[Sample B: Approval/Signature Sheet]

UP TO DATE AND PROGRESSIVE WINCHESTER AND FREDERICK COUNTY VIRGINIA, 1870–1980 by Mary Sullivan Linhart A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Fall Semester 2014 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Up To Date and Progressive Winchester and Frederick County Virginia, 1870–1980 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University by Mary Sullivan Linhart Master of Arts University of Virginia, YEAR Director: Zachary Schrag, Professor History Department Fall Semester 2014 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2014 Mary Sullivan Linhart All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION For past, present, and future generations of my family, my friends and the citizens of Winchester and Frederick County Virginia. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In appreciation for encouragement and support from Helen and Thomas Grove, Ann Anderson, Laurence and Linda Sullivan, John and Joan Sullivan, Thomas and Claudia Sullivan, Catherine and John Gillette, Catherine and Susan Linhart, Jennifer and Mark Fox and their children. Special thanks to my parents, Helen and Laurence Sullivan. Thanks to other friends and relatives who were supportive and helpful. I am grateful to citizens of Winchester and Frederick County who provided assistance and knowledge, especially the staff at the Handley Library Archives including Rebecca Ebert, Jerry Holsworth, and Patricia Ritchie. Thanks to fellow students who provided valuable guidance, support, and sound advice: Lee Ann Cafferata, Misha Griffith, Richard Harless, Katharina Hering, Kurt Knoerl, Nona Martin, Jerry Prout, Jenny Reeder and Jeff Weir. I especially appreciate the support of Nicole Roth of the History Department at George Mason University, Sally Evans at the George Mason University Library and Colleen Spears of Stylus Writing & Editing. I would also like to acknowledge my dissertation committee for their comments and advice: Dr. Zachary Schrag, Dr. Paula Petrik and Dr. Toni-Michelle Travis. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter I: Overview .......................................................................................................... 10 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 II. Background ............................................................................................................ 14 III. Historiographical Context ..................................................................................... 19 IV. Approach............................................................................................................... 36 Chapter II: Where Are the Moneyed Men? 1870–1900 ................................................... 41 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 41 II. The New South and the Valley Boom .................................................................... 44 III. Recovery, Restoration, Reconciliation ................................................................ 49 IV. Slow Progress ....................................................................................................... 56 V. Where Are the Moneyed Men? .............................................................................. 69 VI. Philanthropy .......................................................................................................... 75 VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 83 Chapter III: Wide Awake and Progressive 1900–1950 .................................................... 87 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 87 II. The Farm “Won’t Last Long if You Aren’t a Business Manager” ........................ 90 III. Manufacturing—Energetic and Progressive Men ............................................... 107 IV. Apple Blossom Festival ...................................................................................... 115 V. Community Growth ............................................................................................. 123 VI. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 127 Chapter IV: We Believe in Progressiveness 1900–1950 ................................................ 131 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 131 II. Progressive Government ...................................................................................... 135 III. Education ............................................................................................................ 145 IV. Health and Welfare ............................................................................................. 157 V. Infrastructure and Transportation......................................................................... 170 VI. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 175 Chapter V: National Trends Provide Opportunity 1950–1980 ....................................... 180 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 180 II. Population............................................................................................................. 183 III. A Man Asking for a Job at the Back Door is Gone Forever ............................... 188 IV. Industry and Business—Diversification ............................................................. 199 V. Main Street, Historic Preservation, and Malls ..................................................... 214 VI. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 229 v Chapter VI: A Pleasant and Progressive Community 1950–1980 .................................. 232 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 232 II. Education and Integration .................................................................................... 234 III. Transportation: Location, Location, Location .................................................... 246 IV. Infrastructure, Health, and Welfare .................................................................... 249 V. Government: Challenges of Growth .................................................................... 255 VI. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 273 VII. Afterword .......................................................................................................... 276 Appendix A: Tables ........................................................................................................ 285 Appendix B: Charts......................................................................................................... 303 Appendix C: Figures ....................................................................................................... 316 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 332 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Occupations by Category in Winchester, Virginia, in 1918 ..............................124 vii ABSTRACT UP TO DATE AND PROGRESSIVE WINCHESTER AND FREDERICK COUNTY VIRGINIA, 1870–1980 Mary Sullivan Linhart, Ph.D. George Mason University, 2014 Dissertation Director: Dr. Zachary Schrag Between 1870 and 1980, leaders in Winchester and Frederick County, Virginia, successfully encouraged industry, diversified agriculture, improved local institutions and infrastructure, and promoted the community and its products. In 1870, the community was recovering from the devastation caused by the Civil War. In succeeding years, Winchester and Frederick County did not decline as the United States transitioned from an agricultural to an industrial economy. Unlike many other small American communities, Winchester and Frederick County achieved economic stability as farmers diversified crop production and business leaders organized to attract industry and encourage commerce and tourism. Leaders became community boosters and extended their goals to improve community life. Progressive leaders strengthened and expanded government, improved education and medical care, supported better transportation, and upgraded the civic infrastructure. This dissertation examines

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