DOCSLIB.ORG

Adsorption As a Process for Produced Water Treatment: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Adsorption As a Process for Produced Water Treatment: a Review processes Review Adsorption as a Process for Produced Water Treatment: A Review Roghayeh Yousef 1, Hazim Qiblawey 1,* and Muftah H. El-Naas 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; [email protected] 2 Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 30 November 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: Produced water (PW) is a by-product of oil and gas operations, and its production is foreseen to increase in the upcoming years. Such an increase is justified by various entities through their projection of the expected increase in the demand of oil and gas. The treatment of produced water is a significantly growing challenge for the oil and gas industry that requires serious attention. The first part of this review will present the underlying issue of produced water and relevant practices. With adsorption being defined as the least expensive treatment method, the second part will introduce general adsorption principals. The third part will describe the recent applications of adsorption for the treatment of PW with more focus of categorizing the adsorbents as natural and non-natural adsorbents. The main aim of this review is to shed light on the recent research related to PW treatment using adsorption. This is performed to highlight the shortcomings in PW adsorption research and recommend research pathways that can help in developing the field further. Keywords: adsorption; produced water; water treatment; oil water; separation 1. Introduction Large amounts of wastewater are generated during the oil and gas operations, and they are often referred to as produced water (PW). It is basically a combination of the water originally exiting in the wells, which is the formation water, and any additional water injected for enhanced oil and gas recovery. By far, this water is the largest produced volume by industry and can accommodate different contaminants, such as oil compounds, dissolved minerals, chemical compounds and dissolved solids [1–4]. The contaminants constituting PW can vary drastically depending on the geolocation and the petroleum product obtained [5]. To showcase this variation, Table1 shows a sample of PW concentrations and how they vary depending on the country. Based on this variation, it is difficult to assign generic characteristics to PW and its contaminants. Table 1. Examples of PW concentrations. PW Source Hydrocarbon Concentration (mg/L) Reference Yangtze Petrochemical Company (China) 6000 [4,6] Oil India Limited (India) 366 [4,7] Brazilian Oil Production (Brazil) 250 [8,9] BP AG Refinery (Germany) 200–1000 [8,10] Processes 2020, 8, 1657; doi:10.3390/pr8121657 www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Processes 2020, 8, 1657 2 of 22 PW contaminants could have detrimental effects on the aquatic environment, as this contaminated water is often discharged to surface water, especially for offshore operations. Depending on the geolocation of the discharge, a specific regulatory limit stands for the amount of contaminant present in PW [11,12]. Thus far, most countries in Europe, North/South America and the Middle East adopted near zero discharge regulations [13–17]. These regulations vary and in Table2, it is shown how PW discharge regulations differ depending on the country of operation. Table 2. Hydrocarbon discharge regulations in different countries. Country Hydrocarbon Discharge Regulatory Level (mg/L) Reference U.S.A 42 [15,16] Australia 30 [15,17] Colombia 15 Argentina 5 Discharge level is a topic of importance in the oil and gas industry due to the projected increase in demand for energy [18]. According to the IEA, the need for fossil fuel is expected to grow drastically in the upcoming years [19]. As a result, it is foreseen that the amount of PW from the oil and gas industry will increase [18]. The expected increase of PW is mainly related to two factors: (i) increased production of oil/gas and (ii) age of the oil/gas field. With these two factors, the increase of PW is projected to be more than the current levels [1,12,18]. Based on this expected increase, a treatment method that can handle large volumes of PW is required and this is while economically covering a range of contaminants. With these requirements and based on the literature available, the adsorption approach is the best treatment option that can deliver these requirements for PW. Adsorption treatment approach is reported to operate at low concentrations with less operation time and much lower cost than other treatment methods [20,21]. Lowering the cost of treatment gives potential to PW for reuse in several practices. Such practices can range from injection into petroleum wells to industrial and domestic usages [16]. Managing PW by reusing it gives an incentive to industries, as treatment assigns a value to PW in the economy [5]. While most previous adsorption review papers consider generalized point of views related to the adsorption process, this review focuses on the application of adsorption for produced water treatment. The aim is to evaluate the current output of PW adsorption research and present the potential of recent adsorption system studies. It is important