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Biological Survey of Marie Byrd Land

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Biological Survey of Marie Byrd Land match descriptions of subglacially erupted volcanic Types of life found at locations visited. rock in Iceland (Thorarinsson et al., 1959; Sae- mundsson, 1967). Coordinates 1 1 Types of Life Mounts Murphy and Takahe are composed almost Locality Lich- Pet- entirely of pyroclastic rock, whereas all other Marie. s. Lat. W. Long. Algae ens Mosses rels Byrd Land volcanoes appear to be composite cones, built of tuff-breccia, antarctic kenyte (?), and var- Brandenberger Bluff 75° 58 136 ° 05 X X ious feldsparphyric intermediate and acidic lava Mt. Berlin 760051 135 ° 50 X Mt. Moulton (2,000 m) 76 ° 00 1350201 X flows. A few quartz-bearing rock types were found. Mt. Moulton (3,000 m) 76 ° 02 1350151 no life found Basaltic cinders, bombs, and flow rock comprise late Bowyer Butte 740551 134 ° 50 X x parasitic cones on the flanks of most Marie Byrd Mt. Prince 740551 1340101 X X x X Coleman Nunatak 750181 133° 50 X Land volcanoes. These rocks contain phenocrysts Holmes Bluff 740551 1330501 X X X of olivine and plagioclase and, occasionally, ultra- N.W. of Mt. Andrus 75°45, 1320401 X mafic nodules 2-30 cm in diameter. Mt. Andrus 75 ° 50 132 °40 X Mathewson Pt. 740171 132 ° 30 X X x X The waning stages of volcanism in the Executive Mt. Kauffman 75 ° 33 132 °20 X X Committee Range have evidently extended into his- Mt. Flint 75 ° 45 129 ° 00 X toric time. The caldera rim of Mount Hampton Mt. Petras 75 ° 52 1280301 X is partly encircled by snow-covered pinnacles and Mt. Waesche (2,700 m) 77° 12 126 ° 57 X Mt. Waesche (3,600 m) 77011 1270001 no life found towers which very closely resemble inactive fumarolic Bennett Saddle 77005 126 °30 no life found ice towers that have been described and pictured Whitney Peak 76 ° 23 1260051 X from the summit of Mount Erebus (Holdsworth and Boudette Peaks 76 ° 50 126 ° 05 X Ugolini, 1965). In view of the fragile nature of Mt. Sidley 770071 1260001 X Mt. Hampton (3,400 zn) 76 ° 30 125° 58 X these features, it is not unreasonable to assume that Mt. Hampton (3,700 m) 76 ° 27 125° 54 no life found Mount Hampton is still weakly active. Mt. Cumming 760411 125058 no life found Mt. Rees 2 76°37 118015, X References Mt. Frakes 76°48 117053 X Mt. Steere 76°40 1170301 X x Boyd Ridge 2 Holdsworth, Gerald and F. C. Ugolini. 1965. Fumarolic ice 76°54 116030 no life found Toney Mt. 75 ° 48 116025 X towers on Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 5(42): 878-879. Toney Mt. 75°48 1150401 X Siglin Rocks 2 74°07 114040, X x x 2 Saemundsson, K. 1967. Vulkanismus und Tektonik des Hen- Schneider Rock 740051 1140391 X x Binder Rocks 2 740141 114 °38 X x gill-Gebietes in Siidwest-Island. Acta Naturalia Islandica, 11(7): 105. Morrison Bluff 2 75°05 114015, X Leister Peak2 75 ° 09 1130501 X x Mt. Isherwood 2 740561 1130301 X Thorarinsson, S., T. Einarsson, and G. Kjartansson. 1959. Mt. Strange 740541 113 020 X x On the geology and geomorphology of Iceland. Geogra- 2 fiska Annaler, XLI (2-3): 135-169. Jeffrey Head 740351 1110451 X x Dorrel Rock 2 75 ° 25 111020 X Turtle Peak 2 75 ° 22 1110181 X x Mt. Murphy 750221 111007 X x Biological Survey of Marie Byrd Land 1 The coordinates given are of actual collection sites and do not necessarily agree with those given in the antarctic gazetteer (U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Antarctica, 2nd edition, 1966). DERRY D. KOOB 2 Unofficial name. Faculty of Population and Environmental Biology Ohio State University detected. The highest altitude at which lichens were collected was 3,400 m on Mount Hampton. With one exception (Toney Mountain), algae were not found Poor weather curtailed biological sampling on the above an altitude of 600 1967-1968 Marie Byrd Land Survey, as it did on the m. Mosses were most abun- dant near sea level, but some were found at an eleva- previous years survey. Although three base camps tion of 850 m near Leister Peak. were established, the total number of field-sampling The lichen and moss collections were dried and locations visited was approximately the same as it was shipped to Ohio State University. Algal samples were last year. The types of life found at each location are collected in quadruplicate; three were placed in listed in the table. (The author made collections in separate sterile disposable Petri dishes, each contain- November, and R. Maigetter and D. Greegor con- tinued the survey through January.) At most localities above 3,350 m, no life could be Unofficial name. July-August 1968 91 ing one of three agar media, and the fourth was pre- western flank of the Ames Range. In addition, sam- served in CRAF