Objective 1 Tick
You must understand:
How technology is used to enhance performance:
1. Fitness testing (body fat monitors & heart rate monitors)
2. Training aids (motion capture software to review performance, simulators to practice skills in a controlled environment)
3. Equipment (carbon fibre javelins can help gain inches on a throw, Formula 1 cars designed to be as aerodynamic as possible and have no excess weight)
4. Clothing and footwear (lightweight body armour to prevent injuries in rugby, full body swimsuits that cause less drag than skin so save milliseconds, football boots that improve the curl that can be applied when kicking the ball.)
5. Injury prevention and recovery (faster recovery times through use of specialist equipment)
How technology is used to enhance game play:
1. Video refereeing (a referee in rugby will watch video replay on a TV monitor during the game to assist in making a decision)
2. ‘Hawk-Eye’ (used in tennis to determine if the ball was ‘out’)
3. Goal-line technology (to determine whether the ball has crossed the goal line in football)
4. ‘Hot spot’ (to determine whether the ball hit the bat or a pad in cricket)
5. Radio (officials using radio to communicate with each other during the game)
6. Stadiums (retractable roofs so that weather does not interfere with game play, under pitch heating to reduce the effect of snowy/icy conditions, different playing surfaces such as latest generation of artificial pitches)
How technology is used to enhance spectatorship:
7. Stadiums (big screens at football matches, architecture eliminates the use of pillars to improve spectators view)
8. Officials (crowd able to hear referee decisions at rugby matches)
9. Commentary/punditry (e.g. more statistics available during play, graphics and software to enhance post-match commentary)
10. Television (e.g. HD TV/3D TV improves viewing experience, multi-screen through ‘red button’)
11. Internet (e.g. access team/club websites, social networking with players/fans, mobile phone apps allow you to monitor results on the go)
What do I need to revise?
Technology used to enhance performance
Fitness Testing
Body fat monitoring Generally speaking body fat does not aid performance in sport. Most top athletes monitor body fat and will try and keep body fat to a minimum.
Body fat can be measured using skin fold callipers but the best way is hydrostatic underwater weighing.
Different sports have different optimum weights, it is important that if you require more weight in sports such as rugby and boxing the extra weight is not fat. Monitoring body fat can improve performance.
Heart rate monitors Heart rate monitors are used in many sports to monitor the heart rate of athletes. The results can have many benefits to enhance performance Different sports have different training
Training Aids
Training aids
Training aids have been used in sport for many years to enhance performance. Training aids include: 1. Foam pits in Gymnastics
2. Somersault belts in trampolining
3. Bowling machines in cricket 4. Simulators in golf
A modern training aid is motion capture software. This is where the movement of a performer is recorded in detail. This gives the coach vital information on the performer as it can highlight any weaknesses that could be changed to enhance performance. Motion capture software is used in many sports such as, tennis, football, cricket sprinting. It is very useful in sports that have complex movements like a golf swing. For example, when you swing the golf club, the software will slow down the movement so you can analyse every aspect of the swing. This will
Equipment
Equipment
Technology has enhanced equipment which has improved performance in sport. Examples include: 5. Javelins are more aerodynamic which allows athletes to throw them further
6. Technology has made formula 1 cars more aerodynamic which makes them quicker
7. Golf clubs are designed to hit the ball further and be more accurate
Clothing8. Table tennisand footwearbats are designed to grip the ball to allow more spin
Clothing and footwear Technology has enhanced clothing and footwear for athletes. Sporting examples include:
1. Football boots: If we compare a football boot from today to that 20 years ago there is a
massive difference. Modern boots are lighter,
comfortable and are specifically designed for
different surfaces, some boots are made to
specifically to get more power and curl when kicking the ball 2. Hi tech swim suits: Swimmers often High technology swimsuits when competing to reduce drag when swimming in the water. Due to the enhances in technology there are strict
guidelines on their use in competition
3. Rugby pads: Shoulder and chest pads used in rugby provide protection and reduce the chance of injury. Due to technology pads are much lighter and tighter fitting to allow the players to move more freely.
Injury prevention and recovery
Injury prevention and recovery
Using specialist equipment has enhanced how athletes recover and prevent injury.
4. Cryosauna is a very cold sauna that reaches very low temperatures (-200°C) this
allows the muscles to recover quicker and avoid inflammation. This allows the athlete
to train harder and recover from games more quickly preventing overuse injuries.