to note that the inclusion of heavy metals in this review is based on the point view that heavy metals are potential contaminants in PW. Depending on the geolocation of PW, these metals can vary between barium, lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, iron, arsenic, mercury and zinc [22–25]. With an emphasis on these heavy metals being part of PW, this review paper will discuss adsorbent systems that target heavy metals and hydrocarbons. The first part of this review will explain the main principles of adsorption and how it is reported in the literature. The second part will focus on the adsorbents investigated with respect to PW and their main reported results. Finally, research recommendations from the authors’ point-of-view are stated for the guidance on how the field of PW adsorption should evolve. 2. Adsorption In the literature, the materials used for PW are commonly assessed by characterization, kinetics and isotherms [26]. On a molecular level, adsorption is a process where attractive forces associate a solute (adsorbate) to a solid surface (adsorbent). The solid material used for the adsorption consists of a porous medium with a high internal surface area [27]. It is a common practice in the literature to describe these solid media by the parameters shown in Figure1. Processes 2020, 8, 1657 3 of 22 Figure 1. Common parameters for describing adsorption systems in the literature. 2.1. Characterization To gain a microscopic insight into how adsorption of PW contaminant occurs, characterizing the adsorbent system is often necessary. A solid with a good adsorption capacity should exhibit explicit characteristics that are related to the adsorbent’s surface area and internal network of pores [27]. According to IUPAC, an adsorbent can satisfy these characteristics by having a pore size between 2 nm to 50 nm [28]. 2.2. Kinetics Through the PW related literature, various studies have reported the kinetics of the adsorption system through conducting time interval experiments. These experiments are based on withdrawing a sample at specified time intervals and measuring the concentration [29]. The obtained data are used to build a profile and fit a suitable kinetics model that can describe the adsorption system. Based on the model, the adsorption mechanism can be identified [30]. From the many different kinetics models, the most common models in PW adsorption were observed to be: pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion model [31]. In terms of the pseudo-first order, if this model is confirmed by the experimental data, adsorption is taking place through physical forces [32]. With regards to pseudo-second order, using this model to fit the experimental data well, declares that adsorption mechanism is occurring through chemical means [33]. To further explore the chemical means, Elovich model is suggested as a kinetic model in the PW literature. This model accounts for predicting the mass and surface diffusion along activation energies [34]. Proportionate to the pseudo orders and Elovich model, the intraparticle diffusion model is a kinetics model with multiple mentions in the literature. This model is an indication that the intraparticle diffusion is the rate limiting step for adsorption. This is with the experimental data fitting the model and passing through the origin [35,36]. Table3 contains a summary of these models with their mathematical expressions. It is worth noting that most adsorption studies related to PW in this work reported kinetics being very well described by pseudo-second order model as illustrated in the following references: [37–39]. To state this decisively, studies compared the fit of pseudo-first/second order, Elovich or intraparticle diffusion models when applicable as shown in these examples: [40–43]. Table 3. Common kinetics models in PW. Model Name Equation Mechanism dqt Pseudo—first order dt = k1(qe − qt) [44] Physical adsorption dqt 2 Pseudo—second order dt = k2(qe − qt) [45] Chemisorption dqt −bqt Elovich dt = aexp [34] Chemisorption 1 Intraparticle diffusion qt = kit 2 [36,46] Intramolecular diffusion Processes 2020, 8, 1657 4 of 22 Where qe is the equilibrium adsorbate adsorbed in (mg/g), qt is the amount of adsorbate at time t and k is the equilibrium rate constant of the model. a in the Elovich model is the initial rate of adsorbent and b is the relationship to surface coverage extent and chemisorption activation energy. 2.3. Isotherms The most frequent assessment observed in the investigations of adsorption systems is fitting the adsorption equilibrium data in terms of isotherm models. The equilibrium relationship between the adsorbent and the adsorbate are explained in the literature through various expressions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MEMS Technology for Physiologically Integrated Devices
