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Ecological Separation by Ecomorphology and Swimming Performance Between Two Congeneric Fish Species

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Ecological Separation by Ecomorphology and Swimming Performance Between Two Congeneric Fish Species ZOOLOGIA 37: e47223 ISSN 1984-4689 (online) zoologia.pensoft.net RESEARCH ARTICLE Ecological separation by ecomorphology and swimming performance between two congeneric fish species Rafael C. R. Souza1 , Paulo S. Pompeu2 1Programa Peixe Vivo, Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais. Avenida Barbacena 1200, Santo Agostinho, 30190-131 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras. Campus Universitário, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. Corresponding author: Rafael CR Souza ([email protected]) http://zoobank.org/922364E9-DEBC-408C-AF73-984D9507FE6C ABSTRACT. The high diversity of freshwater fish species reflects a great morphological plasticity. Understanding the relationship between swimming capacity, morphology and habitat use may be important to predict the chances of finding a species at an anthropized environment. The swimming capacity and morphological aspects of two sympatric species of Characidium, and for which spatial segregation in different hydraulic habitats is known, were compared in this study. Twenty-one individuals of Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt, 1867 and 23 individuals of Characidium cf. zebra Eigenmann, 1909 were captured and used for the evaluation of the swimming capacity and ecomorphological attributes. The swimming capacity of each species was obtained by measuring critical and relative velocities. A total of 12 ecomorphological attributes correlated with habitat use and swimming characteristics were also compared. The Mann-Whitney mean test showed that the swimming capacity of C. fasciatum was greater than that of C. cf. zebra, and the standard length of the individuals explained 12.42% of the variation in their capacity to withstand water flow. Both species were morphologically distinct in the relative length of the caudal peduncle, ventral flattening index and the relative area of the pectoral fin. The relative area of the pectoral fin alone accounted for 16.71% of the differences in the ability to resist the water flow and which were not explained by body length. Our results showed that two species differed in the ecomorphological space and in their swimming capacity, supporting the hypothesis that the greater the hydrodynamism, the better a fish is able to withstand the water flow, and that this capacity is correlated with the morphological characteristics linked to the swimming activity of the fish. KEY WORDS. Characidium, environmental pressure, habitat use, intraspecific differences, morphology INTRODUCTION Ecological morphology, or ecomorphology, is the branch of ecology that studies the relationships between morphology Freshwater environments harbor an estimated 12,000 and ecological aspects among individuals, populations, guilds, species of strictly freshwater fish (Nelson 2006). The great diver- and communities (Karr and James 1975, Gatz 1979b, Winemiller sity of species is reflected in a variety of reproductive behaviors, 1992, Chapman et al. 2015). For a long time, ecologists have morphological plasticity, trophic plasticity and sensitivity to been interested in the relationship between the morphology various environments (Gatz 1979a, Wootton 1991, Vazzoler of organisms, their ecological performance and the evolution- 1996, Luiz et al. 1998, Collen et al. 2014). Knowing the biology ary consequences of this relationship for the selection and of fish species, their ecological relationships, and their differ- maintenances of adaptative traits in populations (Gatz 1979a, ent responses to biotic and abiotic variations is necessary to Wikramanayake 1990, Winemiller 1991, Leal et al. 2011, Saraiva understand and to mitigate the impacts of anthropic actions. and Pompeu 2016). Ecomorphological studies of fish aim to un- Anthropic changes often degrade the environment, causing derstand the importance of certain attributes in the ecology of homogenization of the aquatic physical environments and loss the species and how they influence their adaptation to different of habitat (Lowe-McConnell 1975, Miller 1984, Jackson et al. habitats (Douglas and Matthews 1992, Norton et al. 1995, Casatti 2001, Rosenfeld 2003, Chapman et al. 2014). and Castro 2006, Lailvaux and Husak 2014). ZOOLOGIA 37: e47223 | https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e47223 | December 3, 2020 1 / 8 R.C.R. Souza & P.S. Pompeu The first studies on the swimming capacity of fish focused fish were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and then stored mainly on physiological aspects and how it is influenced by in 70% alcohol. Individuals of both species were deposited in water characteristics such as dissolved oxygen, temperature and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (C. zebra pH (Brett 1964). In Brazil, investigations have been generally MZUSP 73689 and C. fasciatum MZUSP 73790). descriptive and comparisons have been made with species from Swimming performance other countries (Santos et al. 2008), focusing on establishing constructive parameters for fish ladders (Santos