La Primavera De La Animación En Series 2D

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La Primavera De La Animación En Series 2D 38 La primavera de la animación en series 2D LA PRIMAVERA DE LA ANIMACIÓN EN SERIES 2D Sergio Rodríguez Valdunciel Universitat Politècnica de València La animación 2D para televisión es uno de los 2D animation for television is one of the contents contenidos que nos han acompañado a lo lar- which has accompanied us over the years. Hanna go de los años. Los estudios Hanna-Barbera se Barbera Studios undertook to find a profitable encargaron de buscar un sistema de producción production system to carry out more than 200 rentable para poder llevar a cabo más de 200 different series. What happens sometimes with series diferentes. Lo que sucede a veces, con some successful series is that they seek to repeat ciertos éxitos, es que se busca repetir fórmula, formulas, with the risk of falling into repetition, con el riesgo de caer en repetición, dejando de neglecting creativity. But there are always people lado a la creatividad. Pero siempre hay perso- looking for a new point of view, as Fred Seibert, nas que buscan un nuevo punto de vista, como the first director of Cartoon Network, who put on Fred Seibert, el primer director de Cartoon displays a series of new characters, which marked Network, que puso en las pantallas una serie de a before and after. Today, we are enjoying creati- nuevos personajes, que marcaron un antes y un ve, fun, different series that entertain the whole después. En la actualidad, estamos disfrutando family. de unas series creativas, divertidas, diferentes, que entretienen a toda la familia. Palabras clave: Animación, 2D, series, televisión, Hora de Aventuras, Fred Seibert. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/caa.2018.9638 Sergio Rodríguez Valdunciel 39 El creador de series Fred Seibert. Cuando salía del colegio, en aquellos inviernos conscientes que las mujeres, en ese tiempo no fríos de Castilla, era llegar a casa para merendar participaban en los puestos importantes. Aquellos y encender aquella televisión que ocupaba una cortos llenos de persecuciones, trompazos, saltos parte importante en el cuarto de estar, y no sólo y con unos efectos sonoros característicos, eran por tamaño, sino por el contenido. parte de una industria animada, una cadena de Recuerdo aquella programación infantil, que montaje increíble, capaz de producir más de no abarcaba más de hora y media al día, Barrio 250 series: era el Volkswagen Escarabajo de la Sésamo (1979-1988) o la Cometa Blanca (1981- animación para televisión. 1983), 3,2,1 Contacto (1981-1983)... Pero, entre medias, llegaba lo más interesante: Pixie, Dixie y el gato Jinks (Pixie, Dixie and Mr. Jinks, 1958- 1961), Lagarto Juancho (Wally Gator, 1962), Maguila Gorila (The Magilla Gorilla Show, 1964-1967), Oso Yogui (The Yogi Bear Show, 1961-1988), etc. Una larga lista de personajes que rellenaban esos minutos de programación; y en los créditos, un nombre, Hanna-Barbera. Todos pensábamos que era una señora. No éramos 40 La primavera de la animación en series 2D bidimensional, sin búsqueda de volumen, huyen- 01 do de la animación continuada de otros estudios, Orígenes mientras que los fondos se componen de elemen- tos más simples. Este lenguaje es adoptado por di- En 1939 el primero que se lanzó a la piscina ferentes estudios, en especial por Hanna-Barbera, fue Jay Ward, con The Crusader Rabbit,una serie de desde la serie Huckleberry Hound (1958), con la cuatro minutos. El problema de animar una se- que establecieron las bases de su producción ani- rie son los tiempos de producción para después mada durante los 30 años siguientes. Los estudios emitir, con lo cual la animación de The Crusader Hanna-Barbera dominaron la animación de entre- Rabbit era bastante pobre, si bien venía apoya- tenimiento durante los 60 y los 70, con distintos da por un narrador entusiasta. Jay Ward sería el productos, sin depender exclusivamente de canales futuro productor de The Rocky and Bullwinkle televisivos. Sin embargo, la industria de la anima- Show (1959-1964). ción se había convertido en los 80 en una repeti- Los años siguientes fueron de cambios en la ción de clichés, spin-off de sus personajes, reutili- animación. De las vanguardias artísticas y sus zación de materiales, guiones a granel… hasta uno nuevas búsquedas visuales surgen pequeños de sus fundadores, Bill Hanna, llegó a decir: “En estudios, entre ellos la United Productions of realidad, me siento a veces como si debiese escon- America - UPA. Este estudio, con Stephen derme debajo de un asiento” (citado en Bendazzi: Bosustow como cabeza visible, crea una serie 2003: 231). Cuando las producciones empezaron de piezas, los cortometrajes Jolly Frolics (1948- a depender de los canales televisivos, quedando en 1959), con personajes y dibujos con un acabado manos de los ejecutivos las decisiones. Sergio Rodríguez Valdunciel 41 Toda esta