    A BioMEMS Review: MEMS Technology for Physiologically Integrated Devices AMY C. RICHARDS GRAYSON, REBECCA S. SHAWGO, AUDREY M. JOHNSON, NOLAN T. FLYNN, YAWEN LI, MICHAEL J. CIMA, AND ROBERT LANGER Invited Paper MEMS devices are manufactured using similar microfabrica- I. INTRODUCTION tion techniques as those used to create integrated circuits. They often, however, have moving components that allow physical Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices are or analytical functions to be performed by the device. Although manufactured using similar microfabrication techniques as MEMS can be aseptically fabricated and hermetically sealed, those used to create integrated circuits. They often have biocompatibility of the component materials is a key issue for moving components that allow a physical or analytical MEMS used in vivo. Interest in MEMS for biological applications function to be performed by the device in addition to (BioMEMS) is growing rapidly, with opportunities in areas such as biosensors, pacemakers, immunoisolation capsules, and drug their electrical functions. Microfabrication of silicon-based delivery. The key to many of these applications lies in the lever- structures is usually achieved by repeating sequences of aging of features unique to MEMS (for example, analyte sensitivity, photolithography, etching, and deposition steps in order to electrical responsiveness, temporal control, and feature sizes produce the desired configuration of features, such as traces similar to cells and organelles) for maximum impact. In this paper, (thin metal wires), vias (interlayer connections), reservoirs, we focus on how the biological integration of MEMS and other valves, or membranes, in a layer-by-layer fashion. The implantable devices can be improved through the application of microfabrication technology and concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Density Functional Theory Study of Hydrogen Adsorption in MOF-5
    17974 J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 17974-17983 A Density Functional Theory Study of Hydrogen Adsorption in MOF-5 Tim Mueller and Gerbrand Ceder* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 13-5056, 77 Massachusetts AVenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ReceiVed: March 8, 2005; In Final Form: August 3, 2005 Ab initio molecular dynamics in the generalized gradient approximation to density functional theory and ground-state relaxations are used to study the interaction between molecular hydrogen and the metal-organic framework with formula unit Zn4O(O2C-C6H4-CO2)3. Five symmetrically unique adsorption sites are identified, and calculations indicate that the sites with the strongest interaction with hydrogen are located near the Zn4O clusters. Twenty total adsorption sites are found around each Zn4O cluster, but after 16 of these are populated, the interaction energy at the remaining four sites falls off significantly. The adsorption of hydrogen on the pore walls creates an attractive potential well for hydrogen in the center of the pore. The effect of the framework on the physical structure and electronic structure of the organic linker is calculated, suggesting ways by which the interaction between the framework and hydrogen could be modified. Introduction ogies can be synthesized using a variety of organic linkers, One of the major obstacles to the widespread adoption of providing the ability to tailor the nature and size of the pores. hydrogen as a fuel is the lack of a way to store hydrogen with Several frameworks have been experimentally investigated for sufficient gravimetric and volumetric densities to be economi- their abilities to store hydrogen, but to date none are able to do cally practical.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Science 675 (2018) 26–35
    Surface Science 675 (2018) 26–35 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Surface Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/susc Molecular and dissociative adsorption of DMMP, Sarin and Soman on dry T and wet TiO2(110) using density functional theory ⁎ Yenny Cardona Quintero, Ramanathan Nagarajan Natick Soldier Research, Development & Engineering Center, 15 General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA 01760, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Titania, among the metal oxides, has shown promising characteristics for the adsorption and decontamination of Adsorption of nerve agents on TiO2 chemical warfare nerve agents, due to its high stability and rapid decomposition rates. In this study, the ad- Molecular and dissociative adsorption sorption energy and geometry of the nerve agents Sarin and Soman, and their simulant dimethyl methyl Dry and hydrated TiO2 phosphonate (DMMP) on TiO2 rutile (110) surface were calculated using density functional theory. The mole- Slab model of TiO 2 cular and dissociative adsorption of the agents and simulant on dry as well as wet metal oxide surfaces were DFT calculations of adsorption energy considered. For the wet system, computations were done for the cases of both molecularly adsorbed water Nerve agent dissociation mechanisms Nerve agent and simulant comparison (hydrated conformation) and dissociatively adsorbed water (hydroxylated conformation). DFT calculations show that dissociative adsorption of the agents and simulant is preferred over molecular adsorption for both dry and wet TiO2. The dissociative adsorption on hydrated TiO2 shows higher stability among the different configura- tions considered. The dissociative structure of DMMP on hydrated TiO2 (the most stable one) was identified as the dissociation of a methyl group and its adsorption on the TiO2 surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism Of
