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Universalism and Religions Free! © 2017 QUAKER UNIVERSALIST FELLOWSHIP UniversalistFriends.org Info@UniversalistFriends/org eBook published by QUF Publications Print: ISBN 978-1-878906-81-6 eBook ISBN 978-1-941309-02-5 Compiled and republished from Universalist Friends, Journal of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship © 2007 Quaker Universalist Fellowship and from Universalist, the Journal of the Quaker Universalist Group www.qug.org.uk Cover image by Tiina Tormanen [email protected] Print Editor: Patricia A. Williams Editorial Assistant: Gail Rogers eBook cover image design and layout: Lyn Cope eBook copy editor: Larry Spears Quaker Universalist Voice Editor: Michael Shell This volume is dedicated to all those who seek to have an understanding of Quaker Universalism UNIVERSALISM AND RELIGIONS Edited by Patricia A.Williams The Quaker Universalist Reader NUMBER 2 CONTENTS Introduction . 8 Chapter 1: What is Universalism? .........................12 Quaker Universalism in a World Religious Setting —Paul Alan Laughlin .......................................12 A Theology of Quaker Universalism —Ralph Hetherington. 22 The Need for Universalism —Phillip Hills ..............................................29 What Universalism Is Not —Richard Allen ............................................33 The Quaker/Unitarian Universalist Connection —Chris Buice ..............................................35 Open Letter from the Religious Society of Friends, Quakers, in Norway —Hans Eirik Aarek, Erik Cleven, Karin Ern, and Mogens Clausen ..45 Chapter 2: What is Universal? ..............................48 Is The God of the Bible Ever Universal? —Eric M. Thompson ........................................48 The Spiritual Reach of the Human Mind —James Hemming ..........................................57 The Interior Life and the Universal —Lorna M. Marsden ........................................66 A View of Quaker Universalism —Rhoda Gilman ............................................74 A Unifying Theology —Ihsan Rasmy .............................................76 Universal Salvation? —Anne Ashworth ..........................................78 Autonomy and the Teaching of Jesus —John R. Lickorish .........................................82 A Universalist Ethic? —Ben Vincent ..............................................84 Chapter 3: Universalism and Quakerism .................87 Universal WHAT? —Lynne Phillips ............................................87 Robert Barclay, Theologian of Quaker Universalism —Chuck Fager .............................................89 The Quakers and the Christian Myth —Lorna M. Marsden ........................................92 Universalism in Search of a Dynamic —Ralph Hetherington. 95 Response to Letter to a Universalist —Alex Gero . 97 Thoughts Stimulated by Alex Gero —Marti Matthews .........................................100 Chapter 4: Universalism and Christianity ................102 A Talk Given at Yearly Meeting in London on 25 May 1987 —Ralph Hetherington ......................................102 The Authenticity of Liberal Quakerism —Chuck Fager ............................................105 6 The Quaker Universalist Reader #2 Quaker Universalism and Anti-Universalism —Alex Gero. 115 Universalism and Me —H. Otto Dahlke ..........................................117 A Unifying Influence in the Society of Friends: Quakers and Christ —Alec Davison. .120 Are You A Yeshuan? —Kingdon W. Swayne ......................................123 Is There an “Alternative Christianity”? —William Kriebel .........................................125 Christian or Not? —Caroline Series ..........................................127 A Quaker Universalist Looks at Christmas —Elizabeth Béguin ........................................130 Chapter 5: Universalism and Non-Christian Religions . 132 Universalism and Inter-Faith —Norman Richardson .....................................132 The Universal Nature of Jesus’ Teaching —Jim McDowel ...........................................135 Quaker Spirit and Buddhist Practice —Rhoda R. Gilman ........................................139 Light from the East —Jim McDowell ...........................................143 Pacifism in World Religions: A Hindu-Quaker Link —Edward Owen ...........................................146 Our Universal Religions —Ihsan Rasmy ............................................147 Why Not Join the Unitarians? —Robin Alpern ...........................................149 A Great People To Be Gathered —Robinson Jones ..........................................154 Godless for God’s Sake: Demystifying Mysticism —David Boulton ...........................................161 Theological Diversity within Twin Cities Meeting, Nontheists in the Meeting ............................................166 