5. Hydrotherapy is incorporated into post-exercise recovery regimes. The human body
responds to water immersion with changes in the heart, blood flow, as well as core
and muscle temperature. The changes in blood flow and temperature may have an effect on inflammation, immune function, muscle soreness and perception of fatigue.
Technology used to enhance game play
Video Refereeing
Video referees are used in the sport of rugby league . The video referee will watch the match on a tv screen in a studio. They will have available many
angles from different cameras to watch the match.
If there is an incident such as a try and the match
referee and touch judges are unsure of the
decision, they can ask the video referee to look at the incident. They will then radio to the referee the correct decision. This enhances game play as it takes any doubt out of the referee’s mind and the correct decision is made which makes it fair. Hawk Eye
Hawk -Eye is a computer system used in numerous sports such as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, badminton, hurling, rugby union, association football and volleyball, to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a profile of its statistically
Goal Line Technology
Goal line technology is used in football to see if the ball has crossed the goal line. Technology can make the decision very quickly and the referee and assistants get a message of the decision on their watch within 1 second. This enhances gameplay as the referee can make a correct and confident decision very quickly without stopping the game
Hotspot
Hot Spot is an infrared imaging system used in cricket to determine whether the ball has struck the batsman, bat or pad. Hot Spot requires two infra- red cameras on opposite sides of the ground above
the field of play that are continuously recording an
image. This allows umpires to make correct and
confident decisions as it will highlight if the ball has come off a pad or bat when a player is caught out
Radio
Officials in many sports use radios to communicate. This allows
officials to communicate effectively and quickly. During
matches this is important as the crowd can make a lot of noise during the game. Linesman and referees in football will communicate through radio. This allows them to make decisions quickly and efficiently
Stadiums
Technology has benefited stadiums in many ways. Wimbledon has a fully retractable roof. This allows the game to be played in all conditions. Before the roof rain could postpone many matches
Many premier league football stadiums have underground heating, this allows matches to be played in the snow and ice which would otherwise be cancelled
Technology has improved playing surfaces, advances have meant that many artificial surfaces are good enough to play official matches. Widnes rugby league club play all their home matches on a artificial pitch. This allows them to play in all conditions on a near perfect surface
Technology used to enhance spectatorship
Stadiums
Technology has benefited stadiums which enhance the experience of the spectator. Most big stadiums have expensive sound systems and big screens to watch replays and live referee decisions. This enhances the experience and enjoyment of watching live sport such a rugby league
New stadiums have used technology to provide unrestricted viewing. Years ago, the stadium would be supported by big pillars which would obstruct viewing at live matches
Officials
Technology used by officials has enhanced the experience for the spectator. In sports such as rugby the officials have a mic which allows you to listen to the referee. They can hear their decisions and conversations with players. This gives the spectator a more dynamic experience
Commentary and punditry
Technology has allowed more statistics for the spectator to enjoy. In football matches the viewer is given a lot information and statistics about teams, players, goals etc. this gives the viewer knowledge and understanding. Managers must give post-match interviews to the television which adds additional interest
Television
Television Technology has improved the viewing experience. Televisions have a much better picture with some sports events shown in ultra HD. Technology has also allowed the red button feature which can allow the viewer to watch different events and sports at the same time. This was very popular during the Olympics as the viewer could watch a wide range of events during the day. Multi-screen also allows the viewer to watch two events at the same time.
Internet
The internet has provided many opportunities to enhance the experience of the spectator. Mobile phones allow you to download apps that can give information about your favourite sport
or team and give regular updates.