    molecules Article Adsorption and Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Sugar Cane Bagasse Activated with ZnCl2 Yixin Cai 1,2, Liming Liu 1,2, Huafeng Tian 1,*, Zhennai Yang 1,* and Xiaogang Luo 1,2,3,* 1 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, China 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (Z.Y.); [email protected] or [email protected] (X.L.); Tel.: +86-139-8627-0668 (X.L.) Received: 4 November 2019; Accepted: 9 December 2019; Published: 11 December 2019 Abstract: Adsorption and desorption behaviors of tetracycline hydrochloride by activated carbon-based adsorbents derived from sugar cane bagasse modified with ZnCl2 were investigated. The activated carbon was tested by SEM, EDX, BET, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. This activated carbon 2 1 exhibited a high BET surface area of 831 m g− with the average pore diameter and pore volume 3 1 reaching 2.52 nm and 0.45 m g− , respectively. The batch experimental results can be described by Freundlich equation, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the intraparticle diffusion model, 1 while the maximum adsorption capacity reached 239.6 mg g− under 318 K.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanoparticle Size Effect on Water Vapour Adsorption by Hydroxyapatite
    nanomaterials Article Nanoparticle Size Effect on Water Vapour Adsorption by Hydroxyapatite Urszula Szałaj 1,2,*, Anna Swiderska-´ Sroda´ 1, Agnieszka Chodara 1,2, Stanisław Gierlotka 1 and Witold Łojkowski 1 1 Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland 2 Faculty of Materials Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 41, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-22-876-04-31 Received: 12 June 2019; Accepted: 10 July 2019; Published: 12 July 2019 Abstract: Handling and properties of nanoparticles strongly depend on processes that take place on their surface. Specific surface area and adsorption capacity strongly increase as the nanoparticle size decreases. A crucial factor is adsorption of water from ambient atmosphere. Considering the ever-growing number of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles applications, we decided to investigate how the size of nanoparticles and the changes in relative air humidity affect adsorption of water on their surface. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles of two sizes: 10 and 40 nm, were tested. It was found that the nanoparticle size has a strong effect on the kinetics and efficiency of water adsorption. For the same value of water activity, the quantity of water adsorbed on the surface of 10 nm nano-hydroxyapatite was five times greater than that adsorbed on the 40 nm. Based on the adsorption isotherm fitting method, it was found that a multilayer physical adsorption mechanism was active. The number of adsorbed water layers at constant humidity strongly depends on particles size and reaches even 23 layers for the 10 nm particles. The amount of water adsorbed on these particles was surprisingly high, comparable to the amount of water absorbed by the commonly used moisture-sorbent silica gel.
    [Show full text]
  • A Technology Overview and Applications of Bio-MEMS
    INSTITUTE OF SMART STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS (ISSS) JOURNAL OF ISSS J. ISSS Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 39-59, Sept. 2014. REVIEW ARTICLE A Technology Overview and Applications of Bio-MEMS Nidhi Maheshwari+, Gaurav Chatterjee+, V. Ramgopal Rao. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India-400076. Corresponding Author: [email protected] + Both the authors have contributed equally. Keywords: Abstract Bio-MEMS, immobilization, Miniaturization of conventional technologies has long cantilever, micro-fabrication, been understood to have many benefits, like: lower cost of biosensor. production, lower form factor leading to portable applications, and lower power consumption. Micro/Nano fabrication has seen tremendous research and commercial activity in the past few decades buoyed by the silicon revolution. As an offset of the same fabrication platform, the Micro-electro-mechanical- systems (MEMS) technology was conceived to fabricate complex mechanical structures on a micro level. MEMS technology has generated considerable research interest recently, and has even led to some commercially successful applications. Almost every smart phone is now equipped with a MEMS accelerometer-gyroscope system. MEMS technology is now being used for realizing devices having biomedical applications. Such devices can be placed under a subset of MEMS called the Bio-MEMS (Biological MEMS). In this paper, a brief introduction to the Bio-MEMS technology and the current state of art applications is discussed. 1. Introduction Generally, the Bio-MEMS can be defined as any The interdisciplinary nature of the Bio-MEMS research is system or device, which is fabricated using the highlighted in Figure 2. This highlights the overlapping of micro-nano fabrication technology, and used many different scientific disciplines, and the need for a healthy for biomedical applications such as diagnostics, collaborative effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Adsorption Properties of Granular Activated Carbon-Supported
