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DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE, Cmpophilus Hemipterusl

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DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE, Cmpophilus Hemipterusl Joumal oj Chemical Ecology, Vol. 17, No.2, 1991 HOST-DERIVED VOLATILES AS ATTRACTANTS AND PHEROMONE SYNERGISTS FOR DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE, Cmpophilus hemipterusl PATRICK F. DOWD2.* and ROBERT 1. BARTELT 3 2Mycotoxin and 3BioacTive ConsTituenTs Research UniTs National Cellier jor Agricultural UTilizaTion Research USDA, Agriculrural Research Service Peoria, lllinois 61604 (Received July 10. 1990; accepted September 21, 1990) Abstract-The attractiveness of representative host materials, host extracts, and individual host volatiles (primarily carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters) to Carpophilus hemipTerus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) adults in wind-tun­ nel bioassays was examined. Attractiveness of the materials was examined alone and in combination with the aggregation pheromone. Host materials and extracts were often attractive on their own, and the attractancy was syner­ gized when they were combined with the pheromone. Propanoic and butanoic acids, methanol, 2-propanol, I-heptanol, methyl butanoate, and propanal were among the most effective attractants relative to the pheromone, but many other compounds significantly synergized the pheromone (typically three- to four fold). Attractiveness and synergism were influenced by the carbon chain length and branching of the substitutents. Straight-chain compounds that had at least three carbon atoms were generally effective as synergists. Many branched-chain compounds were also effective synergists. In general, the degree of attractiveness and synergism could be predicted fairly well with the physicochemical steric (Es) parameter. although the lipophilicity (Pi) param­ eter also appeared to be useful in explaining the lower activity of short-chain substituems. Thus, many compounds that had only limited attractiveness on their own may nevertheless play and important role in synergizing the pher­ omone. Structure-activity studies appear to be appropriate not only for deter­ mining optimal attractants for these insects, but also for determining effective synergists for the pheromone. 'To whom correspondence should be addressed. I The mention of firms or trade names does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 285 286 DOWD AND BARTELT Key Words-Pheromone, aggregation, synergism, ester, carboxylic acid, alcohol, carboxylic ester, driedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemiplerus, Coleop­ tera, Nitidulidae. INTRODUCTION The use of host-derived volatiles to locate suitable hosts is important in many insects, including the Coleoptera (Metcalf, 1987). Aggregation pheromones also are produced by many Coleoptera (Jones, 1985). Host-derived volatiles and aggregation pheromones also can interact to produce synergized attraction of bark beetles (Jones, 1985). An increasing number of studies (e.g., Walgenbach et aI., 1987; Burkholder, 1988; Oehlschlager et aI., 1988) also have demon­ strated that stored-product beetle attraction is synergistically enhanced by com­ bining aggregation pheromones and host volatiles. However, synergized attraction of insects by combinations of host volatiles and pheromones is just beginning to be appreciated as a widespread phenomenon. The driedfruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus, is a cosmopolitan pest of fresh and dried fruit, as well as many fresh and stored grains, spices, drugs, and seeds (Hinton, 1945). Past information indicates these insects also are attracted by host odors (especially fermenting ones) or isolated volatiles (Smi­ lanick et aI., 1978; Blackmer and Phelan, 1988). For example, a 1: 1: 1 com­ bination of ethanol-acetaldehyde-ethyl acetate was a highly effective combination for attracting C. hemipterus (Smilanick et aI., 1978). Fermented baits have been used successfully to reduce populations of this insect when the insects collected by the traps were not immediately killed (Warner, 1960, 1961). However, poisoned attractive baits were not able to outcompete naturally ripe (and presumably fermenting) figs in orchards (Smilanick, 1979). This infor­ mation suggests that a combination ofaggregation pheromone and host volatiles is necessary to equal the attraction of natural host materials with insects present and could potentially involve synergism as well. Bartelt et ai. (1990a) recently reported the first example of an aggregation pheromone from nitidulids, which interacts synergistically with some host volatiles. To further examine this important interaction, host materials, host extracts, and individual host-derived volatiles were combined with the pheromone of C. hemipterus and tested for relative attractiveness versus individual components in wind-tunnel bioassays. Structure-activity studies of individual host