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Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2015 Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing Mengjia Wang University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Chinese Studies Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Wang, Mengjia, "Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing" (2015). Theses (Historic Preservation). 580. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/580 Suggested Citation: Wang, Mengjia (2015). Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/580 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing Abstract After 1980s, the People’s Republic of China modernized rapidly, resulting in vast changes to the fabric of cities. At the same time, China developed more sophisticated urban planning practices and historic preservation regulation. In 1982, the government officially eatedcr the concept of “predominant historic and cultural city,” for cities that are considered to have very significant historic and cultural values. Cities with such distinctive and important identity should be protected as a whole, not only through preservation movements but through systematic urban planning processes. However, historic preservation and urban planning sometimes are often considered to be antithetical, and accommodating both preservation and planning in order to achieve the goal of protecting local identity has become a question demanding further examination. This thesis looks specifically into the case of Nanjing. As a capital of six imperial dynasties throughout the history and a metropolitan city today, Nanjing was among the first ot be listed as predominant historic and cultural cities in 1982, but it is also experiencing modernization accompanying with dramatic construction and destruction. By researching on the formation of different development phases, reading different types of historic layering, and comprehending the contemporary preservation and planning approaches, this thesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the urban evolution of Nanjing, and discover the possible ways to better connect historic preservation with urban planning, which could potentially be further applied to other cities. Keywords Nanjing, historic preservation, urban planning, historic layering, local identity Disciplines Chinese Studies | Historic Preservation and Conservation | Urban, Community and Regional Planning | Urban Studies and Planning Comments Suggested Citation: Wang, Mengjia (2015). Historical Layering and Historic Preservation in Relation to Urban Planning and Protecting Local Identity: City Study of Nanjing. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/580 HISTORICAL LAYERING AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN RELATION TO URBAN PLANNING AND PROTECTING LOCAL IDENTITY: CITY STUDY OF NANJING Mengjia Wang A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2015 ______________________ Advisor and Program Chair, Historic Preservation Randall F. Mason Associate Professor To My Family, Especially My Parents and Grandparents ii Acknowledgement This thesis is developed out of my long interest in preservation issues in contemporary Chinese cities. My hometown Nanjing has offered rich inspiration to settle down my thesis concept. The research is challenging but very interesting, and it also becomes another great way of learning. In addition, many people have contributed to the completion of this thesis and I would like express my sincere gratitude for everyone who has helped: First of all I would like to thank my thesis advisor Professor Randall Mason, who not only generously offers helpful advices and shares his knowledgeable information, but also patiently listens to my ideas and responds to my concerns. Also I am grateful for all the professors who have taught me during the two years’ learning, my schoolmates who we have studied together, as well as my friends who always care and encourage me. Lastly, I would like to give my special thanks to my parents, for their support, encouragement and love. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgement …………………………………………….…………………… iii List of Figures and Illustrations ……………………………….…………………. vi Chapter 1: Introduction ………..…………………………………………….……. 1 1.1 City ….………………………………………………………………….…….... 2 1.2 Nanjing as Research Subject ...