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Adsorption Properties of Granular Activated Carbon-Supported Titanium Dioxide Particles for Dyes Received: 23 November 2017 Accepted: 10 April 2018 and Copper Ions Published: xx xx xxxx Xin Zheng2,3, Nannan Yu1, Xiaopeng Wang4, Yuhong Wang1, Linshan Wang1, Xiaowu Li2 & Xiaomin Hu5 In the present paper, granular activated carbon (GAC) supported titanium dioxide (TiO2@GAC) particles were prepared by sol-gel process. Their performance in simultaneous adsorption of dye and Cu2+ from wastewater was studied. X-ray difraction (XRD) indicated that TiO2 of the TiO2@GAC microsphere is anatase type, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that the samples have obvious characteristic peaks in 400–800 cm−1, which indicated that there are Ti-O-Ti bonds. The 2+ experimental results showed that the adsorption of TiO2@GAC for Methylene blue (MB) and Cu were favorable under acidity condition, the adsorption of Methyl orange (MO) was favorable under 2+ alkalecent condition. The reaction kinetics of TiO2@GAC for MO, MB and Cu were well described as pseudo-second-order kinetic model; The reaction isotherms for MO, MB and Cu2+ were well ftted by 2+ Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of TiO2@GAC for MO, MB and Cu in the single systems were 32.36 mg/g, 25.32 mg/g and 23.42 mg/g, respectively. As for adsorption, Cu2+ had a suppression efect on MB, and a promotion efect on MO, however, the impact of MO and MB on Cu2+ were negligible. With the rapid development of industry, there is more and more concern about toxic dyes and heavy metal ions in untreated waste water from industrial production processes1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adsorption Studies with Liquid Chromatography
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1118 Adsorption Studies with Liquid Chromatography Experimental Preparations for Thorough Determination of Adsorption Data LENA EDSTRÖM ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-8858-1 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216235 2014 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in B22, BMC, Husargatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 14 March 2014 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Lars Hagel. Abstract Edström, L. 2014. Adsorption Studies with Liquid Chromatography. Experimental Preparations for Thorough Determination of Adsorption Data. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1118. 56 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-8858-1. Analytical chemistry is a field with a vast variety of applications. A robust companion in the field is liquid chromatography, the method used in this thesis, which is an established workhorse and a versatile tool in many different disciplines. It can be used for identification and quantification of interesting compounds generally present in low concentrations, called analytical scale chromatography. It can also be used for isolation and purification of high value compounds, called preparative chromatography. The latter is usually conducted in large scale with high concentrations. With high concentrations it is also possible to determine something called adsorption isotherms. Determination of adsorption isotherms is a useful tool for quite a wide variety of reasons. It can be used for characterisation of chromatographic separation systems, and then gives information on the retention mechanism as well as provides the possibility to study column-column and batch-batch reproducibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling Gold Nanoparticle Assembly Through Particle
    CONTROLLING GOLD NANOPARTICLE ASSEMBLY THROUGH PARTICLE- PARTICLE AND PARTICLE-SURFACE INTERACTIONS Dissertation Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering By John Joseph Kelley, M.S. Dayton, Ohio August, 2018 CONTROLLING GOLD NANOPARTICLE ASSEMBLY THROUGH PARTICLE-PARTICLE AND PARTICLE-SURFACE INTERACTIONS Name: Kelley, John Joseph APPROVED BY: ___________________________ ___________________________ Erick S. Vasquez, Ph.D. Donald Klosterman, Ph.D. Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Assistant Professor, Department of Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Chemical and Materials Engineering ___________________________ ___________________________ Andrey Voevodin, Ph.D. P. Terrence Murray, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Adjunct Professor, Department of Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Chemical and Materials Engineering ___________________________ Richard A. Vaia, Ph.D. Research Advisor Technical Director, Air Force Research Laboratory ___________________________ ___________________________ Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Eddy M. Rojas, Ph.D., M.A., P.E. Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Dean, School of Engineering Professor School of Engineering ii ABSTRACT CONTROLLING GOLD NANOPARTICLE ASSEMBLY THROUGH PARTICLE- PARTICLE AND PARTICLE-SURFACE INTERACTIONS Name: Kelley, John Joseph University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Erick S. Vasquez
    [Show full text]
  • Membrane-Based Carbon Capture from Flue
