Study of Lepidopteran Caterpillar Diversity in A

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Study of Lepidopteran Caterpillar Diversity in A Original article KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 한국응용곤충학회지 ⓒ The Korean Society of Applied Entomology Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 53(3): 261-270 (2014) pISSN 1225-0171, eISSN 2287-545X DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2014.06.0.025 온대 낙엽수림에 서식하는 나비목 애벌레 다양성에 관한 연구 최세웅*ㆍ김낭희1 목포대학교 환경교육과, 1목포대학교 생물학과 Study of Lepidopteran Caterpillar Diversity in a Temperate Deciduous Forest Sei-Woong Choi* and Nang-Hee Kim Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 534-729, South Korea 1 Department of Biology, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 534-729, South Korea ABSTRACT: We investigated the diversity of lepidopteran larvae and their food plants in a 0.1 ha plot at Mt. Jirisan National Park, South Korea. The plant species in the plot were identified, and the lepidopteran larvae that fed on each plant in the plot were collected. Thus, we collected 141 plants of 16 species that belonged to 14 families and 159 lepidopteran larvae of 70 species that belonged to 11 families. Oak (Quercus serrata) was found to be the most favored plant species. Among the 11 lepidopteran families, the species richness and evenness of two families, Geometridae and Noctuidae, were the highest. On the basis of this study, we could assume the interaction between food plants and caterpillars in a temperate forest. Furthermore, we could estimate the species diversity of lepidopteran caterpillars in this temperate forest. Key words: Temperate, Forest, Food plant, Lepidoptera, Caterpillar, Diversity 초 록: 나비목 종 다양성이 높은 지리산 온대 낙엽수림의 0.1 ha (33 m × 33 m) 방형구에서 나비목 애벌레와 기주식물의 다양성을 조사하였다. 방형구에 있는 식물의 종 및 개체수를 확인하고 이들 식물에서 먹이활동을 하는 애벌레를 채집하였다. 조사결과 14과 16종 141개체의 기주식물 과, 11과 70종 159개체의 나비목 애벌레가 조사되었다. 나비목 애벌레는 졸참나무에서 가장 많이 채집되어 조사지역에서 선호 기주식물로 조사 되었다. 채집된 애벌레의 종 다양성과 종 균등도는 자나방과와 밤나방과에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해 나비목 애벌레와 기주식물과의 관계를 알 수 있었으며, 나아가 온대림의 나비목 애벌레의 종 다양성을 추정할 수 있을 것이다. 검색어: 온대, 숲, 기주식물, 나비와 나방, 애벌레, 다양성 식물은 동물과 밀접한 상호작용을 하고 있으며 식물 다양성 한 결과 6,000 ha의 숲에 25,000종의 절지동물이 분포할 것으로 의 변화는 초식동물과 그들의 포식자, 그리고 기생자 사이의 다양 추정하였으며, 이는 열대림 절지동물 생물다양성의 60% 이상 한 먹이사슬에 영향을 미치게 된다(Siemann, 1998). 초식성 동 을 차지하는 것이라고 주장하였다. 초식곤충은 주로 딱정벌레 물 중 특히 초식곤충은 생물다양성의 주요한 부분을 이루고 있다 류(Coleoptera), 나비, 나방류(Lepidoptera), 노린재류(Hemiptera), (Novotny et al., 2006; Lewinsohn and Roslin, 2008; Axmacher 메뚜기류(Orthoptera), 대벌레류(Phasmatodea) 등으로 이루어 et al., 2009). 온대 낙엽수림에서 초식곤충은 절지동물 개체의 져 있다. 