components combined with the pheromone extract also were run to determine ifoptimal host-derived individual attractancy, synergism, and overall attractancy could be predicted by quantita­ tive analysis of physiocochemical parameters or use of other structural relation­ ships. DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE PHEROMONE SYNERGISTS 287 METHODS AND MATERIALS Insects. The C. hemipterus were reared according to previously described methods (Dowd, 1987). Adults used in assays were 7-10 days old. The insects were conditioned for flight by 16 hr starvation (see Bartelt et aI., 1990a). Hosts and Chemicals. Whole oranges, bananas, and apple juice were obtained from a local grocery store. Oranges were squeezed for juice immedi­ ately before the assays. Milk-stage dent com was obtained from greenhouse­ grown plants. The Saccharomyces cerevisae used was a baker's yeast strain (Fleishman's dried activated). The culture of the wild yeast, Zygosaccharo­ myces bailii, a common contaminant of fermenting fruit (NRRL Y-2227), was obtained from the Northern Regional Research Center culture collection. Bananas were fermented with the two yeast strains by sprinkling or loop inoc­ ulating the freshly cut surface and capping in 35 ml cups. The liquid produced by the fermentation (after two months) was used in assays. Fresh S. cerevisae were obtained by sprinkling the dry yeast onto potato dextrose agar and scraping the colonies off the surface after two weeks. These yeast were made up as a 10 % suspension in distilled water. Individual host volatiles and sources are reported in Table 1. A series of acids, alcohols, methyl esters, and acetate esters were used to determine structure-activity relationships. Wind- Tunnel Bioassays. Assays were performed according to previously reported methods (Bartelt et aI., 1990a). Briefly, ca. 300-600 starved insects were assayed at one time. Disks of filter paper (Whatman 541 or related, 7 cm diameter) were folded into quarters, treated with the liquid attractant(s), and hung with binder clips ca. 30 cm apart and 40 cm above the floor in the upwind end of the wind tunnel. The pheromone and host volatile were applied to dif­ ferent areas of the filter paper when tested in combination. For the liquid attrac­ tants, 20-ILI quantities were applied to the folded filter paper. Esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids were applied as 10% solutions/suspensions in mineral oil, since these conditions provided a concentration and release rate previously proven effective in the field (Smilanick et aI., 1978) and found to be effective in our wind-tunnel assays (see Results). When chemicals were com­ bined in solution, the total contribution of an individual chemical was 10 %. The pheromone source was the hydrocarbon fraction from extracts of cultures that contained male beetles (Bartelt et aI., 1990). The concentration of the most abundant pheromone component, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8­ decatetraene, was ca. 50 pg/ILl when quantitated by gas chromatography; 20 ILl of this extract was used in each test (ca. 1 ng of the major component and proportional amounts of the cooccurring components). Comparisons of this ini­ tial material and an isolated Tenax-trapped volatile extract developed after the start of these assays (Bartelt et aI., 1990a) did not yield significantly different results for representative combinations, so the diet extract was used throughout 288 DOWD AND BARTELT TABLE 1. CHEMICALS. SOURCES. AND PURITIES" Purity Compound Source (%) Alcohols Methanol EM Labs 99.9 Ethanol USICC 100 I-Propanol Aldrich 99.7 2-Propanol (isopropyl alcohol) Baker 99.8 I-Butanol Fisher 99.95 2-Methyl-I-propanol (isobutyl alcohol) Aldrich 99.9 2-Butanol (s-butyl alcohol) Aldrich 99+ 2-Methyl-2-propanol (I-butyl alcohol) Aldrich 99+ 2-Methyl-l-butanol Aldrich 99+ I-Pentanol Aldrich 99+ l-Heptanol Sigma 99 Acids Formic Aldrich 95 Acetic EM Labs 99.7 Propanoic Sigma 99 Butanoic Aldrich 99+ 2-Methylpropanoic (isobutyric) Aldrich 99+ Pentanoic Kodak 98 3-Methylbutanoic (isovaleric) Aldrich 99 2-Methylbutanoic Kodak 99 2.2-Dimethylpropanoic Aldrich 99 3-Methylpentanoic Aldrich 97 4-Methylpentanoic Kodak 99 2.2-Dimethylbutanoic Aldrich 96 Acetate esters Methyl acetate PolySciences 98+ Ethyl acetate MCB 99.5 Propyl acetate PolySciences 98+ I-Methylethyl (isopropyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ Butyl acetate Aldrich 99+ 2-Methylpropyl (isobutyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ I-Methylpropyl (s-butyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ 1.I-Dimethylethyl (I-butyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ Pentyl acetate MCB 98 3-Methylbutyl (isopentyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ I-Methylbutyl (s-pentyl) acetate PolySciences 98+ 2-Methylbutyl acetate PolySciences 98+ I-Ethylpropyl acetate PolySciences 98+ OctyI acetate Aldrich 99+ Methyl esters Methyl formate PolySciences 98+ Methyl acetate PolySciences 98+
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