Forums allow you to chat and share
experiences with people of the same sporting interests. You can access club websites which you can watch highlights and get up to date team information
Objective 2/3 Tick
You must understand:
The positive effects of sports technology on performance:
1. Skills may deteriorate (e.g. more-forgiving golf clubs take away the need for the golfer to strike the ball as accurately) Equipment is easier to use (e.g. tennis rackets are lighter and have larger ‘sweet-spot’)
2. Injury Prevention (e.g. temperature regulating clothing to prevent overheating and dehydration, shock absorbing footwear limits strain on leg joints)
3. Reduced recovery time from injury (e.g. training can resume sooner limiting reversal in fitness)
4. Training aids (e.g. can identify specific areas of weakness, athletes can compete to a later age and utilise experience more)
The negative effects of sports technology on performance:
5. Skills may deteriorate (e.g. more-forgiving golf clubs take away the need for the golfer to strike the ball as accurately)
6. Rule/regulation changes (e.g. certain swim suit designs had to be banned because of the degree of assistance they were providing to elite swimmers. Motorsport rules change frequently to restrict the degree to which technological advances might adversely affect competitions)
The positive effects of sports technology on gameplay:
7. How the sport is played (e.g. technology helps to speed up and intensify sport making it more exciting to participate in, such as developments in the bikes which elite cyclists use)
8. Increases competition (e.g. athletes/performers/teams are able to analyse opponents’ performances and develop strategies to beat them)
9. Improves accuracy (e.g. calls made by referees/umpires are more accurate making competitions fairer)
The negative effects of sports technology on gameplay:
10. Prolong a game duration (e.g. referees/umpires taking time to view video/computer aids cause breaks in game play and can make an event stale)
11. Detract from the ethics of sport (e.g. the winner is not now always the best athlete/performer/team but the one with the better equipment)
12. Cost (e.g. only elite level can afford some technology, so it can create or increase the gulf between teams/participants within a sport)
The positive effects of sports technology on spectatorship:
1. Increased fan base (e.g. in-play statistics and post-match analysis graphics make sport more interesting to watch, easier purchasing of tickets over internet or via mobile phone apps) 2. See all the action (e.g. instant replays, multi camera angles and being able to pause and rewind live TV means you miss none of the action)
The negative effects of sports technology on spectatorship:
1. Decrease in live spectatorship (e.g. advances to TV technology and TV broadcasting will encourage viewers to watch from home)
Other positive effects of sports technology on sport:
2. Health care (e.g. prosthetic limbs developed for athletes are now available to the public)
3. Improves transport (e.g. road cars increasingly made from carbon fibre developed for Formula 1)
Other positive effects of sports technology on sport:
1. Break tradition (e.g. cricket is steeped in tradition and devices such as ‘Hawk-Eye’ and ‘Hot Spot’ are not readily accepted by all)
What do I need to revise?
The positive effects of sports technology on performance:
Equipment
Tennis rackets
Tennis rackets have moved on considerably since wooden rackets, Tennis rackets are now made from carbon composites such as graphite. This comes with many advantages for performance such as: 1. Carbon composite rackets can be easily designed to create am bigger sweet spot to hit the ball faster with greater accuracy
2. Rackets can be weighted to suite playing and
swing styles
3. Carbon composite rackets are immune to
changes in humidity and temperature unlike
wooden rackets that can warp
4. Carbon composite rackets are less likely to break during a performance
Footballs Technology has made significant changes to the football. Many years ago, the football was made from bladder and was surrounded by a stitched leather casing, modern day footballs are made from a synthetic material that meet governing body specifications. These have many advantages to performance such as:
1. Balls have an accurate and fast in flight, making
it easier to control and curve the ball
2. They are waterproof
3. Keep their shape
4. Last a full match
5. Transfer all of your kicking force to the ball
6. Safe to head
Injury prevention
Temperature regulating clothing
Many sports stars wear compression garments, they have a high lycra content that clings to the skin. This helps reduce swelling in the muscles, preventing the delayed onset of muscle soreness and aiding recovery of soft tissue injuries. Clothing is very important when performing in very hot conditions such as football or long-distance running.
Technology has allowed clothing to be light and breathable which allows heat and sweat to be evaporated efficiently this can help prevent dehydration and overheating. Shock absorbing footwear Technology used in trainers has significantly changed over the years. Footwear is designed for all different sports and surfaces. Manufacturers claim that cushioning material in running trainers can reduce injury. Running trainers use various technologies to cushion the trainers from the large forces created when running. They use materials such as gel, foam and air. These materials can help prevent injuries such a stress fracture, achilles tendinitis or shin splints.
Reduced recovery time from injury
Technology can reduce the time it takes for athletes to recover from training or injury, preventing a loss of fitness. 8. Cryosauna is a very cold sauna that reaches very low temperatures (-200°C) this allows the muscles to recover quicker and avoid inflammation.
9. Hydrotherapy is being immersed in water this can reduce inflammation, immune function and muscle soreness.
10. Physiotherapy can use equipment such as exercise bikes, medicine balls, resistance bands,
Training Aids
Highlight specific areas of weakness
Technology such as motion capture software in golf can highlight any weaknesses you have when swinging the golf club. The software uses high speed cameras to capture different angles of a golfer to create a full capture. Swinging a golf club is a very complicated skills as it uses the whole body. Motion capture software can track the whole body, a coach can easily correct any errors
Prolong sporting careers Technology has allowed athletes to compete at an older age. It is not unfamiliar for sports men and women to compete at the top level in their
30’s and even 40’s This is due to advances in technology that allow coaches to monitor fitness so they can plan training sessions that to keep them in peak fitness. Advances in technology also reduce and prevent injury. Fifty years ago, a torn cruciate ligament would finish someone’s career now a routine operation can fix this.