    To request a full copy of this paper, Journal of Cleaner Production 103 (2015) 286e300 please email [email protected] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Review Membrane-based carbon capture from flue gas: a review * Rajab Khalilpour a, , Kathryn Mumford b, Haibo Zhai c, Ali Abbas a, Geoff Stevens b, Edward S. Rubin c a Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia b Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia c Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, PA 15213, USA article info abstract Article history: There has been an increasing interest in the application of membranes to flue gas separation, primarily Received 2 February 2014 driven by the need of carbon capture for significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Historically, Received in revised form there has not been general consensus about the advantage of membranes against other methods such as 2 September 2014 liquid solvents for carbon capture. However, recent research indicates that advances in materials and Accepted 16 October 2014 process designs could significantly improve the separation performance of membrane capture systems, Available online 4 November 2014 which make membrane technology competitive with other technologies for carbon capture. This paper mainly reviews membrane separation for the application to post-combustion CO capture with a focus on Keywords: 2 Post-combustion carbon capture the developments and breakthroughs in membrane material design, process engineering, and engi- Flue gas neering economics. Membrane © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Core-Modified Silver Nanoparticles for Ibuprofen Removal
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Magnetic core‑modifed silver nanoparticles for ibuprofen removal: an emerging pollutant in waters Yesica Vicente‑Martínez*, Manuel Caravaca, Antonio Soto‑Meca & Rubén Solana‑González In this work we present a novel procedure for ibuprofen adsorption from waters employing magnetic core‑modifed silver nanoparticles. We demonstrate that 93% adsorption of ibuprofen is achieved in 45 min by means of a simple method, for neutral pH and room temperature, also using a low dose of adsorbent, equal to 7 mg in 500 µL of suspension. The characterization of the adsorbent, before and after adsorption, was carried out by means of feld emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‑ray spectroscopy, BET analysis, Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy and diferential scanning calorimetry. It is worth pointing out that ibuprofen can be desorbed and the adsorbent can be reused, remaining unaltered for the frst three cycles, and showing 89.3% adsorption efciency after the third regeneration. A three‑parameter model and the Langmuir isotherm characterize the kinetics and isotherm of adsorption. Pharmaceuticals are products used in large doses in daily life considered as contaminants of emerging concern. Due to the large amounts of drugs consumed, the hydrogenic sources sufer from contamination processes that give rise to toxicological efects in humans despite its low concentrations1,2. Many medicines considered as emerging contaminants are constantly detected in groundwater, wastewater treatment plants and water supply. Te inefciency of conventional methods used in water treatment plants to remove the contaminant motivates the development of efective methods to treat efuent contamination3. According to the physico-chemical properties of drugs, their degradation products and the characteristics of the soils, these substances can reach the groundwater and contaminate the aquifers or remain retained in the soil, thus afecting the ecosystem and humans through the food chain4.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Progress in Gas Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors
    membranes Review Research Progress in Gas Separation Using Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors Linlin Li 1, Guiyang Ma 1, Zhen Pan 1, Na Zhang 2 and Zhien Zhang 3,* 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, China; [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (Z.P.) 2 Shandong Gas Marketing Branch, Sinopec Gas Company, Jinan 250000, China; [email protected] 3 William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 October 2020; Accepted: 26 November 2020; Published: 29 November 2020 Abstract: In recent years, gas–liquid membrane contactors have attracted increasing attention. A membrane contactor is a device that realizes gas–liquid or liquid–liquid mass transfer without being dispersed in another phase. The membrane gas absorption method combines the advantages of chemical absorption and membrane separation, in addition to exhibiting high selectivity, modularity, and compactness. This paper introduces the operating principle and wetting mechanism of hollow membrane contactors, shows the latest research progress of membrane contactors in gas separation, especially for the removal of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures by membrane contactors, and summarizes the main aspects of membrane materials, absorbents, and membrane contactor structures. Furthermore, recommendations are provided for the existing deficiencies or unsolved problems (such as membrane wetting), and the status and progress of membrane contactors are discussed. Keywords: membrane contactor; gas separation; CO2 capture; absorbent; membrane wetting 1. Introduction Owing to the rapid economic development since the 20th century, the climate and environment have continued to deteriorate.
    [Show full text]