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Eruptive Potential of Volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land

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Eruptive Potential of Volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land enhanced image reveals the temperature of the surface and the This work was funded by National Science Foundation grant brightness temperature of the crater area. The trace indicates DPP 77-27010. that the brightness temperature is approximately 60°K above References the background at the summit, which woud include the lava lake. Since this is a subresolution feature, cooler surfaces within Dozier, J. 1981. A method for satellite identification of surface tempera- the same picture element, or pixel, are also contributing to the ture fields of sub-pixel resolution. Remote Sensing of Environment, 11, pixel radiant temperature. The resulting pixel temperature is 221-229. thus less than the true brightness temperature of the crater area. Hussey, W. J. 1979. The TIROS-N/NOAA operational satellite system. rhe installation of the high resolution picture transmission Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce/National Oceanic (HRPT) system at McMurdo Station makes it possible to monitor and Atmospheric Administration, National Earth Satellite Service. the thermal regime at Antarctica, including anomalous thermal Kyle, P. R. 1979. Volcanic activity at Mount Erebus, 1978-79. Antarctic areas such as Mount Erebus, in a way that was previously Journal of the U.S., 14(5), 35-36. impossible. Its near-polar location allows many additional pass- Kyle, P. R., Dibble, R., Giggenbach, W., and Keys, J. 1982. Volcanic es per day, greatly increasing the probability of receiving cloud- activity associated with the anorthoclase phonolite lava lake, Mount free imagery. Erebus, Antarctica. In C. Craddock (Ed.), Antarctic geoscience. Madi- son: University of Wisconsin Press. We extend special thanks to Jann Knapp for her cartographic Matson, M., and Dozier, J. 1981. Identification of subresolution high assistance, to Mike Matson for his help with the temperature temperature sources using a thermal IR sensor. Photogrammetric Engi- plot, and to John Pritchard for the enhanced imagery. neering and Remote Sensing, 47(9), 1311-1318. Eruptive potential of volcanoes in volcanic deposits, and examining ash layers in ice cores. Emis- Marie Byrd Land sion of steam from volcanic vents has been observed in Marie Byrd Land (figure and table), and the intermittent emission of steam can be inferred where fumarolic ice towers (produced by condensation and freezing of water vapor) occur around a crater WESLEY E. LEMASURIER rim (LeMasurier and Wade 1968). The K-Ar method of dating is not nearly as useful as the Geology Department carbon-14 method for determining the very recent behavior of a University of Colorado-Denver volcano, because the precision of the K-Ar method decreases Denver, Colorado 80202 rapidly in materials younger than 500,000 years, whereas the carbon-14 method is most precise when used on materials only a D. C. REX few thousand years old or younger. Thus, in the table, the materials in the columns labeled "Less than 200,000 years" were Department of Earth Sciences essentially too young to be dated by the K-Ar method. It is University of Leeds certainly possible to date some materials that are younger than United Kingdom 200,000 years by K-Ar, under favorable circumstances (Dalrym- ple and Lanphere 1969), but the materials from Marie Byrd Land could not be accurately dated if they were younger than 200,000 Those who study young volcanoes frequently are asked years old. about the eruptive potential of these volcanoes, even when they On the other hand, the record provided by ash layers in the are located in a region as remote as Marie Byrd Land. In Marie ice cores at Byrd Station and Dome C makes it clear that some Byrd Land, human hazard is not a concern, but the possibility of volcano or volcanoes have been active in Marie Byrd Land climatic impact interests scientists beyond the immediate com- within the past 75,000 years. Cow and Williamson (1971) record- munity of antarctic geologists. Volcanologists commonly try to ed 25 bands of ash in the Byrd Station core, with an especially predict the future behavior of a volcano on the basis of its large number of bands in the interval estimated to be 16,000 to history, which in temperate regions often can be determined 30,000 years old. Prevailing wind directions and the coarseness from historical records and carbon-14 dating of organic remains of the ash virtually require a source among the Marie Byrd Land buried by volcanic deposits (see, for example, Crandall, volcanoes (Cow and Williamson 1971), and the petrographic Mullineaux, and Rubin 1975). In Marie Byrd Land, however, characteristics of the ash support this inference (LeMasurier there is no history of human observation and no organic mate- 1972). Similarly, Kyle and others (1981) analyzed ash estimated rial for carbon-14 dating. Moreover, the rate of erosion of lava is to be 25,000 years old from the Dome C core and inferred its so slow that even 10-million-year-old volcanoes are deceptively source to be Mount Takahe. The new K-Ar data that provide the fresh in appearance. basis for this paper do not invalidate any of the earlier con- The methods available for inferring the eruptive potential of clusions; they simply provide a basis for a wider range of spec- volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land are studying the emission of ulation about which volcanoes have erupted in the recent past volcanic gasses, determining the potassium-argon (K-Ar) age of and which ones are likely to erupt in the future. 