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The Muscles That Act on the Lower Limb Fall Into Three Groups: Those That Move the Thigh, Those That Move the Lower Leg, and Those That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes

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The Muscles That Act on the Lower Limb Fall Into Three Groups: Those That Move the Thigh, Those That Move the Lower Leg, and Those That Move the Ankle, Foot, and Toes MUSCLES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON LOWER LIMB The muscles that act on the lower limb fall into three groups: those that move the thigh, those that move the lower leg, and those that move the ankle, foot, and toes. Muscles Moving the Thigh (Marieb / Hoehn – Chapter 10; Pgs. 363 – 369; Figures 1 & 2) MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: ANTERIOR: Iliacus* iliac fossa / crest lesser trochanter femoral nerve flexes thigh (part of Iliopsoas) of os coxa; ala of sacrum of femur Psoas major* lesser trochanter --------------- T – L vertebrae flexes thigh (part of Iliopsoas) 12 5 of femur (spinal nerves) iliac crest / anterior iliotibial tract Tensor fasciae latae* superior iliac spine gluteal nerves flexes / abducts thigh (connective tissue) of ox coxa anterior superior iliac spine medial surface flexes / adducts / Sartorius* femoral nerve of ox coxa of proximal tibia laterally rotates thigh lesser trochanter adducts / flexes / medially Pectineus* pubis obturator nerve of femur rotates thigh Adductor brevis* linea aspera adducts / flexes / medially pubis obturator nerve (part of Adductors) of femur rotates thigh Adductor longus* linea aspera adducts / flexes / medially pubis obturator nerve (part of Adductors) of femur rotates thigh MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: linea aspera obturator nerve / adducts / flexes / medially Adductor magnus* pubis / ischium (part of Adductors) of femur sciatic nerve rotates thigh medial surface adducts / flexes / medially Gracilis* pubis / ischium obturator nerve of proximal tibia rotates thigh POSTERIOR: iliotibial tract / gluteal Gluteus maximus* ilium / sacrum / coccyx gluteal nerves extends thigh tuberosity of femur lateral surface greater trochanter abducts / medially rotates Gluteus medius* gluteal nerves of ilium of femur thigh lateral surface greater trochanter abducts / medially rotates Gluteus minimus* gluteal nerves of ilium of femur thigh anterolateral surface greater trochanter --------------- Piriformis* laterally rotates thigh of sacrum of femur (spinal nerves) Obturator greater trochanter --------------- pubis / ischium laterally rotates thigh (externus / internus) of femur (spinal nerves) Gemellus* ischial spine / tuberosity greater trochanter --------------- laterally rotates thigh (superior / inferior) of os coxa of femur (spinal nerves) ischial tuberosity proximal end --------------- Quadratus femoris* laterally rotates thigh of os coxa of femur (spinal nerves) * Need to be familiar with on both ADAM and the human cadaver 2 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Figure 1: Anterior muscles that move the thigh, superficial and deep views 3 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Figure 2: Posterior muscles that move the thigh, superficial and deep views 4 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Muscles Moving the (lower) Leg (Marieb / Hoehn – Chapter 10; Pgs. 363 – 369; Figure 4) MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: ANTERIOR: anterior inferior iliac spine Rectus femoris* tibial tuberosity / margin of acetabulum femoral nerve extends leg (lower) (part of Quadriceps) of tibia of os coxa greater trochanter / Vastus lateralis* tibial tuberosity linea aspera femoral nerve extends leg (lower) (part of Quadriceps) of tibia of femur Vastus medialis* anterior and lateral surface tibial tuberosity femoral nerve extends leg (lower) (part of Quadriceps) of proximal femur of tibia Vastus intermedius* anterior and lateral surface tibial tuberosity femoral nerve extends leg (lower) (part of Quadriceps) of proximal femur of tibia POSTERIOR: ischial tuberosity Biceps femoris* head of fibula / of ischium / linea aspera sciatic nerve flexes leg (lower) (part of Hamstrings) lateral condyle of tibia of femur Semitendinosus* ischial tuberosity medial surface sciatic nerve flexes leg (lower) (part of Hamstrings) of ischium of tibia Semimembranosus* ischial tuberosity medial condyle sciatic nerve flexes leg (lower) (part of Hamstrings) of ischium of tibia lateral condyle flexes / medially rotates Popliteus proximal tibia sciatic nerve of femur leg (lower) * Need to be familiar with on both ADAM and the human cadaver 5 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Figure 3: Muscles that move the (lower) leg, anterior and posterior views (note: Vastus intermedius and popliteus not shown) 6 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Muscles Moving the Ankle, Foot, and Toes (Marieb / Hoehn – Chapter 10; Pgs. 370 – 375; Figure 4) MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: ANTERIOR: lateral condyle / shaft medial cuneiform dorsiflexes / inverts Tibialis anterior* fibular nerves of tibia of tarsals / metatarsal 1 foot Extensor digitorum lateral condyle of tibia / middle / distal fibular nerves extends toes longus* proximal fibula phalanges 2 – 5 Extensor hallucis anteromedial shaft distal phalanx fibular nerves extends great toe longus* of fibula of great toe Fibularis* medial cuneiform of plantarflexes / everts shaft of fibula fibular nerves (longus / brevis) tarsals / metatarsals 1 & 5 foot POSTERIOR: Gastrocnemius* medial / lateral condyles calcaneus tibial nerve plantar flexes foot (part of Triceps surae) of femur Soleus* proximal tibia / fibula calcaneus tibial nerve plantar flexes foot (part of Triceps surae) Plantaris* posterior femur calcaneus tibial nerve plantar flexes foot Flexor digitorum posterior tibia distal phalanges 2 – 5 tibial nerve flexes toes longus* 7 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: Flexor hallicus distal phalanx of midshaft of fibula tibial nerve flexes great toe longus great toe tarsals / Tibialis posterior proximal tibia / fibula tibial nerve inverts foot metatarsals 2 – 4 * Need to be familiar with on both ADAM and the human cadaver Figure 4: Muscles that move the ankle, foot, and toes; anterior and posterior views (note: Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, and Tibialis posterior not shown) 8 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University Out-of-Class Assignment: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot The intrinsic muscles of the foot help to flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes. Collectively, along with the tendons of some let muscles that enter the sole, the foot muscles help support the arches of the foot. Other than a single muscle on the dorsum of the foot, the majority of intrinsic foot muscles are found on the plantar aspect (sole). The plantar muscles occur in multiple layers and are remarkably similar to those in the palm of the hand. Below is a table listing individual muscles found in the foot. For each muscle, fill in the appropriate origin, insertion, innervation, and action and then correctly label the muscle on the associated figure(s). This exercise is to introduce you to these muscles; you will not be responsible for these groups of muscles for the practical exam. MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: DORSUM OF FOOT: Extensor digitorum brevis SOLE OF FOOT (SUPERFICIAL LAYER): Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi 9 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University MUSCLE: ORIGIN: INSERTION: INNERVATION: ACTION: SOLE OF FOOT (MIDDLE LAYER): Flexor accessorius Lumbricals SOLE OF FOOT (DEEP LAYER): Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Plantar interossei Dorsal interossei 10 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University 11 BI 334 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University .
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