fixative. Samples of soil, as well as ples were taken from Coleman Nunatak, providing a of obvious algal mats, were placed on culture media. link-up with the termination point of the studies con- All of the living cultures were shipped frozen and ducted last season. The specimens collected in these are now growing at Ohio State University in a con- areas appear to be basalts and andesites. trolled-environment chamber at 4°C. The Executive Committee Range yielded oriented Cultures prepared with material from all algal samples of volcanic lavas and tuffs from Whitney sampling localities contain specimens of chiorococ- Peak, Mounts Hampton, Waesche, and Cumming, calean algae. Prasiola crispa was collected at both and a sequence of progressively older rock at Mount Mathewson Point and at Jeffrey Head . Chlainy- Sidley. Additional samples were collected at Benes domonas sp. was collected only at the latter site. Peak and Mount Galla on the USAS Escarpment Cyanophyta, the most ubiquitous of antarctic algae, north of the Executive Committee Range. were present in samples from only 6 of the 10 collec- The second base camp was located near Toney tion sites. Samples from Mount Murphy were unique Mountain on the Bakutis Coast. Oriented samples in that they contained large numbers of filamentous were taken from basalts and tuffs on Spitz Ridge of and flagellated Chrysophyte cells. Toney Mountain, Turtle Peak at Mount Murphy, Owing to a malfunctioning telethermometer, tem- at Boyd Ridge in the Crary Mountains, and at sev- peratures were measured only in mid-November and eral sites west of Morrison Bluff in the Kohler early January. The measured maximum differential Range. Samples of plutonic rocks and associated dikes between the temperature of the air and of rocks upon were collected at Early Bluff, Mount Isherwood, which lichens were growing was 27.5°C. (air, and Mount Bray in the Kohler Range; at Hunt Bluff —16°C.; rock, + 11.5°C.) at 1930 local time on and Jeffrey Head on the Bear Peninsula; and at November 16. The maximum water temperature Siglin Rocks on the Martin Peninsula. measured was + 5.0°C. in a pond near Turtle Peak Because a large percentage of the oriented samples on January 6. The air temperature was also + 5.0°C. collected are basic volcanics, it is expected that the at that time. paleomagnetic data for them will be reliable and thus The animal life observed was limited to snow yield valuable information about the relationship of petrels at eight locations and Adélie penguins at East and West Antarctica. Some preliminary sugges- Mathewson Point. Although a concerted effort was tions as to this relationship have been made by C. K. made to collect arthropods by means of Berlese fun- Scharnberger and I. Hsu on the basis of a study of nels, none were found. plutonic and basaltic dike rocks collected during the 1966-1967 field season along the Saunders, Ruppert, and Hobbs Coasts. Unofficial name. Based on samples of basaltic rocks obtained at four sites, the mean south virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) is at 62°S. 64°E. These results are considered to Paleomagnetic Investigations in be very reliable because of the high susceptibilities and strong remanence of the samples. The granitic Marie Byrd Land rocks, on the other hand, generally have low suscep- tibilities and weak remanence. A gneissic granite from LeROY SCHARON and THOMAS EARLY the Fosdick Mountains indicates that the south VGP is at 28°S. 140°W., which is about the same longi- Department of Earth Sciences tude but a lower latitude than the average position of Washington University (St. Louis) Jurassic poles for East Antarctica (53°S. 139°W.). An adamellite from the Clark Mountains indicated a In a continuation of the project begun last year in VGP at 22 0S. 1060 E., which is quite anomalous; the Marie Byrd Land by Washington University, rock result is doubtful, however, owing to the very weak samples for paleomagnetic studies were collected dur- intensity of magnetization. Additional measurements ing the 1967-1968 austral summer. Ninety-eight ori- of plutonic rocks will be carried out with more sensi- ented specimens were collected, from which approxi- tive instruments. mately 500 individual cores will be obtained for Our preliminary results indicate that further studies paleomagnetic measurements. must be made in order to fully elucidate the tectonic In the region of the first base camp on the Hobbs history of West Antarctica. Coast, samples were collected at Koerner Bluff, Mount Moulton, and Brandenberger Bluff in the Flood Range, as well as at numerous sites along the Unofficial name. 92 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL.
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