1. Jo Pavey (Athletics aged 45)
2. Roger Federer (Tennis aged 37)
3. Ryan Giggs (football retired aged of 40)
The negative effects of sports technology on performance:
Skills may deteriorate
Golf
The new TaylorMade driver has twist face technology
that promotes a straight drive regardless of where
you hit the ball on the club face. This improves the
performance of the golfer. Due to the forgiveness of the club the skills of the golfer may deteriorate. Archery Archery is an Olympic sport, Technology resulted in lighter bows that are weighted and have sophisticated sights that allow the archer great accuracy, Advances in string technology allow the
arrow to travel to the target without dropping. This
technology has allowed the archer to be more accurate but their basic skills may deteriorate.
Rule/regulation changes
Swimming
Full -length hi-tech swimsuits have been banned from the London Olympics as they were made of water-repellent polyurethane fabrics that compressed the swimmer’s body to make it more streamlined, buoyant and less fatigue-able.
Javelin Technology in Javelins meant that athletes were throwing them further and further. The centre of gravity was moved 1.6 inches forward, the tip was modified to make the javelin less aerodynamic, meaning it would nose down earlier and land sooner, reducing average flight distance by about 10 percent.
Formula 1 Rules are in place to restrict the technology in formula 1 to keep the sport competitive and safe. Regulations include: engine size, weight, fuel allowance and the use of DRS
The positive effects of sports technology on gameplay:
How the sport is played
Technology has influenced how sport is played. Technology has speeded up how sport is played this can be due to various reasons such as, equipment, clothing and training aids. Examples are below:
Cycling: bike and helmet design has had a positive effect on the sport of cycling. Bikes have got faster which is more entertaining for fans and Spectators Golf: Golf clubs can hit the ball straighter and further along with training aids the standard of golf has improved Football: Goal line technology changed the way football is played correct decisions can be made quickly and efficiently Formula 1: Regulations in formula one has affected the sport. Technology such as the halo has made the sport safer by protecting the driver
Increases competition
Technology has allowed for an increase in competition, players, coaches, and teams can research through video and statistics information about opponents and teams they are about to play. Tennis: A player can watch many videos of their opponents and gather statistics which may provide information about their weaknesses. For example, statistics may show they are weak on their backhand return or volley
Football: A goalkeeper may research where penalty takers place the ball. This may show where they are more likely to kick the ball which could give an advantage to the goalkeeper when deciding which way to dive Rugby league: Managers of a rugby team many gather statistics and information on an opponent. This may
Improves accuracy
Technology has made a significant improvement in the accuracy of decisions. Before technology the referee or umpire had to make a decision in a split second, with many sports getting faster and faster often the decision was wrong. Now technology can ensure the right decision is made which gives confidence to both the players and officials. Cricket: Infrared cameras at cricket allow players to confirm if the umpire has made the correct decision Football: Goal line technology allows the referee to make a quick decision if the ball has crossed the line without stopping play Rugby league: the video referee can use cameras for a decision the referee has missed or is unsure of Tennis: uses ‘Hawkeye’ so players can challenge the umpire to see if they have made the correct decision or not
The negative effects of sports technology on gameplay:
Prolong a games duration
Although technology is used to make accurate decisions, it can have a negative effect on gameplay. Goal -line technology in football is very fast and gives a decision to the referees watch within 2 seconds. Other technology is not so fast. Rugby league: The video ref may not show clear evidence if a try is scored due to players blocking the view. For decisions that are difficult to see may take time. This can slow and delay the game.
Tennis: Hawkeye is used in tennis to see if the ball is in or out. This technology is reasonably quick and does not delay the game by very much. However, if a player is constantly challenging the umpire’s decision the game can become stale and boring
Detracts from the ethics of the sport
Sport should be about fair play and sportsmanship and should have values such as honesty. Sport should be won by the best and most talented performer, it should not be won by the person or team with the best technology
Swimming: Michael Phelps was the Olympic 200m swimming champion. He remained unbeaten for two years. He was beaten by Paul Biedermann who wore a ‘Arena X-Glide’ swimsuit. The suit can knock up on 4 seconds of your time Golf: If you are playing an opponent of similar ability but they have a set of golf clubs that can hit the ball further and more accurate than yours. Doe
Cost
Although technology improves performance it usually comes at a cost. Elite athletes usually have the best technology which includes the best equipment, training facilities and clothing. This gives them an unfair advantage and can create a gulf between players/teams.
