Brazilian Diplomatic Thought Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964) MINISTRY of FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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história diplomática BRAZILIAN DIPLOMATIC THOUGHT Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964) MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Foreign Minister José Serra Secretary-General Ambassador Marcos Bezerra Abbott Galvão ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO FOUNDATION President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Institute of Research on International Relations Director Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Center for Diplomatic History and Documents Director Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior Editorial Board of the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation President Ambassador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Members Ambassador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Ambassador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Ambassador Gelson Fonseca Junior Ambassador José Estanislau do Amaral Souza Minister Paulo Roberto de Almeida Minister Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Minister Mauricio Carvalho Lyrio Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato The Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (Funag) was established in 1971. It is a public foundation linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs whose goal is to provide civil society with information concerning the international scenario and aspects of the Brazilian diplomatic agenda. The Foundation’s mission is to foster awareness of the domestic public opinion with regard to international relations issues and Brazilian foreign policy. José Vicente de Sá Pimentel editor HISTÓRIA DIPLOMÁTICA | 1 BRAZILIAN DIPLOMATIC THOUGHT Policymakers and Agents of Foreign Policy (1750-1964) Volume II Brasília – 2017 Copyright ©Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília-DF Telefones: +55 (61) 2030-6033/6034 Fax: +55 (61) 2030-9125 Website: www.funag.gov.br E-mail: [email protected] Printed in Brazil Originally published as Pensamento Diplomático Brasileiro – Formuladores e Agentes da Política Externa (1750-1964) ©Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2013 Editorial Staff: Eliane Miranda Paiva André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Lívia Castelo Branco Marcos Milanez Luiz Antônio Gusmão Translation: Rodrigo Sardenberg Paul Sekscenski Graphic Design: Daniela Barbosa Layout: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Map of the front cover: Designed under Alexandre de Gusmão’s guidance, the so-called “Mapa das Cortes” served as the basis for the negotiations of the Treaty of Madrid (1750). Map of the back cover: World-map made by the Venitian Jeronimo Marini in 1512, the first one to insert the name Brazil in it. It is also unique in placing the Southern Hemisphere at the top. Printed in Brazil 2017 B827 Brazilian diplomatic thought : policymakers and agents of foreing policy (1750-1964) / José Vicente de Sá Pimentel (editor); Rodrigo Sardenberg, Paul Sekscenski (translation). – Brasília: FUNAG, 2017. 3 v. – (História diplomática) Título original: Pensamento diplomático brasileiro: formuladores e agentes da política externa. ISBN 978-85-7631-547-6 1. Diplomata 2. Diplomacia brasileira. 3. Política externa - história - Brasil. 4. História diplomática - Brasil. I. Pimentel, Vicente de Sá. II. Série. CDD 327 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei n° 10.994, de 14/12/2004. CONTENTS Part II THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC The foreign policy of the First Republic (1889-1930).................................................................. 349 Rubens Ricupero Joaquim Nabuco: an Americanist diplomat ....... 375 Angela Alonso José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, the Baron of Rio Branco: the founding of the Republic's foreign policy............................ 421 Rubens Ricupero The root of the matter - Rui Barbosa: Brazil in the world.................................................................... 457 Carlos Henrique Cardim Euclides da Cunha: the South American scene.......................................................... 501 Kassius Diniz da Silva Pontes Manoel de Oliveira Lima: the reform of diplomatic service..................................................... 535 Helder Gordim da Silveira Domício da Gama: the diplomacy of pride........... 577 Tereza Cristina Nascimento França Afrânio de Melo Franco: the consolidation of foreign policy strategy........................................... 