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Activities on the Evolution of Concealment Copyright © 2008 NSTA Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Animal Coloration Activities on the Evolution of Concealment Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Animal Coloration Activities on the Evolution of Concealment by Robert Stebbins, David Ipsen, and Gretchen Gillfillan. New edition revised by Judy Diamond and Judy Scotchmoor Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Claire Reinburg, Director Judy Cusick, Senior Editor J. Andrew Cocke, Associate Editor Betty Smith, Associate Editor ART A ND DESIGN Will Thomas, Jr., Director—Cover and Inside Design PRINTING A ND PRODUCTION Catherine Lorrain, Director NA TION A L SCIENCE TE A CHERS ASSOCI A TION Gerald F. Wheeler, Executive Director David Beacom, Publisher Copyright © 2008 by the National Science Teachers Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 10 09 08 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stebbins, Robert C. (Robert Cyril), 1915- Animal coloration : activities on the evolution of concealing coloration in animals / by Robert Steb- bins, David Ipsen, and Gretchen Gillfillan. -- New ed. / revised by Judy Diamond and Judy Scotch- moor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-933531-29-8 1. Animals--Color. I. Ipsen, D. C., 1921- II. Gillfillan, Gretchen. III. Title. QL767.S74 2008 372.35--dc22 2008007215 NSTA is committed to publishing quality materials that promote the best in inquiry-based science education. However, conditions of actual use may vary and the safety procedures and practices described in this book are intended to serve only as a guide. Additional precautionary measures may be required. NSTA and the author(s) do not warrant or represent that the procedure and practices in this book meet any safety code or standard or federal, state, or local regulations. NSTA and the author(s) disclaim any liability for personal injury or damage to property arising out of or relating to the use of this book including any recommendations, instructions, or materials contained therein. PERMISSIONS You may photocopy, print, or e-mail up to five copies of an NSTA book chapter for personal use only; this does not include display or promotional use. Elementary, middle, and high school teachers only may reproduce a single NSTA book chapter for classroom- or noncommercial, professional-development use only. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this NSTA Press book, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) (www.copyright.com; 978-750-8400). Please access www.nsta.org/permissions for further information about NSTA’s rights and permissions policies. Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. We dedicate this book to science teachers and parents who inspire in their children a sense of wonderment and awe about evolution and the natural world. Proceeds from this book are donated to Earth Island Institute. Established in 1982 by pioneering environmental leader David Brower, Earth Island provides a home for visionary activists to develop programs and campaigns for the con- servation, preservation, and restoration of the planet. Earth Island has launched more than 100 projects in 25 years. Some of these projects have spun off to be- come influential and successful independent organizations such as Rainforest Action Network, International Rivers, and the Sea Turtle Restoration Project. To- day, Earth Island supports more than 45 projects around the world; informs and empowers its members with the award-winning Earth Island Journal; promotes environmental restoration through its Restoration Initiatives; and continues to grow environmental leadership through its annual Brower Youth Awards pro- gram. For more information on these and other programs, please contact: Earth Island Institute 300 Broadway, Suite 28 San Francisco, CA 94133 www.earthisland.org Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Activities on the Evolution of Concealment Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Contents Preface to Revised Edition ................................................................xiii Judy Diamond and Judy Scotchmoor Introduction ................................................................................. xvii Robert C. Stebbins Animal Coloration and National Science Education Standards .....................xxi Judy Scotchmoor Chapter 1 ..............................................................................................................1 Evolution and the Functions of Color Activity 1-1 Observing Colors in Animals Chapter 2 ..........................................................................................................13 About Fish Activity 2-1 The Fish and Its Problems Chapter 3 ..........................................................................................................23 Animal Vision Activity 3-1 An Experiment on Vision Chapter 4 ..........................................................................................................35 Matching Background Color Activity 4-1 Highlight and Shadow Activity 4-2 Countershading Under Varied Lighting Activity 4-3 Experimenting With Colors in Concealment Chapter 5 ..........................................................................................................69 Disruptive Coloration Activity 5-1 The Influence of Color on Disruption Activity 5-2 The Tiger Hunt Activity 5-3 Camouflaging the Mud-Fish Activity 5-4 Catch the Fish Activities on the Evolution of Concealment vii Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Animal Coloration Chapter 6 .........................................................................................................107 Concealment of Give-Away Parts Activity 6-1 Eye Concealment Activity 6-2 An Experiment With Eye Stripes Activity 6-3 Coincident Disruptive Coloration Chapter 7 .........................................................................................................129 Concealing Behavior Activity 7-1 Concealing Behavior Activity 7-2 The Lizard Game Chapter 8 .........................................................................................................151 Observing Nature Activity 8-1 Observing Nature viii National Science Teachers Association Activities on the Evolution of Concealment Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Appendixes Appendix A. Field Trip Instructions .......................................................................................................................................155 Appendix B. Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................................158 Appendix C. Common and Scientific Names .............................................................................................................161 Appendix D. References and Resources on Animal Coloration and Evolution ................................163 Appendix E. Acknowledgments for Earlier Editions ..............................................................................................167 Index ...........................................................................................................................................................................169 Activities on the Evolution of Concealment ix Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Activities on the Evolution of Concealment Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Figures Chapter 1 (none) Chapter 2 Figure 2a. External Structure of a Fish. Figure 2b. Pattern for Fish. Figure 2c. Preparation of Shadow Box. Figure 2d. Shadow Box Construction. Figure 2e. Construction of the Stand. Figure 2f. Habitat and Models for Peep Show. Figure 2g. Mounting the Fish (Back Views). Chapter 3 Figure 3a. Checkerboard Experiment to Test the Vision of Honey Bees. Figure 3b. Comparison of Vision in Man and Honey Bee. Figure 3c. Animal Shapes 1. Figure 3d. Animal Shapes 2. Figure 3e. Cellophane Mask. Chapter 4 Figure 4a. Uniformly Colored Cylinder. Figure 4b. Countershaded Cylinder. Figure 4c. Larvae of Five-spotted Hawkmoth and the Upside-down Catfish. Figure 4d. Pattern for Fish. Figure 4e. Preparation of Rounded Fish. Figure 4f. Countershaded Paper Fish (Front Lighting). Figure 4g. “Mouse” Models: A. Plain, B. Black, C. Countershaded. Figure 4h. Frequency with which “Mice” were Overlooked. Figure 4i. Results of Camouflage Experiment. Chapter 5 Figure 5a. The Effect of the Position of Markings in the Disruption of Outline. Figure 5b. Animal Shapes 1. Figure 5c. Animal Shapes 2. Figure 5d. Simple Models for Testing the Effect of Disruptive Markings. Figure 5e. Results of Disruptive Coloration Test. Figure 5f. Tigers: A. Normal B. Mixed-Up. Figure 5g. Habitat. Activities on the Evolution of Concealment xi Copyright © 2008 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to www.nsta.org/permissions. Animal Coloration Figure 5h. Portion of Mosaic
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