Bobsleigh: The film ‘Cool Runnings’ highlighted the difference in the technology of the Jamaican bobsleigh to the others. They even had to borrow equipment to compete
Athletics: Elite endurance athletes such as Mo Farah sleep in an oxygen chambers before competing. This increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells improving performance. This gives creates a gulf for competitors that cannot afford the equipment which is very expensive
Athletics: Blades used in the Paralympics are very expensive. Technology has allowed blades to be lighter and provide more recoil to allow the athlete to run faster, the tension and stiffness of blades can also be altered for endurance and sprint events. This gives an unfair advantage over those who cannot afford them
Formula 1: Formula 1 is a very expensive sport that needs a lot of technology and money to compete and run. Although there are strict regulations to balance competition, it is generally the teams with the most money and the best technology that win such as Ferrari and Mercedes. This creates a gulf between the various teams and very difficult for new teams
The positive effects of sports technology on spectatorship:
Increased fan base
Technology has improved fan base such as:
1. Statistics
2. Post-match analysis 3. Graphics
4. Mobile apps
5. Internet
6. Easier purchasing of tickets
Football: Technology has enhanced women’s football. Matches are now shown regularly on television, mobile apps and the internet have promoted the sport and increased the fan base, women’s teams are also featured in the FIFA 19 game
Olympics: the London 2012 Olympics was the most watched TV event in history with over 90% of the population watching at least 10 minutes. This was due to technology such as the red button which allowed you tom watch different events at the same time. Graphics made it appealing to all and there was aSee fair alland the easy action system for purchasing tickets
Video camera’s: at games have allowed spectators to watch replays from various different angles. Referee/player cam: Some sports such as rugby even allow you to watch the game from the referee perspective. Player cam also allows you to follow and track individual players movements.
Modern Tv’s allow y
The negative effects of sports technology on spectatorship:
Decrease in live spectatorship
The technology used in live tv, and the various sporting subscriptions available mean many games and events are shown on live television, although this is a positive for the spectator at home in may have a negative effect on live attendance
Football: Many top Premier League clubs have empty seats for FA Cup and Champions league matches as the games are often on TV and ticket prices are expensive
Rugby League: many rugby league attendances are on the decline, this may be due to the number of televised matches on Sky TV
Other positive effects of sports technology:
Health Care: Technology that has gone into disability sports such as prosthetic legs are now available and can benefit the general public Transport: The Technology that has gone into formula 1 cars are now used in road cars. Technology in fuel, aerodynamics, tyres engine efficiency and brakes and makes them more efficient and safer
Other negative effects of sports technology:
Break tradition: many people in sport do not like change. They think the technology has ruined the game and breaks the tradition of the sport and how it is played. Governing bodies in football often delay the introduction of technology such as VAR and goal line technology for this reason. Cricket and tennis are sports that have a lot of history. They see using technology such as Hotspot and Hawkeye breaking the traditions of the sport
Objective 4 Tick
You must understand:
The factors effecting the use of technology in sport:
2. Application of technology (specific technology used in one specific sport, one piece of technology used and adapted across a range of sports, an organisation which has been and/or is at the forefront of using different types of new technology)
3. Reasons for the introduction of technology with particular reference to performance, game play and spectatorship (the sport was losing popularity because of the increase in incorrect or poor decisions being made, the technology has broken down barriers for certain groups)
4. History/tradition (e.g. the nature of the sport(s) or organisation(s) involved is such that they resist change, previous positive or negative experiences with technology affect their view of any proposals)
5. Reactions of key stakeholders (athletes, performers, spectators, professional bodies to the introduction of the technology e.g. it would improve decision making, it would improve performance, it would be ethically wrong in this sport)
6. Features of the technology which affect its use (e.g. cost, access, reputation, reliability)
The impact the technology has had:
7. Has it addressed the issues it sought to (with particular reference to performance, game play and spectatorship)?
8. Has it had unintended positive and/or negative consequences (the use of video referrals was intended to support officials but has ended up undermining them)
9. Developments and adaptations made to the technology (has it been used within other sports, has it has triggered further use of technology within a sport, has it caused nothing but problems and has been dropped from the sport)
10. Developments and adaptations made to the sport (has it more spectators, are the athletes/performers are fitter and more skilled, has it has become reliant on technology and skill no longer counts, has it increased the gap between the elite and everyone else within the sport)
11. Implications for the future (is the sport is at its peak and there is no need for further technology, if more clubs/teams/athletes/performers introduced the technology the sport would improve dramatically, cost implications for wider use even if deemed successful).