특히 나비와 나방이 포함된 나비목은 종 수가 가장 많 약 75%를 구성하며, 절지동물 생물량의 약 50%, 절지동물 종 은 그룹 중 하나로 알려져 있으며, 나비목 곤충의 99% 이상이 의 약 25%를 차지하고 있다(Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). Basset 식물을 먹는 초식곤충이다(Strong et al., 1984; Murakami et al., et al. (2012)은 파나마 열대우림에 분포하는 절지동물을 조사 2005). 식물 종 다양성은 곤충의 종 다양성과 양의 상관관계를 보이 고, 많은 실험연구들에서 식물 다양성을 증가시키는 것은 초식 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received May 2 2014; Revised June 13 2014 곤충 다양성을 증가시키는 것을 발견하였다(Pimentel, 1961; July 8 2014 Accepted Root, 1973; Altieri and Letourneau, 1982; Lawton, 1983; Altieri, The Korean Society of Applied Entomology (KSAE) retains the exclusive copyright to reproduce and distribute for all KSAE publications. The journal follows an open access policy. 1984; Siemann, 1998; Siemann et al., 1998). 또한 초식곤충의 재료 및 방법 지역적인 종 풍부도는 식물의 종 풍부도 뿐만 아니라 식물 종 개체수에 따라서도 결정된다(Novotny et al., 2004). 결국 초식 조사지 선정 및 조사 방법 곤충과 식물은 긴밀한 관계를 이루고 있으며, 식물의 다양성을 통해 초식곤충의 다양성도 추정할 수 있다. 온대림은 수평적으로 북위 35°~43°20′까지이며, 연평균기 Novotny et al. (2006)은 열대지역 곤충 다양성이 온대보다 온이 6~14℃의 범위로 고산지대를 제외한 우리나라 넓은 지역 높은 이유에 대하여 열대림 식생이 계통발생적으로 더 다양하 의 식생이 여기에 포함된다. 지리산은 해발고도 1,300 m 이하 기 때문이라고 주장하였다. 즉 열대림 식생의 계통발생적 다양 의 지역이 온대림에 속하게 되는데 침엽수로는 소나무, 향나무 성은 곤충 군집 다양성을 증가시켜 열대지역 곤충 다양성이 높 등이 활엽수는 상수리나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 떡갈나무, 서 다는 것이다. 이렇듯 최근 생물 종 다양성이 풍부한 열대지역에 어나무류, 밤나무류, 느티나무, 물푸레나무류, 노각나무 등이 분포하는 초식곤충의 다양성에 대해 많은 연구들이 수행되고 우점하고 있다(Yim and Kim, 1992). 조사 지역은 지리산국립 있으며 전통적으로 유럽이나 미국 등 온대지역에서도 초식곤 공원내 낙엽활엽수가 자생하고 침엽수가 최소한으로 분포하고 충의 다양성에 대한 연구는 잘 이루어졌지만(Southwood, 1961; 있는 지역을 대상으로 전라남도 구례군 광의면 (E127°29′39″, Kennedy and Southwood, 1984; Csóka and Szabóky, 2005) 국 N35°17′31″, 고도 660 m)의 한 지점을 선정하였다. Choi et al. 내에서는 초식곤충 다양성 및 기주식물과의 관계에 관한 연구 (2011)의 연구를 토대로 지리산 지역에서 종 다양도가 가장 높 가 거의 전무한 상태로 현재에는 애벌레 사육을 통한 기주식물 게 나타나는 고도가 600-900 m이기 때문에 이들 고도 중 채집 을 밝혀나가고 있는 수준이다. 하기에 접근이 용이한 지역을 조사지점으로 선정하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 식생대를 대표하는 온대림 지역에서 나 기주식물 다양성과 나방 애벌레 다양성을 조사하기 위하여 비목 애벌레의 다양성과 그들의 먹이원이 되는 기주식물의 다 조사지역에 0.1 ha (33 m × 33 m) 방형구를 설치하였다. 조사 양성을 파악하고자 하며, 이를 바탕으로 온대지역 나비목 애벌 대상 나무는 성숙도를 고려해 DBH (diameter at breast height, 레의 다양성을 추정하는 기초자료를 제공하고자 시행되었다. 흉고직경) ≥ 5 cm인 나무로 선정하였다(Novotny et al., 2004). 조사 방형구 안에 있는 일정 크기 이상의 목본 식물을 모두 조 Fig. 1. Distribution of plants in a 0.1 ha plot of Mt. Jirisan National Park, South Korea. Each dot color represents different plant species, and different dot size indicates the relative size of DBH of each plant. 262 Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 53(3): 261~270 사한 후, 각 나무별로 번호를 부여하여 수목 분포지도를 작성하 는 종수, 는 Fisher’s alpha, 은 개체수이다. 였다(Fig. 1). 각 수종에 서식하는 애벌레 현황을 알아보기 위하여 조사원 Simpson’s 균등도지수(evenness index) 들이 직접 관찰하여 채집하는 육안조사법(searching)을 이용하 였다(Novotny et al., 2006). 조사구안의 대부분 나무 높이는 10 m 이상으로 각 나무의 수관부(canopy)를 포함한 상단부에는 접 근이 어렵다. 