Vestiges De L'apocalypse : Le Site De Tanis, Dakota Du Nord

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Vestiges De L'apocalypse : Le Site De Tanis, Dakota Du Nord 1/10 Vestiges de l'apocalypse : le site de Tanis, Dakota du Nord 29/08/2019 Auteur(s) : Cyril Langlois ENS Lyon - Préparation à l'agrégation SV-STU Publié par : Olivier Dequincey Résumé Inondations brutales, site fossilifère exceptionnel avec présence de microtectites à la limite Crétacé-Paléogène : un site témoin des conséquences immédiates de la chute de la météorite de Chicxulub. Table des matières Imaginer l'impact de Chicxulub La formation de Hell Creek et le site de Tanis Le gisement exceptionnel de Tanis et son interprétation Les dépôts de Tanis La mise en place des dépôts Les derniers moments des dinosaures américains Conclusion Bibliographie Un nouveau gisement exceptionnel (Lagerstätte) attribué à la toute fin du Crétacé a été décrit le 23 avril 2019 dans les Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences des États-Unis (PNAS). Selon ses découvreurs, il serait le témoin des conséquences immédiates de la chute de la météorite de Chicxulub, principal responsable de l'extinction massive correspondant à la limite Crétacé-Paléogène. Depuis l'apparition de cette hypothèse, en 1980, l'implication d'un impact météoritique majeur dans l'extinction biologique qui définit le passage du Mésozoïque au Cénozoïque a été largement étayée. Le cratère d'impact de Chicxulub, mis en évidence par gravimétrie sous les sédiments plus récents du Yucatan en 1991, est considéré aujourd'hui par la majorité des chercheurs comme la trace de cet évènement cataclysmique. Les enregistrements sédimentaires de la limite Crétacé-Paléogène identifiés de par le monde étayent cette interprétation (Schulte et al., 2010 [15]) (pour plus de détails, voir La crise Crétacé-Paléogène et l'hypothèse météoritique, 34 ans après). Imaginer l'impact de Chicxulub Géophysiciens, climatologues, sédimentologues et paléontologues ont exploré, sur le terrain ou par la modélisation, les multiples effets qu'a pu avoir cet impact sur la biosphère et la géosphère : obscurité prolongée pendant des mois (Covey et al., 1994 [9]), refroidissement drastique pendant plusieurs années sous l'effet des aérosols sulfatés injectés dans la stratosphère (Brugger et al., 2017 [5], Vellekoop et al., 2016 [18]), activation d'éruptions volcaniques dans la province indienne du Deccan (province volcanique déjà active avant l'impact) par les ondes sismiques produites (Richards et al., 2015 [14]), réchauffement climatique sur des siècles… Mais ce tableau apocalyptique, aseptisé par la rigueur scientifique et les longues durées qu'il embrasse, reste peu évocateur pour https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/Tanis-extinction-K-Pg.xml - Version du 07/04/21 2/10 l'être humain. Seule la science-fiction, particulièrement l'écrivain britannique Stephen Baxter (1957-) dans son gros roman Évolution [3], a su imaginer un récit de cet événement tel qu'ont pu le vivre les organismes d'alors. Source - © 2003 S. Baxter [3] Figure 1. Première de couverture de l'édition française de l'ouvrage de Stephen Baxter, Évolution (2005). La comète traversa l'atmosphère terrestre en quelques fractions de seconde. Elle chassa si violemment l'air autour d'elle qu'elle le propulsa dans l'espace, laissant une trainée de vide derrière elle. […] Puis le noyau de la comète – mille milliards de tonnes, une montagne volante de glace et de poussière – heurta le lit de l'océan. Il lui fallut deux secondes pour s'écraser sur les roches des fonds marins, libérant en cet instant une énergie calorique équivalente à celle de toutes les éruptions volcaniques et de tous les tremblements de terre de la planète pendant mille ans. […] Le fond marin lui-même fut vaporisé : les roches se transformèrent en vapeur. La croûte terrestre répercuta l'onde de choc. Et un étroit cône de brouillard minéral incandescent jaillit en direction du sillage de la comète, droit dans le tunnel qu'elle avait formé dans l'air au cours de ses derniers instants. On aurait dit le faisceau lumineux d'un phare géant. […] Le lit de la mer commençait à ployer. La roche du fond de l'océan avait été repoussée sur une vingtaine de kilomètres dans le manteau de la Terre par le coup de boutoir de la comète. À présent elle rebondissait, et remontait vers la surface en crevant le lac de matière en fusion. La couche rocheuse, quasi liquéfiée, rejaillit violemment, formant un gigantesque anneau de matière meurtrie […] l'onde de choc frontale explosa. […] Le front percuta les troupeaux d'animaux. Les hadrosaures furent projetés dans les airs […] Mais le vent n'avait pas terminé son ouvrage. Déjà, la masse d'air revenait à toute allure par-delà l'océan pour remplir le vide créé au moment de l'impact. C'était comme une immense inspiration. […] cette fois, la masse d'air s'était chargée, à l'intérieur des terres, de débris, de roches, de boue, d'arbres arrachés. Il y avait même le cadavre d'un énorme