Kaliakoir Industrial Pollution
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Reader : Kaliakoir Industrial Pollution 1 Table of Contents 1. Background ................................................................................................................. 3 2. Study Area: ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Location .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Population .............................................................................................................. 5 2.3 Land use .................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Agricultural Practice: ............................................................................................. 6 2.5 Type of farmers ...................................................................................................... 6 2.7 Irrigation water: ..................................................................................................... 7 2.7.1 Irrigation Service charges ....................................................................................... 8 2.8 Industries and Industrial water use .................................................................... 8 3 Hydrology of Turag-Bangshi Area .......................................................................... 10 3.1 Rainfall .................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Water Level Variation in the Beels. ..................................................................... 11 4. Water Quality .......................................................................................................... 11 5 Pollution impacts and conflicts ............................................................................... 12 6 Water Management Institutions .............................................................................. 14 7 Environmental Law and Regulations ...................................................................... 16 Appendix 1 : Additional Information .......................................................................... 18 2 1. Background Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with approximately 895 people per square kilometer, and a projected population of around 146 million by the year 2010. It is also one of the world’s poorest countries, with a per capita Gross National Product (GNP) of $260, and in which approximately 60 percent of the population live below the poverty line (World Bank, 1993). The population remains largely rural with only around 20 percent living in urban areas. Rural livelihoods are dominated by agricultural production but people’s livihood systems are diverse with fishing either for purely subsistence use or commercial sales being common. Fish accounts for approximately 63 percent of the animal protein in people’s diet (BBS, 2004). Less 40 percent of the population has access to modern primary health care (PHC) services beyond child immunisations and family planning (BBS, 2000; Abedin, 1997). The high population growth rate and poverty levels have led Bangladesh to set a development target in the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (iPRSP) of a 7 percent growth in GDP to achieve its development goals by 2015. The iPRSP calls for a “focus on employment-intensive industrialisation with emphasis on small and medium enterprises and export oriented industries”. The country still has a relatively small industrial sector contributing about 20 percent of the GDP between 1996-97 but it is growing rapidly. The manufacturing sub-sector accounts for about half of this and grew at a rate of five percent between 1972 and 1992 (Bhattacharya et al., 1995). There are now over 24,000 registered small-scale industrial units in Bangladesh (SEHD, 1998) and it is generally accepted there are an equivalent number unregistered. The growth of small-scale industrial activities in Bangladesh has a positive development dynamic in macro-economic terms, for example the ready-made garment (RMG) sector accounts for 76 percent of national export earnings and 9.5 percent of GDP, providing US$ 5 billion in revenue and employing around 10 million people, however industrialisation has also brought with it a range of problems, including pollution of water resources. Many are highly polluting and as a consequence of their rapid and largely unregulated development, many ecosystems are now under threat, and with them the livelihood systems of local people (Chadwick and Clemett, 2002). Consequently whilst Bangladesh is, in industrial terms, a relatively undeveloped country, “the problem of localised pollution is alarming” (SEHD, 1998); a situation that is compounded by the high population density of the country of around 800 people per square kilometre. 