situación, a finales de los 80 y zando los posibles fallos. Seibert era consciente principios de los 90, genera un caldo de cul- de su desconocimiento en el campo de la pro- tivo para provocar cambios. Según nos cuen- ducción de animación para televisión, pero en ta Jordi Costa (2016), el reboot de un clásico su cabeza rondaba la idea de los cortos clásicos de Terrytoons, Super Ratón (Mighty Mouse, de siete minutos de Bugs Bunny, por lo que de- 1988), a cargo de Raplh Bakshi, por encargo cidió hablar con Bill Hanna y Josep Barbera sobre de la CBS, rompió los moldes por la libertad su época de Tom y Jerry en MGM (1940-1958). que dio a sus trabajadores. Entre ellos esta- También habló con Friz Freleng —veterano de ban John Kricfalusi, Bruce Timm o Jim Re- Warner y creador en 1969 de la Pantera Rosa— ardon, futuros creadores de series como Ren y y otros tantos profesionales. Y, fuera de la em- Stimpy (The Ren & Stimpy Show, 1991-1996) presa, conoció a John Kricfalusi, que le ayudó o Batman (Batman: The Animated Series, 1992- en la configuración de una lista de nueva hornada 1995), que fueron la semilla inicial del cambio de animadores. La propuesta tomó cuerpo, re- creativo que estaba por venir. sultando la producción de 48 cortos, dentro del propio estudio y con creativos independientes, que llamaron What a Cartoon! 02 Con esta arriesgada medida buscaban renovar Germinación la obsoleta animación televisiva, llena de clichés. Recibieron 5000 propuestas de pitch de todas El canal infantil y juvenil Nickelodeon co- las partes del mundo. El proyecto se estrena mienza a producir en los 90 sus primeras series en 1995, con el corto realizado por Craig Mc- animadas: Doug ( Jim Jinkins, 1991-1994), Cracken, Las Supernenas (The Powerpuff Girls); Rugrats (Klasky Csupo et al, 1990-1996) o la el siguiente sería el de Genndy Tartakosky, El mencionada Ren y Stimpy. Mientras tanto, en Laboratorio de Dexter (Dexter’s Laboratory), etc. 1992, Hanna-Barbera, de capa caída pero con Así, hasta 48 piezas de diferentes estilos gráficos el catálogo tan suculento con el que contaba, y de tratamiento. Fue un necesario punto de in- pasa a manos de Turner Broadcasting, con el fin flexión, novedoso, atractivo, renovador y arries- de emitir las numerosas series en el nuevo canal gado. También fueron fruto de este proyecto creado, llamado Cartoon Network. Warner sacu- Vaca y pollo (Cow & Chicken, David Feiss, 1995- dió las plantillas, llevándose gran parte de los 1999), Johny Bravo (Van Partible, 1997-2004) profesionales para la producción de la nueva y Agallas el perro cobarde (Courage the Cowardly serie de Batman, de la mano de Bruce Timm, Dog, John R. Dilworth, 1999-2002). para apoyar el proyecto de la película de Tim Burton. A su vez, Fred Seibert, director creativo en la MTV, que dio vida al canal musical con 03 grafismos arriesgados, tenía que levantar el ago- Primeras hojas nizante estudio Hanna-Barbera. Se le confió la realización de dos series, emitidas entre 1993 y Fred Seibert crea su estudio independiente 1995: Swat Kats (Christian e Yvon Tremblay) y en 1997, Federator Studios, con la intención Two Stupid Dogs (Donovan Cook, Mark Sarace- de buscar nuevos talentos, estilos y personajes ni), que sin embargo fueron un fracaso, generan- diferentes para series de animación. La primera do 10 millones de dólares en pérdidas. A raíz de colaboración la realiza con Nickelodeon, con la ello, Fred buscó una fórmula para poder utilizar fórmula similar a What a Cartoon!, dando como esa misma cantidad de dinero, pero minimi- resultado la exitosa Los padrinos mágicos (The 42 La primavera de la animación en series 2D Fairly OddParents, Butch Hartman, 2001-), o también genera un contenido para el canal te- Mi vida como un robot adolescente (My Life as a levisivo correspondiente. Las series empiezan a Teenage Robot , Rob Renzetti, 2003-2009). Tras verse por internet de forma algo más habitual, estos programas, la industria animada televisiva elemento que aprovecha este programa: con se nutre de lo sembrado, explotando la fórmula. esta situación, varias de las piezas fueron visio- Hay que destacar el estreno en 2001 de Samurai nadas y la audiencia mostró entusiasmo hacia Jack en Cartoon Network, creada por Genndy una en particular, creada por Pendlenton Ward, Tartakosky, artífice de Dexter, y colaborador Hora de Aventuras (Adventure Time, 2010-). con McCraken en Las Supernenas y Foster y la Nickelodeon tuvo este tesoro en sus manos, casa de los amigos imaginarios (Foster’s Home for pero lo rechazó dos veces, mientras que Fred Imaginary Friends, 2004) (Chong, 2010: 120). Seibert sabía que en Cartoon Network nece- Para señalar de qué forma estas series han madu- sitaban una nueva serie que fuera rompedora, rado con su propia audiencia, es significativo puesto que aquellas series de What a Cartoon! señalar que recientemente se ha emitido una ya no daban más de sí.
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