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Part I the Early Extraterrestrial Life Debate

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Part I the Early Extraterrestrial Life Debate Contents Part I The Early Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1 The Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Antiquity to 1900 ........... 3 Michael J. Crowe and Matthew F. Dowd 1.1 Introduction ............................................ 4 1.2 Before the Eighteenth Century .............................. 4 1.2.1 The Ancient and Medieval Periods ..................... 5 1.2.2 The Copernican Cosmological Shift ................... 6 1.2.3 Two Underlying Principles ........................... 7 1.2.4 The Seventeenth Century ............................ 7 1.2.5 Reaching a Wider Audience .......................... 10 1.2.6 Extraterrestrials and Religion at the End of the Seventeenth Century ................................ 12 1.3 The Extraterrestrial Life Debate in the Eighteenth Century. 13 1.3.1 The Period from 1700 to 1750 ........................ 13 1.3.2 The Sidereal Revolution of the 1750–1800 Period ........ 17 1.3.3 At the End of the Eighteenth Century .................. 22 1.4 The Extraterrestrial Life Debate in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. 24 1.4.1 Some Considerations from Science .................... 24 1.4.2 Some Prominent Philosophers ........................ 26 1.4.3 Religious Issues ................................... 28 1.4.4 The Sun and Moon as Special Cases ................... 33 1.5 The Extraterrestrial Life Debate in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century .................................... 37 1.5.1 William Whewell .................................. 38 1.5.2 Richard Anthony Proctor and Camille Flammarion ........ 40 1.5.3 The Sun and Moon ................................. 41 1.5.4 Messages and Meteorites ............................ 42 1.5.5 The Rise and Fall of the Island Universe Theory .......... 44 1.5.6 Extraterrestrials and Evolutionary Theory ............... 45 xxi xxii Contents 1.5.7 The Controversy over the Canals of Mars ............... 45 1.5.8 The Extraterrestrial Life Debate at the End of the Nineteenth Century .............................. 48 1.6 Overview of Part I ....................................... 49 1.7 An Addendum by Michael J. Crowe: Updating My Extraterrestrial Life Debate (1986) .......................... 52 1.7.1 Blaise Pascal, Copernicanism, and Parallax .............. 52 1.7.2 Immanuel Kant and “The Starry Skies Above Me” ........ 53 1.7.3 On Investigating the History of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate ....................................... 54 References .................................................. 55 2 Early Modern ET, Reflexive Telescopics, and Their Relevance Today ............................................ 57 Dennis Danielson 2.1 Introduction ............................................ 58 2.2 “Two Storeys” of the Universe .............................. 58 2.3 “The Shadow of Heaven” .................................. 59 2.4 “Each Star an Island” ..................................... 62 2.5 “The Light of the Earth” ................................... 63 2.6 “To Make Wings, and Fly Up” .............................. 65 2.7 Reflexive Telescopics ..................................... 66 References .................................................. 71 3 Extraterrestrial Life as the Great Analogy, Two Centuries Ago and in Modern Astrobiology ............................... 73 Woodruff T. Sullivan III 3.1 Introduction ............................................ 73 3.2 Analogy ............................................... 74 3.3 Eighteenth Century Views on Extraterrestrial Life .............. 76 3.4 William Herschel ........................................ 77 3.5 Herschel and the Inhabited Sun ............................. 80 3.6 Conclusion ............................................. 81 References .................................................. 82 4 Hegel, Analogy, and Extraterrestrial Life ........................ 85 Joseph T. Ross 4.1 Introduction ............................................ 86 4.2 A Brief History of the Multiple Meanings of Analogy ........... 87 4.3 Hegel and Analogy ....................................... 93 4.4 Earth as Such and Earth in General .......................... 95 4.5 Conclusion ............................................. 99 Contents xxiii References .................................................. 100 5 The Relationship Between the Origins of Life on Earth and the Possibility of Life on Other Planets: A Nineteenth-Century Perspective ................................................. 103 Stéphane Tirard 5.1 Introduction ............................................ 104 5.2 Origins of Life, Evolution, and Environmental Conditions ........ 104 5.3 Evolution and Panspermia: A Complex Relationship ............ 106 5.4 Emergence and Evolution of Life on Other Planets .............. 