tyrannosaure, qui tournoyait sans vie, très haut dans les airs… Ainsi Stephen Baxter romance-t-il, sur quelques dizaines de pages, les effets de l'impact de Chicxulub, mêlant étroitement éléments scientifiques expliqués avec précision (couloir de vide créé par l'impacteur, formation du cratère, vaporisation des roches impactées, ondes de choc atmosphérique, ondes sismiques, tsunamis…), détails romanesques (avec la réaction ou la mort de certains de ses “personnages” : une femelle dinosaure, une paisible ammonite, un crocodile...) et quelques pointes de lyrisme. Les témoignages directs de cet évènement consistent en des dépôts sédimentaires de plusieurs mètres et très perturbés autour du golfe du Mexique, drapés par la fameuse couche enrichie en iridium et en osmium, retombée avec les dernières poussières projetées par l'impact. Plus loin de l'impact, les dépôts de la limite Crétacé-Paléogène (K-Pg) se réduisent à des couches enrichies en matériaux éjectés à grande distance par l'impact, notamment des sphérules de roches vitrifiées (microtectites), une « grêle de feu mortelle, une couverture à l'échelle de la planète, https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/Tanis-extinction-K-Pg.xml - Version du 07/04/21 3/10 faite d'innombrables milliards de minuscules météores incandescents », comme le décrit Stephen Baxter ; plus loin encore, la limite se réduit à une couche d'argile (Figure 2). Source - © 2010 Schulte et al. [15] Figure 2. Répartition mondiale des enregistrements de l'évènement marquant la fin du Crétacé, et colonnes stratigraphiques schématiques de ces dépôts selon la distance au cratère de Chicxulub. Puisque la limite Crétacé-Paléogène est définie par le pic de concentration en iridium (en vert), les dépôts perturbés interprétés comme les conséquences de l'impact météoritique appartiennent, stratigraphiquement parlant, au Crétacé. Leur épaisseur diminue à mesure que l'on s'éloigne du cratère de Chicxulub, argument en faveur de l'attribution de la crise K-Pg à cet impact. La formation de Hell Creek et le site de Tanis En 2016, une communication à la réunion annuelle de la Société Géologique Américaine ( Geological Society or America, GSA), proposée par le paléontologue Robert de Palma et neuf co-auteurs, a décrit un dépôt sédimentaire du Dakota du Nord, appartenant à la formation de Hell Creek, qui s'étend sur quatre États du Nord-Ouest des États-Unis (Figure 3). Cette formation, datée du Crétacé supérieur, est célèbre dans la communauté paléontologique pour avoir fourni la majorité des espèces de dinosaures crétacés déterrés aux États-Unis depuis les années 1870. C'est de cette formation que proviennent, en particulier, la plupart des spécimens du fameux Tyrannosaurus rex, devenu le plus célèbre représentant des dinosaures, notamment au cinéma, depuis le Fantasia de Disney (1940) jusqu'au Jurassic Park de Steven Spielberg (1993) (cf. T. rex superstar - L'irrésistible ascension du roi des dinosaures). Et c'est aussi dans cette formation de Hell Creek qu'ont été déterrés les squelettes d'un autre dinosaure très connu, proie et adversaire emblématique du T. rex, Triceratops horridus. Source - © 2014 Lamanna MC, Sues H-D, Schachner ER, Lyson TR – CC0 1.0 https://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/ressource/Tanis-extinction-K-Pg.xml - Version du 07/04/21 4/10 Figure 3. Cartographie des dépôts de la formation Hell Creek, à cheval sur les états du Dakota du Nord (ND), du Dakota du Sud (SD), du Montana (MT) et du Wyoming (WY). Dans cette communication, De Palma et ses collaborateurs décrivaient un gisement fossilifère, sur un site baptisé Tanis, qu'ils interprétaient comme le produit d'un tsunami (dépôt « tsunamigène », ou tsunamite), surmonté d'une fine couche témoin d'un impact météoritique (couche enrichie en iridium et contenant des billes de verre issues de l'éjection de lave fluide, ou microtectites). La datation des sphérules de verre par la méthode argon-argon leur attribue un âge de 66,03 Ma (DePalma et al., 2016 [10]). Vu cette date, quasi-identique à celle récemment ré-évaluée pour la crise Crétacé-Paléogène (Clyde et al., 2016 [8], Husson et al., 2011[12]), les auteurs reliaient directement ce site à l'impact de Chicxulub. La nouveauté de ce gisement est d'abord sa position géographique, distant aujourd'hui de plus de 3000 km de Chicxulub (Figure 4) et situé à une distance comparable il y a 66 Ma. À la fin du Crétacé, il se trouvait à la périphérie d'un mer épicontinentale (c'est-à-dire un bassin peu profond sur une lithosphère continentale), la « Mer Intérieure Occidentale », (Western Interior Seaway), qui s'étendait parallèlement aux Montagnes Rocheuses, soit depuis l'actuelle mer de Beaufort, au Nord du continent Américain, soit depuis le golfe du Mexique, au Sud. Ce bras de mer avait atteint son extension maximale au Crétacé supérieur, entre 90 et 80 Ma environ ; elle rejoignait alors le golfe du Mexique et coupait l'Amérique du Nord en deux.
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