What do I need to revise?
The factors effecting the use of technology in sport
Application of technology
Hawkeye (football) Hawk -Eye is a camera system which traces the ball's trajectory during a game. It is the most advanced officiating tool used in sport, used across many sports.
Hawk -eye were the first company to receive a FIFA Goal Line Technology licence, the technology is now classed as the most accurate, reliable and experienced provider. Hawkeye is used in football for goal-line technology, it is a technical means of instantly determining whether the whole of the ball has crossed the goal line.
Reasons for the introduction
Since the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2012, during which goal-line technology was officially used in association football for the first time, many tournament organisers and leagues have taken an interest in the topic and are in the process of implementing the technology.
Following the successful tournament in 2012, FIFA decided to implement the technology at its major tournaments . The English Premier League was the first national competition to vote in favour of introducing goal-line technology from the 2013/14 season onwards. Prior to the 2013 season there were 31 instances where Hawkeye would have made a decision.
History/Tradition
The traditions of sport were played and followed by the Olympic values which are:
Olympic values
1. Respect 2. Excellence 3. Friendship
These values have changed over the years. Before hand it was about participation and playing your best making friends and having respect for officials and opponents.
Since the game has been commercialised values have seemed to have changed. Players often argue with officials and opponents. Players use gamesmanship by
Reaction of key stakeholders
Since the goal line technology was introduced in 2012
it has been widely accepted and welcomed by coaches
and players. The premier league was the first league
to have all 20 clubs use goal line technology. Before 2012 the president of FIFA (Sepp Blatter) was against this technology he said: “Football must retain a human face” he did not want technology interfering with the human input and traditions of the sport.
Due to many high-profile goal line errors he changed his opinion on the technology and is now welcomed by the majority of people within the sport Features of the technology that affect us
Goal line technology using the Hawkeye technology is
widely accepted as more reliable and accurate than
the human eye. It is also more efficient than a video replay.
The concern that effects teams across the country is
the cost. Clubs have to pay £15,000 to FIFA to use
the technology and £250,000 to install the technology. This cost is ok for the Premier League clubs but is far too expensive for the lower leagues. Even the Scottish Premier league say the technology is unaffordable.
The impact the technology has had
Has it addressed the issues it sought to
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If there is an incident such as a try and the match 1. The potential inaccuracy of the technology referee and touch judges are unsure of the 2. The difficulty in controlling the new ball
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Hawk Eye
Has it any unintended positive/negative consequences
The technology of goal line technology is mainly
positive and is now welcomed by coaches, players,
spectators and the governing bodies. It is fast, accurate and because the referee makes the decision from the use of technology it does not undermine his decision. This is not the case in tennis and cricket whereby players can challenge the umpire’s original decision which can them be over ruled. The only negative consequences of goal line technology
is that not all leagues and teams can afford it which results in different rules for different competitions. All Premier League football clubs have goal line
Developments and adaptations to the technology
Goal line technology is a relatively recent addition to football it was introduced to the premier league in 2013. There have been no adaptations to the technology and how it is used. Prior to Hawkeye there were other systems tested such as a sensor in the goal posts and in the ball. This detected when the ball had crossed the line. This system was rejected in favour of Hawkeye which uses seven cameras pointing on each goal. Hawkeye is easily adapted and can be used in other sports such as snooker, Gaelic football, tennis and cricket. In tennis it is used to see if the ball is in or out. This is particularly useful as the ball travels so fast. Players can challenge an umpire’s decision which can be overruled with Hawkeye technology. In cricket it is used to see if the ball was going to hit the wickets when an umpire gives LBW (leg before wicket).
In both Cricket a player may challenge the umpire’s decision. Many critics say this goes against the traditions of the umpire/referee’s decision is final.
Implications for the future
Although goal line technology is widely accepted in football, the cost has limited it to certain competitions and leagues. In September 2018 is only used in a few
European leagues such as: 1. English Premier League 2. English Championship 3. French Ligue 1 4. Italian Serie A 5. German Bundesliga 168 FIFA stadiums are equipped with goal line technology. 167 use Hawkeye and 1 uses Goal Control which is another licensed provider. The different types
Although go