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Whooper Swan Cygnus Cygnus (Iceland Population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000

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Whooper Swan Cygnus Cygnus (Iceland Population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000 Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus (Iceland population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000 James A Robinson1, Kendrew Colhoun2, J Graham McElwaine3 & Eileen C Rees4 with contributions from Peter Akers, John Bowler, Andrew Bramhall, Ivan Brockway, Paul Brooks, Allan Brown, Lyndesay Brown, David Butterfield, Colin Butters, Graham Catley, Robert Coleman, Paul Collin, John Doherty, Jenny Earle, Peter Ellis, Ian Enlander, Rick Goater, Richard Hesketh, Paul Hollinlake, John Kemp, Charlie Kitchin, Stan Laybourne, Charlie Liggett, Jane MacGregor, Jim Martin, Carl Mitchell, Gerry Murphy, Malcolm Ogilvie, Craig Ralston, Ralph Sheppard, John Small, Chris Spray, Bob Swann, Chris Tomlinson, George White, Jim Wilson, Val Wilson, Steven Wiseman, Alyn Walsh and Jim Wells 1The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, UK 2BirdWatch Ireland, Ruttledge House, 8 Longford Place, Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland 3Irish Whooper Swan Study Group, 100 Strangford Road, Downpatrick, Co. Down BT30 7JD, UK 4The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Martin Mere, Burscough, Lancs L40 0TA, UK Waterbird Review Series © The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review (as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988), no part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. ISBN 0 900806 41 9 This publication should be cited as: Robinson, JA, K Colhoun, JG McElwaine & EC Rees. 2004. Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus (Iceland population) in Britain and Ireland 1960/61 – 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series, The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge. Published by: The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Joint Nature Conservation Committee Slimbridge Monkstone House Gloucestershire City Road GL2 7BT Peterborough PE1 1JY T: 01453 891900 T: 01733 562626 F: 01453 890827 F: 01733 555948 E: [email protected] E: [email protected] Design and typeset by Paul Marshall Cover design by Pyneapple Printed by Crowes Complete Print, 50 Hurricane Way, Airport Industrial Estate, Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6JB Front cover: Whooper Swan (Norfolk, England) by Chris Gomersall Back cover: Wintering flock of Whooper Swans, Cleish Hills (Fife) by Chris Gomersall ii CONTENTS Summary v 1 The Whooper Swan 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Monitoring and population assessment 3 1.3.1 Counts 3 1.3.2 Productivity 3 1.3.3 Ringing 3 1.3.4 Population assessment 4 1.4 Annual cycle 5 1.4.1 Breeding season 5 1.4.2 Autumn migration 6 1.4.3 Winter 6 1.4.4 Spring migration 7 1.5 Conservation and management 7 1.5.1 Legislation and other conservation measures 7 1.5.2 Hunting 8 1.5.3 Agricultural conflict 8 2 Survey of wintering areas 10 2.1 Britain 13 2.1.1 Shetland 13 2.1.2 Orkney 14 2.1.3 Caithness 16 2.1.4 The Moray Basin 20 2.1.5 Aberdeenshire 24 2.1.6 The Hebrides 25 2.1.7 Tayside and Fife 28 2.1.8 Angus 30 2.1.9 Lothian 30 2.1.10 The Clyde Basin 32 2.1.11 Cumbria and Dumfries & Galloway 35 2.1.12 The Borders and Northeast England 41 2.1.13 Lancashire 45 2.1.14 Yorkshire 46 2.1.15 Isle of Man 48 2.1.16 North Wales 50 2.1.17 Dyfed 50 2.1.18 East Anglia 50 2.1.19 Dorset 52 2.2 Northern Ireland 55 2.2.1 The Foyle/Swilly Complex 55 iii 2.2.2 Loughs Neagh/Beg area 60 2.2.3 Upper Lough Erne Area 64 2.2.4 Down 65 2.2.5 Antrim/Londonderry 67 2.2.6 Tyrone 68 2.2.7 Armagh 68 2.2.8 Fermanagh 68 2.3 Republic of Ireland 69 2.3.1 Donegal 69 2.3.2 Leitrim 70 2.3.3 Sligo 71 2.3.4 Mayo 72 2.3.5 Roscommon 75 2.3.6 Longford 77 2.3.7 Galway 79 2.3.8 Clare 82 2.3.9 Limerick 83 2.3.10 Tipperary 85 2.3.11 Kerry 85 2.3.12 Cork 86 2.3.13 Waterford 87 2.3.14 Wexford 89 2.3.15 Carlow 90 2.3.16 Laois 90 2.3.17 Offaly 90 2.3.18 Kildare 91 2.3.19 Wicklow 91 2.3.20 Dublin 93 2.3.21 Meath 93 2.3.22 Westmeath 94 2.3.23 Cavan 96 2.3.24 Monaghan 99 2.3.25 Louth 99 3 Future research needs 100 4 Acknowledgements 101 5 References 102 iv SUMMARY The vast majority of the Whooper Swans Cygnus 1990s. Similarly high numbers occur at the cygnus recorded in Britain and Ireland originates from Foyle/Swilly complex, Loughs Neagh & Beg and breeding grounds in Iceland. This review aims to Upper Lough Erne, all in the north of the island of assess changes in their abundance and distribution in Ireland. Britain and Ireland since winter 1960/61, to describe all available historical information prior to that year, Twenty sites in Ireland and seven