Walk Cheerfully—in Japan —Anne Ashworth .........................................167 Out of a Single Fire: Sikhs and Quakers —Dharam Singh ..........................................169 Index of Authors .........................................171 About Quaker Universalist Fellowship ................172 Introduction Universalism has been an integral aspect of Quakerism since the seventeenth century. From its beginning, Quakerism challenged both Protestantism and Catholicism by proclaiming the universality of a Divine Light. The Light shown in every person, Quakerism declared, regardless of religion, race, sex, nationality, or moral behavior. The ubiquity of the Light constituted Quakerism’s universalism. Today, the common definition of universalism is different. Today universalism implies eventual salvation for every person. The early Quakers rejected this kind of universalism, for they saw many reject the Light within them. A secondary meaning of universalism today is that all religions have valuable insights to offer, an idea the early Quakers accepted. Another understanding is that the major religions have much in common, especially a universal ethic. Still another is the hope that one universal religion will develop. Both these latter ideas arose too recently to have been addressed by the early Quakers. The late twentieth century saw the rise of a distinct universalist movement within Quakerism—the Religious Society of Friends. It started in 1977 with a speech by John Linton, “Quakerism as Forerunner,” now available in the first volume of the Quaker Universalist Reader. That speech prompted the formation of the Quaker Universalist Group (QUG) in Britain. Then in the autumn of 1982, Linton traveled across the United States from Boston to Los Angeles lecturing on universalism and the QUG. His tour sparked the founding of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship (QUF) in North America. The purposes of both organizations are similar. The British group says, The Quaker Universalist Group is based on our understanding that spiritual awareness is accessible to everyone of any religion or none, and that no one person and no one faith can claim to have the final revelation or monopoly of truth. We acknowledge that such awareness may be expressed in many different ways. We delight in this diversity and warmly welcome both Quakers and non- Quakers to join with us. More information on the QUG is available at <www.qug.org.uk>. The most recent statement from North America is The mission of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship is to foster the understanding that within everyone is a directly accessible spiritual light that can lead people to equality, simplicity, justice, compassion and peace. The QUF Web site is <www.universalistfriends.org>. Both associations began fulfilling their common mission by publishing separate newsletters which expanded into journals. The QUG has produced 77 to date (three per year); the QUF, 43 (two per year). Each has also published separate pamphlets, still available in print and/or online. Seven early pamphlets of the QUG were collected in book form as the Quaker Universalist Reader #1, which remains in print. Now the two organizations working together have produced two more volumes of Quaker universalist writings. These have been collected from the newsletter-journals, thereby making many hard-to- find essays accessible. As editor of both volumes, I have read all but one of the 120 newsletter-journals—one seems to have vanished from Earth. I have concentrated on the articles, leaving aside editorials, book reviews, letters, poems, general news, and pieces specific to a particular occasion or association. Where many articles were similar, I tried to choose representative ones. I also looked for clarity, creativity, insight, and honest, if not necessarily successful, wrestling with a difficult subject. Due to the ambiguity of the term universalism and its unusual place in Quakerism, today’s Quakers have spent much thought and ink considering what form(s) of universalism Quakers do, or should, accept. All the articles collected in the current volume address some aspect of universalism and its connection with various religions. A separate volume, Universalism and Spirituality: Quaker Universalist Reader #3, contains articles that focus on spirituality. In academic work in North America after about the mid 1970s, editors insisted on inclusive language—no more “mankind” or “sons of God,” or God as “he.” Much to my surprise, many of the articles I 10 The Quaker Universalist Reader #2 reviewed failed to use inclusive language, despite Quakers’ primacy in proclaiming women’s equality. Nonetheless, because these are reprinted articles, I decided to leave the exclusive sons and men to speak for themselves,
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