조사는 최고 3 m 높이까지 고지가위를 이용하여 는 Simpson의 다양도 지수를 나타내고 는 종수를 나타 접근이 가능한 나뭇가지에 서식하고 있는 것만 채집하였다. 낸다. 조사는 2013년 5월과 8월에 걸쳐 이루어졌다. 지리산을 포 함한 우리나라 남부지방은 나방 성충이 가장 많이 출현하는 시 Simpson’s 다양도지수(diversity index) 기가 6월로 알려져 있기 때문에 이 시기 이전인 5월(봄철)과 장 마 이후 가을 개체군이 출현하기 이전인 월 여름철 에 이루어 8 ( ) ∑ 졌다. 조사는 봄과 여름 2회씩 총 4차례에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며 채집시간(sampling effort, 인원수 × 시간)은 총 36 man × hr로 5월에 26 man × hr, 8월 12 man × hr로 이루어졌다. 은 각 종의 개체수, 은 총 개체수이다. 애벌레 사육 채집된 애벌레 종수와 개체수에 대한 기대예측종수(number of estimated species)를 산출하기 위해 Chao 1값(EstimateS, 조사지점에서 채집한 애벌레는 장일조건(Light 16 h : Dark Version 9.1.0, Colwell, 2013)을 계산하였다. 8 h), 25℃, 수분 65%의 Growth Chamber에서 사육하였다. 애 벌레는 사육통 에서 한 (91.3 mm in diameter, 38.2 mm in depth) 마리씩 사육하였다. 먹이식물은 애벌레가 채집되었던 식물을 함께 채집하여 매일 신선한 잎을 공급하였다. 사육은 애벌레가 성충으로 우화하거나 죽을 때까지 이루어졌다 우화한 개체는 . 여기에서 = 기대종수, = 관찰 종수, = 한 개체 도감을 이용하거나 분류학자의 도움을 받아 동정되었으며 우화 , 만 있는 종 수(singletons), = 두 개체만 있는 종 수(doubletons) 에 실패하여 죽은 개체는 형태종(morphospecies)으로 과(family) 이다. 수준까지 동정하였다(Yamamoto et al., 1987; Kononenko et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2001; Shin, 2001; Sohn, 2006; Komai et 식물에 대한 나비목 애벌레의 기주 특이성(host specificity) al., 2011; Huh, 2012). 죽은 개체는 100%에탄올에 보존처리 하 은 Lloyd’s index (L)를 이용하였다. Lloyd 지수는 채집한 애벌 였고, 성체는 건조 표본으로 만들어 목포대학교 환경교육과 표 레 종이 기주식물로 하는 식물 종들의 분포값의 분산을 수량화 본실에 보관하였다. 한 것으로 평균값에 분산을 표준화한 가장 좋은 방법으로 알려 져 있다. 계산된 값이 작을수록 균등한 분포를 나타내는데 이것 데이터 분석 은 다식성이라는 것을 의미하며 값이 클수록 애벌레 기주식물 선택폭이 줄어드는 단식성이다(Novotny and Basset, 2000). 기주식물에 따라 채집된 나비목 애벌레 종수와 개체수를 바 탕으로 종 다양성 지수인 Fisher’s alpha 지수와 종 균등도 지수 인 Simpson지수를 산출하였다. 여기에서 산출한 각 지수 계산 식은 다음과 같다. 는 각 애벌레 종별 기주식물 수의 분산, 는 각 애벌레 종 α 다양성지수 Fisher’s 별 기주식물 수의 평균이다. 우리는 Lloyd’s index를 로그로 치 환한 값에 1을 더한 수식을 이용하여 애벌레의 기주식물에 대 × 한 특이성(host specificity)을 계산하였다. Caterpillar diversity in temperate forest 263 결 과 나도밤나무에서는 16종 23개체, 노각나무에서 13종 21개체, 산딸나무에서 6종 29개체 등이 조사되었다. 산딸나무(Cornus 지리산 조사지역 0.1 ha (33 m × 33 m) 방형구 안에서 분포 kousa)에서는 상대적으로 애벌레의 종이 다양하지 않지만 많 하고 있는 일정 크기 이상(DBH ≥ 5 cm)의 식물은 총 14과 16 은 개체수가 채집되었다(Fig. 2). 종 141개체가 확인되었다. 0.1ha 방형구 내의 식물은 전체 조사 조사된 모든 먹이식물에 따른 애벌레 종 다양도 지수(Fisher’s 2 면적의 약 20%(192.94 m )를 차지하고 있었다. 조사된 식물 중 )는 47.78로 나타났고, 졸참나무에서 36.24로 가장 높았으 서어나무(Carpinus laxiflora)는 37개체로 가장 많았고, 졸참나 며, 산딸나무에서 2.30으로 가장 낮았다. 전체 종 균등도 지수 무(Quercus serrata) 29개체, 나도밤나무(Meliosma myriantha) (Simpson’s E)는 0.94로 나타났고, 졸참나무에서 0.94로 최대 17개체, 노각나무(Stewartia pseudocamellia) 12개체 등의 순 값을 나타냈으며, 산딸나무에서 0.36으로 가장 낮게 산출되었 서로 나타났다(Table 1). 각 수목별 횡단면 면적인 기저면적 다. Lloyd’s index는 1의 값에서 가장 많은 종이 나타났다(Fig. 3). 2 2 (Basal area)은 졸참나무가 73.47 m , 소나무 56.7 m , 서어나무 나비목 애벌레는 총 13과 70종 159개체가 채집되었다(Fig. 4).
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