3 2. Study Area: Kaliakoir Thana in Gazipur District is an industrial site where rapid industrial expansion has led to serious local pollution. This area was historically a prime rice growning area but the number of industries locating there has steadily grown over the past 15 years. There are now serveral types of industry in the area but it is dominated by textile manufacturers, including dyeing and printing units, as well as poultry farms, some pharmaceutical industries and a tannery. 2.1 Location Kaliakair, is the second smallest upazilla of Gazipur District approximately 25 kilometres north-east of Dhaka. The area of the upazilla is 314.14 sq.km. including 1.22 sq.km. river and 79.72 sq.km. forest area (Appendix 1). It is situated between 24º15’ north latitudes and between 90º22’ east longitudes. The Upazilla is bordered, on the south by Savar and Dhamrai thana of Dhaka district and on the west by Mirzapur thana of Tangail zila. The Upazilla consists of 9 unions, 181 mauzas and 283 villages. The average population of union, mauza and village are 25,879, 1287 and 823 respectively. 4 Figure 1: Gazipur District map showing study area 2.2 Population The population of the area is 232,915 of which 119,265 are males and 113,650 are females. According to 1991 data, the sex ratio of the Upazilla is 105 males per 100 females. The decadal population growth ratio is 40.51% and annual compounded growth rate is 3.46%. The decadal growth rates over the last 110 years are shown in table Table 1 below: Table 1: Decadal Growth of Population : 1881-1991 Decade Growth Rate Decade Growth Rate 1881-1891 14.4 1941-1951 (-)3.6 1891-1901 9.5 1951-1961 28.6 1901-1911 11.9 1961-1974 42.9 1911-1921 8.3 1974-1981 21.9 1921-1931 8.8 1981-1991 40.5 2.3 Land use Land use data of the study area is given in Table 4. It is found that Boro rice cultivation is predominant though a large area remains fallow and as settlement area. Table 4 Land use of study area, March 2001 Land use Area in ha. Boro 4414 Settlement 5750 Forest 952 Fisheries 48 Industries 92 Khal and Beel 226 Pond 161 Current Fallow 7487 Total 19130 Table 5 shows land use pattern by household classes. It shows that the distribution of the land area is very uneven. The landless farmers have lowest area of land. Each 5 household in the area use land as homestead, cultivation, orchard and pond. However, major portion of the land is used for cultivation. Table 5 Land use pattern by household classes in Turag-Bongshi Homestead Cultivatable Orchard Pond Fallow (Dec) (Dec) (Dec) (Dec) (Dec) Land less 8.94 7.42 0.07 0.60 0.33 Marginal 16.36 98.69 0.00 6.15 0.00 Farmers Small Farmers 23.30 196.71 0.00 5.79 3.03 Medium 28.69 341.20 0.00 8.88 13.40 Farmers Large Farmers 29.07 837.14 0.00 33.79 59.64 2.4 Agricultural Practice: Crops grown by the households are categorized into three cropping sequence i.e. Rabi, Kharip I, Kharip II. Boro, wheat, pulses and mustard are known as rabi crop, Aush and jute is known as Kharip I and Aman known as Kharip II. During Rabi season 97% household were found to cultivate Boro crop. The next widely grown crops in Rabi season were found to be Mustards (25%) and wheat (15%). 2.5 Type of farmers Table 2 shows that the farmers in the area are classified into five categories1. This categorization is based on the land holding size of a household. A household having 0- 50 decimal land is considered as landless farmer. In the area most of the dwelling households depend on agriculture which is the main source of household income. Other sources of household income are from non agricultural source such as fishing, trading etc (Table 3). Table 2 Type of farmers Household class Holding size HHs No % of household (Dec.) Land less 0-50 159 56.7 1 This was categorized based on the information of a baseline survey carried out in September, 1999 by MACH-CNRS. The survey was conducted in 8 villages (280 household) in the area. 6 Marginal Farmers 51-150 68 24.2 Small Farmers 151-250 20 7.1 Medium Farmers 251-500 25 8.9 Large Farmers 500+ 8 2.8 All classes 280 Table 3 Percentage distribution of household by occupation Occupation Landless Marginal Small Medium Large All household (HH) Farmer 11.95 44.93 60.00 84.00 87.50 32.03 Share Cropper 11.32 8.70 5.00 4.00 0.00 9.25 Day labourer 11.32 2.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.12 Fisherman 23.90 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.88 Boatman 5.03 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.20 Trading 15.73 11.59 5.00 4.00 12.50 12.81 Industrial worker 4.40 4.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.60 Others 16.35 24.27 30.00 8.00 0.00 18.11 2.6 Drinking water: In the, 90.48% of the dwelling households use tube-well, 0.87% use tap, 8.46% use dug- well,