Theatre, Performance and Digital Tools: Modelling New Modes of Political Engagement

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Theatre, Performance and Digital Tools: Modelling New Modes of Political Engagement THEATRE, PERFORMANCE AND DIGITAL TOOLS: MODELLING NEW MODES OF POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT KIMBERLEY MCLEOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO April 2016 © Kimberley McLeod, 2016 ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates how theatre and performance artists use new media tools to facilitate political engagement. The chapters cover a diverse range of performances—from interventions in video games to mobile phone walking tours to theatre productions that use social media. In contrast to the dominant narrative of intermedial theatre and performance studies, when analyzing these examples I consider intermediality as a political rather than solely aesthetic mode. By explicitly connecting intermedial approaches to political performance—and acknowledging how these two concepts are already always conjoined—this dissertation works to expand how we might think about intermediality as a lens that covers digital practices as both form and content. I also consider the value, challenges and dangers of asking spectators to interact with performers and digital tools in order to model new modes of political engagement, and question how various artistic choices impact the ways that audiences are activated through these new technologies. As the examples range in form, content and location, this dissertation traverses numerous intermedial modes and political topics—a multitude of approaches that challenge any singular or simple understanding of how intermediality functions in contemporary theatre and performance. Although there is wariness about overstating the role of new media in creating concrete political change, examples such as the Occupy movement reveal how political discourse is now intricately linked to the digital. In this dissertation, rather than simply reinforcing cyberutopian or cyberpessismistic views regarding the political impact of digital communication, I investigate socio-political contexts and analyze the motivations and receptions of specific projects. I consider a number of questions, including: How are new media performances influenced by the potentially democratizing nature of digital interactions? How do performances integrate with ii digital media to investigate the ways we connect—or fail to connect—as publics? How does performance also address exclusions related to the digital? Who is the ‘we’ in the intersubjective relations produced by intermedial performance? iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to begin by thanking my wonderful dissertation committee. First, I am extremely grateful to have had Laura Levin as my supervisor. Laura has provided me with unparalleled support throughout my doctoral studies and has been a passionate advocate for my work. I am appreciative of the deep sense of care Laura has for her students as well as her intellectual generosity. I am also thankful to my committee members, John Greyson and Magdalena Kazubowski-Houston, who provided me with insightful and thought-provoking comments, and were always generous with their time. This project benefited greatly from a dissertation writing group set up by Marlis Schweitzer. Marlis also provided me with encouragement and constructive feedback throughout my process, for which I am extremely grateful. I am indebted to the members of the dissertation writing group for their thoughtful and nuanced suggestions. In particular, I would like to thank Marlene Mendonça, David Owen and Helene Vosters. I would also like to thank Helene for the many fruitful conversations and artistic collaborations, which had a profound impact on my own research and writing. I am grateful for the larger Theatre & Performance Studies community at York and to all the fellow graduate students with whom I shared research in both formal and informal settings. I would also like to thank Mary Pecchia, Christine Briggs and Carianne Hathaway for their amazing organizational skills and ongoing support. Many thanks to all the undergraduate students I had the privilege to teach during my time at York. I learned a great deal from your questions and our lively conversations. I am thankful for the opportunities I had to present portions of this research at scholarly meetings. I am particularly grateful for the feedback I received from members of the Canadian iv Association for Theatre Research and from Jennifer Parker-Starbuck, who served as my mentor at the Association for Theatre in Higher Education conference in 2015. I am extremely thankful for all the support I have had from family and friends. Thank you to my amazing sister Katharine, for always helping me consider this discipline from different angles, and to my parents for their love. I feel exceedingly privileged to share my life and workspace with David Messer. I am so thankful for his ongoing love, friendship, intellectual curiosity, cooking and sense of humour. This research was supported by scholarships from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Province of Ontario and York University. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...........................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................vi Introduction: Intermedial Interventions...........................................................................................1 Chapter One: Performing Social Media: Twitter, YouTube and an Intermedial 'Theatre of the Real'...............................................................................................................................................45 Chapter Two: Provocation and Protest in Digital Performance: From Theatre Hacking to Video Game Interventions........................................................................................................................93 Chapter Three: Making it Mobile: Performing Social Causes in Apps and Texts......................143 Chapter Four: The City as Stage and Screen: Radical Enactments in Mobile Media Performance.................................................................................................................................180 Epilogue: From Models to Repertoires: Performing “Our Time”...............................................225 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................232 vi INTRODUCTION INTERMEDIAL INTERVENTIONS It is my contention that the digital, networked age . lends itself to a horizon of dissent, resistance and rebellion. This is not inevitable, and is not without significant problems and barriers, but is the result of specific circumstances and technological configurations, and of the collective will to make it happen. (Joss Hands 18) Politics is a durational engagement, a process, a daily act, a way of envisioning a future, a doing and a thing done—which, incidentally, is also the definition of performance. (Diana Taylor, “The Politics of Passion”) It is a hot and humid July afternoon. I am in a small Toronto park I have never been to before. It is a narrow bit of green, cutting between a railway corridor and a busy road. I move with a small group of people, following a friendly young woman with a clipboard. She stops and pulls out a small object that has been placed inside a bush. She puts it in the palm of her hand and holds it up for us to see. It looks like a miniature computer made of paper. Our guide, Georgina, then passes it around. She tells us that the image was made with a 3D printer and then goes on to relate parts of the life story of Aaron Swartz, the computer programmer and hacktivist who fought for open internet before his suicide in 2013 at the age of 26. As we move through the park together, we stop at various points. At each location Georgina pulls out an object that has been placed in the environment. The objects vary—from galoshes to a small cow to a Grecian looking plate—and include several 3D print outs. All connect in some way to the three stories she guides us through. On top of Swartz's story, Georgina also relates the myth of Daedalus, who built wax wings for his son Icarus, and a tale set in the future, following the life of a government scientist named Cassandra. At each stop she relates a small portion of one of the tales. By the end of the walk we have heard many aspects of 1 these characters' lives, including how Daedalus and Icarus were banished to an island; how Swartz was arrested by MIT police for breaking-and-entering after he set up a computer on campus that automatically downloaded millions of articles from the JSTOR database; and how Cassandra was impeded in her environmental research by the government. This walk was part of Small Wooden Shoe's Summer Spectacular, a site-specific performance produced as part of Toronto's 2014 Fringe Festival. The production, which took place in Frankel Lambert Park, had three guides leading small groups on walks before the entire group convened for a collective sharing action and a puppet show. In the walking portion of the production, the stories varied in both form and content. The story of Daedalus and Icarus is a well-known
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