managing proximal tibial lateral condyle fractures by open reduction College and SRG Hospital, and internal fixation using Lateral Head Buttress Plate. Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India Materials and Methods: In prospective study design, total 30 cases of schatzker type I, II, III tibial plateau fractures treated at tertiary care teaching hospital in southern Rajasthan between July 2018 to Dr. -
Bones of the Lower Limb Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Editing File Objectives
Color Code Important Bones of the Lower Limb Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Editing File Objectives Classify the bones of the three regions of the lower limb (thigh, leg and foot). Memorize the main features of the – Bones of the thigh (femur & patella) – Bones of the leg (tibia & Fibula) – Bones of the foot (tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges) Recognize the side of the bone. ﻻ تنصدمون من عدد ال رشائح نصها رشح زائد وملخصات واسئلة Some pictures in the original slides have been replaced with other pictures which are more clear BUT they have the same information and labels. Terminology (Team 434) شيء مرتفع /Eminence a small projection or bump Terminology (Team 434) Bones of thigh (Femur and Patella) Femur o Articulates (joins): (1) above with Acetabulum of hip bone to form the hip joint, (2) below with tibia and patella to form the knee joint. Body of femur (shaft) o Femur consists of: I. Upper end. II. Shaft. III. Lower end. Note: All long bones consist of three things: 1- upper/proximal end posterior 2- shaft anterior 3- lower/distal end I. Upper End of Femur The upper end contains: A. Head B. Neck C. Greater trochanter & D. Lesser trochanter A. Head: o Articulates (joins) with acetabulum of hip bone to form the hip joint. o Has a depression in the center called Fovea Capitis. o The fovea capitis is for the attachment of ligament of the head of Femur. o An artery called Obturator Artery passes along this ligament to supply head of Femur. B. Neck: o Connects head to the shaft. -
Bone Handout”)
The Skeletal System (“Bone Handout”) Bone Markings - as in Table 6.1, know categories, names, descriptions and categories of bone markings Common Fractures - as in Table 6.2, identify type from pictures The Axial Skeleton Skull Cranial bones frontal (supraorbital foramen) parietal temporal (mastoid process, external auditory(acoustic) meatus, styloid process, zygomatic process, stylomastoid foramen) occipital (foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyles) sphenoid (optic canal, superior orbital fissure, sella turcica, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum , greater wings, lesser wings) ethmoid (olfactory foramina) Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a, 7.9 Facial bones nasal maxilla (infraorbital foramen, inferior orbital fissure) zygomatic mandible (mental foramen, body, ramus, mandibular condyle) lacrimal (lacrimal fossa) palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.6, 7.7a Sutures coronal sagittal lambdoid squamous Relevant Figures: 7.4, 7.5 Paranasal Sinuses frontal sphenoidal maxillary ethmoidal Relevant Figures: 7.15 Fontanels anterior posterior sphenoidal mastoid Relevant Figures: 7.28 Hyoid bone Relevant Figures: 7.17 1 Vertebrae Parts of a “typical vertebra” using thoracic as example body vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral foramen) intervertebral foramen transverse process spinous process superior articular process inferior articular process Divisions of vertebral column cervical (transverse foramina) thoracic (transverse costal facet - for tubercle of rib, superior and inferior costal -
Table 1-12 Major Muscles That Act at the Hip Joint
46 Chapter one ACE’s Essentials of Exercise Science for Fitness Professionals Table 1-12 Major Muscles That Act at the Hip Joint Muscle Origin Insertion Primary Function(s) Selected Exercises Iliopsoas: Iliacus and Transverse processes of T12 Lesser trochanter Flexion and external Straight-leg sit-ups, running with psoas major and and L1 through L5; iliac crest of femur rotation knees lifted up high, leg raises, minor and fossa hanging knee raises Rectus femoris Anterior-inferior spine of ilium Superior aspect of Flexion Running, leg press, squat, and upper lift of acetabulum patella and patellar jumping rope tendon 1 Gluteus maximus Posterior /4 of iliac crest and Gluteal line of femur Extension and Cycling, plyometrics, jumping sacrum and iliotibial band external rotation; Superior rope, squats, stair-climbing fibers: abduction machine Biceps femoris Long head: ischial tuberosity; Lateral condyle of Extension, abduction, and Cycling, hamstring curls with Short head: lower, lateral tibia and head of fibula slight external rotation knee in external rotation linea aspera Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal anterior- Extension, adduction, and Same as biceps femoris medial aspect of tibia slight internal rotation Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Posterior aspect of Extension, adduction, and Same as biceps femoris medial tibial condyle slight internal rotation Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter Abduction (all fibers); Side-lying leg raises, walking, and minimus of femur Anterior fibers: internal running rotation;