34 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL Some characteristics of the evolutionary history of individual volcanoes can be used to refine the information available from K-Ar dating. Hawaiian volcanoes are known to have evolved through an initial, relatively rapid, shield-building phase, fol- lowed by the development of a summit caldera and, in turn, by the eruption of small cinder cones after the caldera formed (MacDonald 1972). A similar history seems to have charac- terized the development of volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land, though the time scale apparently is very much longer there than for Hawaiian volcanoes. Recent K-Ar data (LeMasurier and Rex in preparation) suggest that Marie Byrd Land volcanoes go through an initial trachytic, shield-building phase that may last roughly 0.5-2.5 million years. This is followed by caldera forma- tion and then by a period of very infrequent basaltic cinder cone activity that may last as long as 10 million years. Thus, if the pre- caldera lavas in these volcanoes are very young, the chances for a major eruption would seem to be relatively high, particularly if the volcano displays fumarolic activity like that at Mount Berlin. On the other hand, very recent cinder cone activity, like that at Mount Andrus, is not especially suggestive of a high potential for future activity, because cinder cone activity repre- sents the waning stage and possibly the termination of activity at a particular volcano. The pre-caldera lavas at Mount Andrus, for example, are more than 10 million years old. Mount Bursey has a similar history. The table summarizes the available information on relatively recent manifestations of volcanic activity in Marie Byrd Land. In our estimation, the volcanoes that have very young pre-caldera - rocks have the highest potential for future eruptive behavior. Hence, the farther to the right a volcano is listed on the table, the greater its potential for future activity is presumed to be. It should be noted that even a major eruption here is not likely to Actively steaming fumarolic ice tower situated on the west rim of Berlin Crater, Mount Berlin, December 1977. have much climatic impact. Very little subaerial ash has been produced by eruptions of these volcanoes in the past, and the possibility of large volumes of ash being injected into the strat- osphere during future eruptions seems very slight (LeMasurier is possible on any of these, if the eruptive histories of Mount 1972). Andrus and Mount Bursey are reasonably representative, but About 18 major volcanoes in Marie Byrd Land have formed the next cinder cone eruption might take place on a volcano that within the past 10 million years. Small-scale cinder cone activity has been dormant for 2 to 5 million years. Therefore, it probably Indications of potential activity in the volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land Method Observation Actively steaming vents Direct Fumarolic ice towers witnesses observed 4-6 vents. observation Mt. Berlin (135050W 76003S). Observed in 1967 (LeMasurier and Mt. Berlin. On 22 Nov. 1977, 6 2 weeks and observed 2 Wade 1968) and again in 1977. Visited a second time within the following steaming vents. On 11 Dec. 1977, 6 witnesses Mt. Hampton (1 25050W 76050S). Observed in 1967 (LeMasurier Mt. Kauffman (1 32030W 75035S). steaming vents on the north flank of the volcano. and Wade 1968), but has not been revisited since, observed 3-4 Cinder cones Pre-caldera rocks K-Ar dating <200,000 yrs. <1 million yrs. <200,000 yrs. <1 million yrs. Huff Peak, Mt. Bursey Mt. Andrus (1 32020W Shepard Island (1 32040W Mt. Takahe (11 2000W (132°40W 76°0OS) 7550S) 7425S) 7615S) Mt. Obiglio, Grant Island Mt. Waesche (1 27000W Mt. Murphy (111 000W Mt. Berlin (1 31 50W 7428S) 77°1 OS) 75°20S) Toney Mountain (1 1600W 75°50S) Mt. Waesche 35 1982 REVIEW is not unreasonable to represent the volcanoes that have pre- 2, Field Work 1958-59, Part 7, 1-27. Columbus: Ohio State University caldera lavas less than 1 million years old as active," and the Research Foundation. remaining ones that are less than 10 million years old as dor- Crandell, D. R., Mullineaux, D. R., and Rubin, M. 1975. Mount St. mant. A more conservative representation might show only Helens volcano: Recent and future behavior.
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