………………………………………….……... 5 1.3 Historic Preservation and Urban Planning ……………………………....….…. 9 Chapter 2: Context and Methodology ...…………………………...…….………..13 2.1 Research Context ...……………….…………………………………………... 13 2.2 Methodology …………………………………………………………...……... 14 2.3 Limitation …………………………………………………………………...… 17 Chapter 3: Literature Review ….……………………………………...…………. 19 3.1 General City Planning History of China …………………………...…………. 19 3.1.1 Ancient City Planning 3.1.2 Contemporary City Planning 3.1.3 General History of City Development 3.2 City Planning History of Nanjing …………………………………….…......… 25 3.2.1 Overall History Planning 3.2.2 Other Studies 3.3 Beijing as a Comparing Example ……….……………………………...……... 30 3.3.1 Urban Planning History of Beijing 3.3.2 Preservation Plan of Beijing 3.4 City Memory …………………………………………………….………...….. 33 3.5 Historic Preservation and Urban Planning ………………………….……..….. 35 3.6 Summary of Literature Review ……………………………………….…...….. 38 Chapter 4: Historical Development of Nanjing as a City …………………..…... 40 4.1 Ancient Chinese City Development ……………………………….………..… 40 4.2 Imperial City Planning ………………………………………………..…...….. 44 4.3 The Historic City Fabric Development of Nanjing ……………………..…….. 46 Chapter 5: Modern Urban Planning of Nanjing …………………………..……. 51 5.1 Contemporary City Planning History ………………………………….....…… 51 iv 5.2 Urban Planning History of Nanjing …………………………………….…….. 52 Chapter 6: Comparables …………………………………………………….…… 65 6.1 Beijing ………………………………………………….……………………... 65 6.2 Seoul, South Korea ………………………………….....……………………... 69 6.3 Summary of Lessons ……………….………………………………….……… 76 Chapter 7: Understanding of Contemporary Nanjing and Historical Layering ……………………………………………………………….. 78 7.1 Nanjing as a Historical City ………………………………………………...… 78 7.2 Nanjing as a Historical Imperial City …………………………………...……. 80 7.3 Cotemporary City Planning of Nanjing ………………………………………. 81 7.4 Historic Layering …………………………………………………...………… 83 Chapter 8: Discussion ………………………………..………………………….. 101 8.1 Values of the Ancient and Contemporary City Fabric ………..………....…… 101 8.1.1 City through the process of development 8.1.2 City as a Collective Memory 8.2 Values and Limitation of Preservation and Urban Planning …….…………… 110 8.2.1 Historic Preservation 8.2.2 Urban Planning 8.2.3 Potential Problems and Conflict 8.3 Intangible Cultural Landscape ……………………………………………….. 117 8.3.1 Public Media 8.3.2 Approaching Dark History 8.4 How to Connect Preservation with Planning ……………………...…..…….. 124 8.4.1 Realization of the limitations 8.4.2 Dynamic Evolution of the City’s Fabric 8.4.3 Relationship between Historic Preservation and Urban Planning 8.5 Recommendations ………………………..………………………..………… 130 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………...… 135 Appendix …………………………………………………………………………. 143 Index ……………………………………………………………………………… 151 v List of Figures and Illustration Figure 1-1: 1940s Bird’s Eye View of Chao Tian Gong (朝天宫), the Confucius’s Temple …….. 8 Figure 1-2: Contemporary Bird’s Eye view of Chao Tian Gong, the Confucius’s Temple ……… 9 Figure 4-1: Imperial Cities of different periods in Nanjing …...…………………... 50 Figure 5-1: Diagram of original City Wall ………………...………………………. 53 Figure 5-2: Diagram of Today’s City Wall ………...………………………………. 54 Figure 5-3: 1910 Nanjing Map ……………...……………………………………... 56 Figure 5-4: Diagram of planned Nanjing road system …………...………………... 57 Figure 5-5: Diagram of constructed boulevards on 1946 Nanjing map ……...……. 58 Figure 5-6: Diagram of spatial division of major city (red), metropolis (orange) and administrative region (green) ………………………………………………………………………. 61 Figure 6-1: The 2004-2020 Master Plan Diagram of Center City functionality …... 67 Figure 6-2: Historic map of Seoul ……………………...………………………….. 72 Figure 6-3: Seoul 2030 Plan Diagram on Recovery and Strengthen of Seoul’s Identity ………...76 Figure 7-1: Paleolithic Sites ……………………………………………………….. 84 vi Figure 7-2: Neolithic Sites ………………………………………………………… 85 Figure 7-3: Shang & Zhou Dynasties Sites ……...………………………………… 86 Figure 7-4: Han Dynasty Sites ……...……………………………………………... 87 Figure 7-5: Six Dynasties Sites ……...…………………………………………….. 87 Figure 7-6: Tang Dynasty Sites ………………………...………………………….. 89 Figure 7-7: Five Dynasties Sites …………………………………………………... 90 Figure 7-8: Song Dynasty Sites ……………………………………………………. 91 Figure 7-9: Yuan Dynasty
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