in Britain are to provide current estimates of population size, to internationally important for Whooper Swan, review published information on the ecology and regularly supporting at least 160 individuals; 20 biology of this species, and to describe numbers, further sites are nationally important in Britain trends and site use at key resorts in Britain and (holding 55 or more birds), and 17 are important in Ireland. an all-Ireland context (supporting 100 or more birds). Information on numbers, trends and site use Most of the Whooper Swans from the Icelandic at these key resorts is provided within this review breeding population migrate to winter at various sites in Ireland and Britain. A small proportion, 500- In Britain and Ireland, Whooper Swans traditionally 1,300 individuals, remains in Iceland, perhaps related winter on freshwater habitats and agricultural land. to weather conditions and food supply in Iceland, In Iceland, they mainly use spring-fed freshwaters while small numbers are encountered in countries both in the northeast and the south, and on the bordering the southern North Sea. Whooper Swans shallow coastal waters of the southwest where ice from the North mainland Europe population – seldom forms. Some birds also use urban habitats in which winters mainly in Scandinavia, northern Reykjavik. Germany and the Low Countries – have also been recorded in Britain in small numbers. During the early part of the 20th century, Whooper Swans wintering in Britain and Ireland fed mainly on The first co-ordinated census of the entire Icelandic aquatic vegetation during the winter months, breeding population took place in January 1986 and particularly Zostera and Chara species in coastal areas recorded 16,742 individuals. This was followed by and on the tubers and root stalks of Potamogeton, three more midwinter censuses in 1991, 1995 and Elodea canadensis, Glyceria, Equisetum and Rorippa 2000. Over 20,600 Whooper Swans were recorded palustre in freshwater lakes and marshes. However, during the last of these, an increase of around 30% the use of agricultural land has become far more over the 1995 estimate. frequent since the 1960s, partly as a result of agricultural intensification in the wintering areas. Although this increase in numbers may have been due to an actual increase in the Icelandic population, The habitat switch of Whooper Swans on to it is also possible that the substantial increase in the cropped land (arable and agriculturally-improved 1990s of the North mainland Europe population pasture), together with an increase in the numbers of may have led to greater numbers of continental birds wintering in Britain and Ireland during the Whooper Swans visiting Britain and Ireland during middle of the 20th century, has resulted in some the 1999/2000 winter: it has been estimated that at conflict with agricultural interests, particularly in least 200 Finnish-breeding birds winter in Britain relation to re-seeded grasslands, winter cereals, root each year. crops and oil seed rape. Historically, most Whooper Swans wintered in Future monitoring is required to follow Ireland and Scotland. Numbers visiting Ireland are distributional changes in the feeding areas of thought to have increased since 1900, but have Whooper Swans around key sites so that adequate remained relatively stable since the mid 1950s. In the protection can be afforded in agricultural habitats. early 1960s, east central Scotland held the largest Monitoring throughout the range should be concentrations of Whooper Swans in Britain but improved further to identify important sites in areas numbers in this area have since declined, with that are poorly covered, e.g. in northern Scotland. numbers in the Outer Hebrides also falling over the New research should focus on understanding same period. There has, however, been a large population dynamics, predicting the consequences of increase in the numbers of birds using Martin Mere threats to this population, and improving the in northwest England and the Ouse Washes in understanding of site importance during times of southeast England since the 1980s with over 1,000 high turnover. recorded regularly at each of these sites in the late v Whooper Swan 1 THE WHOOPER SWAN 1.1 Introduction Asia (Scott & Rose 1996, Miyabayashi & Mundkur 1999). Within Europe, Whooper Swans breed mainly in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Since Boyd & Eltringham (1962) published the first Russia, with smaller numbers breeding in Estonia, paper on the status of the Whooper Swan Cygnus Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (Laubek et al. 1999). A cygnus in Great Britain, a substantial amount of few pairs also breed sporadically in Britain and information has been amassed on the numbers, Ireland.
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