107 5.4.1 Astronomical Culture and the Conception of Life on Other Planets: Camille Flammarion ................. 107 5.4.2 Lamarckian Biological Culture and the Conception of Life on Other Planets: Edmond Perrier ............... 108 5.5 From Analogy to Utopia ................................... 111 5.6 Conclusion ............................................. 111 References .................................................. 112 6 Pioneering Concepts of Planetary Habitability ................... 115 Florence Raulin Cerceau 6.1 Introduction ............................................ 116 6.2 The Question of the Plurality of Worlds Through the Ages ........ 117 6.3 The Nineteenth-Century Pioneers of Planetary Habitability ....... 118 6.3.1 Richard A. Proctor (1837–1888) ...................... 119 6.3.2 Jules Janssen (1824–1907) ........................... 120 6.3.3 Camille Flammarion (1842–1925) ..................... 121 6.4 Concept of Planetary Ecology .............................. 123 6.5 Dole’s Habitability ....................................... 125 6.6 Conclusion ............................................. 126 References .................................................. 128 Part II The Modern Extraterrestrial Life Debate 7 The Twentieth Century History of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate: Major Themes and Lessons Learned ................ 133 Steven J. Dick 7.1 Major Themes of the Debate ............................... 133 7.1.1 Planetary Science .................................. 134 7.1.2 Planetary Systems ................................. 135 7.1.3 Origins of Life .................................... 137 7.1.4 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. 138 xxiv Contents 7.1.5 Birth of a New Discipline ............................ 140 7.1.6 Cosmic Evolution as the Context for Astrobiology ........ 141 7.1.7 The Biological Universe as Worldview ................. 142 7.2 Lessons Learned from the Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate ................................ 143 7.2.1 Evidence, Inference and Preconceptions ................ 144 7.2.2 The Role of Theory ................................ 159 7.2.3 Testing History: Plenitude, Mediocrity, Anthropocentrism and Rare Earth .................................... 165 7.3 Overview of Part II ....................................... 168 References .................................................. 169 8 The Creator of Astrobotany, Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov .......... 175 Danielle Briot 8.1 Introduction ............................................ 176 8.2 Biography and Early Works ................................ 176 8.3 Study of Earthshine ..................................... 177 8.4 Birth of Astrobotany ..................................... 178 8.5 From Astrobotany to Astrobiology and Cosmobiology .......... 180 8.6 Contemporary Studies ................................... 180 8.7 Present Studies ......................................... 181 8.8 Conclusion ............................................ 183 References .................................................. 184 9 Life Beyond Earth and the Evolutionary Synthesis ................ 187 Douglas A. Vakoch 9.1 Introduction ........................................... 188 9.2 Early Critiques of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution .............. 189 9.3 The Evolutionary Synthesis ............................... 190 9.4 The Evolutionary Synthesis and Extraterrestrial Life ........... 191 9.4.1 Simpson on the Nonprevalence of Humonoids .......... 191 9.4.2 Dobzhansky Against the Convergent Evolution of Extraterrestrial Life ............................. 192 9.4.3 Muller, Mutation, and Intelligence .................... 193 9.4.4 Mayr and the Importance of Chance .................. 194 9.4.5 Divergent Views of Extraterrestrial Life: Outside and Within the Evolutionary Synthesis ................ 194 9.5 Conclusion ............................................. 197 References .................................................. 197 Contents xxv 10 The First Thousand Exoplanets: Twenty Years of Excitement and Discovery .............................................. 201 Chris Impey 10.1 Introduction ........................................... 202 10.2 The Detection Problem .................................. 202 10.3 Failure and Frustration ................................... 203 10.4 The First Discoveries .................................... 203 10.5 Surprise and Confusion .................................. 204 10.6 Methods of Detection .................................... 205 10.7 The Exoplanet Zoo ...................................... 207 10.8 The Hunt for Earths ..................................... 207 10.9 Habitable Real Estate .................................... 208 10.10 Biomarkers and Life ..................................... 209 10.11 Conclusion ...........................................
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