625 Stanley Hilton PART II The foreign policy of the First Republic THE FOREIGN POLIcY OF THE FIRST REPUBLIc (1889-1930)* Rubens Ricupero The initial landmark of the period – the Abolition, the Republic, and the Federation in succession – differentiates it from the preceding period perhaps more sharply than the 1930 Revolution, its conventional closure, differs from what came later. The proclamation of the Republic, briefly anteceded by the abolition of slavery and followed soon after by the adoption of the federative system, represented an extraordinary and unquestionable change in the previous political, institutional, and social conditions. The presidential republic, with presidents elected for four years and no reelection, replaced the monarchy of parliamentary governments, which were balanced by the Emperor’s “moderating” powers. The 1891 Constitution introduced the federative regime, which strengthened regional leaderships and de facto state parties. The Federation took the place of monarchic centralization, and the governors, increasingly the source of the federal power as of the Campos Sales’s presidency, took the place of the ephemeral * Translated by João Moreira Coelho. 349 Rubens Ricupero Brazilian Diplomatic Thought provincial presidents chosen by the Emperor, nearly always from outside the provinces. The end of slavery, which for 350 years had been the country’s “organic” institution par excellence, coincided with the unprecedented upsurge of the inflow of waves of immigrants from Western Europe, Japan, and the Middle East. The Old Republic marked the apex of immigration in Brazilian history: between 1890 and 1930, three million eight hundred thousand immigrants landed in the country. Immigration completed the development begun earlier toward a salaried labor regime and contributed to the emergence of a consumer market, helped by demographic expansion, internal migrations, and the growth of cities. The coffee sector, whose expansion characterized the Empire’s last decades, reached in the First Republic the apogee of its politi- cal and economic influence, determining the macro economy’s orientation, and heavily weighing on exchange and foreign trade decisions. Capital accumulation in the hands of coffee producers and exporters, coupled with the existence of a consumer market and labor supplied by immigrants, created appropriate conditions for industrialization, further favored by the recurrent coffee economy crises and import financing difficulties. Industry, in turn, generated jobs and reinforced the urbanization trend. In contrast, the Getúlio Vargas era (1930-1945) gives the impression of a transition phase to contemporary Brazil. The institutional arrangements – the 1934 Constitution and the 1937 Charter – seemed predestined to be short-lived. The ambitious idea of establishing a completely transformed political regime pompously baptized Estado Novo (New State) did not outlast Italian fascism, whose corporatism was its source of inspiration. This period’s innovative legacy was felt less in the durability of institutional inventions and more markedly in the social and 350 The foreign policy of the First Republic (1889-1930) economic changes that were already under way: industrialization, urbanization, and modernization of the State. Those fifteen years, which certainly do not belong to the First Republic, paved the way for the advent of the Second Republic and the 1946 Constitution, which would last until the 1964 military coup. The fundamental internal logic, coherence, and continuity of the forty-one year long Old Republic had no correspondence in anything similar on the external front, a timespan that encompassed three heterogeneous phases of world history. The first twenty-five years (1889-1914), more than half of that period, were synchronic with the twilight of the protracted Victorian Era of European hegemony, the Age of Empires, and the intensification of imperialist and nationalist rivalries that would strike a fatal blow to the political and economic globalization of the Belle Époque. The little more than nine years of the Baron of Rio Branco’s tenure as Minister (1902- 1912) were entirely encapsulated in that quarter century. There followed the four years of World War I (1914-1918), its diplomatic final curtain with the Treaty of Versailles (1919), and the frustrated attempt at rebuilding the international order destroyed by the conflict and by the dissolution of the multinational Austro-Hungarian, Czarist Russian, and Turco-Ottoman Empires. Lastly, the unstable decade that closed the First Republic overlapped the turbulent 1920s, the beginnings of the Society of Nations’ multilateralism, the trauma of hyperinflation, the consolidation of the Bolshevik Revolution, the 1929 New York Exchange collapse, and the approach of the Great Depression and of the 1930s crisis. The interactions between the external context and the changes in Brazilian diplomacy gave shape in this historic phase to three structuring factors, that is, systemic factors destined to prevail far beyond the 1930s as differentiating features of the Brazilian foreign policy’s orientation. 351 Rubens Ricupero Brazilian Diplomatic Thought The first of these factors was the emergence and assertion