et al. 2012). Even The hydraulic apparatus used to perform the tests in this today, studies that experimentally test the correlation between study consists of a hydrodynamic tunnel through which water is swimming capacity and morphological aspects and/or species forced by a centrifugal pump (Sampaio et al. 2012). The tunnel is ecology are rare for Neotropical species (Sampaio et al. 2012). The made of PVC pipes (with internal diameters of 100 mm), flexible few studies that have advanced in this direction have attempted tubes (100 mm internal diameter) and transparent acrylic tube to understand how morphological attributes possibly associated (90 mm internal diameter and 1.0 m long). The centrifugal pump with swimming influence the use of the hydraulic habitat by a (Weg, 7.5 HP and maximum flow of 27.5 m3× h-1) promotes the species (Casatti et al. 2001, Chapman et al. 2015). flow of water, which is measured by an electronic flow meter, In the present study, we compared the swimming capacity and controlled by a frequency inverter. A water tank (500 L) and and morphological aspects of two congeneric sympatric species supporting structures (in metalon, with 1.0 m height and lengths for which spatial segregation in different hydraulic habitats is of 1.0 and 3.5 m) complete the apparatus (Fig. 1). known (Leal et al. 2011). Three hypotheses were tested: (i) the To determine fish swimming ability, the initial speed of species occurring in environments with faster water velocity the test, 0.05 m × s-1, , was increased at a fixed rate (also 0.05 has greater swimming capacity; (ii) the two species differ with m × s-1) every five minutes. This interval, adopted according respect to some morphological parameters; (iii) the morpho- to Santos (2007), makes it possible to implement and measure logical parameters that differentiate the species are correlated all speeds and to complete the test within a feasible time. The with their swimming performance and explain intraspecific test ended when the fish could no longer remain in the flow differences in their ability to remain positioned on the substrate (due to muscle fatigue) and was drawn by the water flow to the despite the flow. downstream screen of the acrylic section (Hammer 1995). After completion of the test, the pump was shut down and then the MATERIAL AND METHODS time and the speed supported by the fish were noted. After- wards, the critical velocity values were calculated according to R W Fish collecting Brett (1964): Vcrit = Vmax + Tmax DT # DV , where Vmax is the Individuals of the two species were collected in the Curi- maximum speed, Tmax the time during which the fish swam mataí river (17º59’33.3”S; 44º10’48.2”W), São Francisco river in the last time interval, ∆T the time interval and ∆V the speed basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fish were captured with a seine and increment. The relative velocity, in lengths per second, was also semicircular hand nets (mosquito screen with 1 mm mesh, 80 obtained by dividing the critical velocity value by the length of cm in diameter). The collecting points were chosen based on a each fish, in order to allow comparisons between individuals by previous study of the fish community of this river, which iden- removing possible size effects. tified that two species ofCharacidium use distinct habitats (Leal A linear regression was also performed to evaluate the et al. 2011). Characidium sp. cf. Characidium zebra Eigenmann, influence of body size on the critical velocity, and the data were 1909, referred to as Characidium cf. zebra in the rest of this text, transformed (Log10) when the values did not have a normal are abundant in deeper waters where the flow is low (pools) and distribution. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to the substrate is sandy. Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt, 1867 are compare the relative velocities between species. found in rapids (riffle), where it is shallower and the substrate is The individuals of both species of Characidum were con- rocky. In total, 21 individuals of C. fasciatum and 23 individuals sidered unsteady swimmers (Langerhans 2009): they resist the of C. cf. zebra were captured and evaluated for their swimming flow of water, standing still on the substrate. Therefore, when we capacity and ecomorphology. refer to swimming capacity this fish it may mean that it is both After being collected, the fish were transported in aerat- actively swimming and/or resisting the flow of water. ed boxes to the experimental area, where they were placed in Ecomorphology aquariums and left resting for 24 hours before the tests started. No fish remained in the laboratory for more than seven days, Morphometric measurements were performed on all indi- and during the experiments they were fed commercial aquarium viduals for which we evaluated the swimming capacity, using a fish food. Individuals ofC. cf. zebra were maintained at average digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. All measurements temperature of 19 °C, dissolved oxygen of 8 ppm and 9.5 of pH; were taken on the left side of each fish. The body area, caudal C. fasciatum were maintained at 21.6 °C, oxygen concentration fin and pectoral fin were measured from drawings made on of 7.99 ppm and pH 9.5.
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