Ince, Down to at Least 1772 Or 1773

Home , Archibald Lochry, Logan (Iroquois leader), Pickaway Plains

LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 311 magazines and storehouse-had been kept up for the accommodation of the property belonging to the Prov- ince, down to at least 1772 or 1773. These structures from the nature of the material used in their construe- tion-logs and earth embankments-and exposed as they were to the inclemency of the weather, could not last long without constant reparation. While the material of Fort Ligonier was of this perishable character, yet the earth-works, the bastions, the storehouse and the magazine were originally intended, as we have said, to be more permanent than was usual in the ordinary forts of that period." St. Clair, in his memorial to the Pennsylvania As- sembly in his declining years, says that the forts for which he supplied, at his own expense, arms and means of defense during Lord Dunmore's War, were: "Tay- lor's, Wallace's, Ligonier's, Lochry's, Hannastown, Perry's, Walthour's, Carnahan's, and a number of others not now recollected." Some of the WXestmoreland forts, erected in the trying times of which we are writing, not only became lost in St. Clair's recollection, but in the long years since, they have become lost to history. But those that in addition to Fort Ligonier deserve a permanent place in this period in the history of "Old Westmoreland" are the following: 1. The Hannastown Fort (Fort Reed), erected as early as 1773, and strengthened by St. Clair in 1774. It was a stockade fort of logs set-upright. In the center was a spring whose waters still gush forth to quench the thirst of the lover of Pennsylvania history who makes a pilgrimage to the spot where stood the frontier village that was the first seat of Anglo-Saxon justice in West-' ern Pennsylvania, and that sank in flames on July 13, 1782, when the British and Indians invaded historic "Old Westmoreland." 312 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER 2. Wallace's Fort, erected in the spring of 1774. located on the plantation of Richard Wallace, on Ma- gee's Run, about a mile south of the Conemaugh and one and one half miles from Blairsville. It was a stockade enclosing half an acre or more, and within the stockade were a spring and small flour mill. It was here that the murderers of the friendly Delaware, Joseph Wipey, hid for some time after putting this stain on the annals of the west. As one drives from Blairs- ville to Derry, he passes the site of this frontier fort around which cling many memories of the Revolution. 3. Lochry's Fort, located on the plantation -of Colonel Archibald Lochry, near St. Vincent's College, in Unity Township. While St. Clair's memorial, quoted in part above, indicates that this fort, or block house, was in existence in the spring of 1774, it was at least enlarged in the spring of 1781, as Lochry wrote Presi- dent Reed on April 17 of that year, as follows: "I have built a magazine (in the form of a Block house) that will be defended with a very few men." (Pa. Archives, Vol. 9, pages 79 and 80.) 4. Peirry's Blockhouse, erected in the spring of 1774 and located on the plantation of Colonel James Perry on Big Sewickley Creek, in the Sewickley settlement. 5. Carnahan's Blockhouse, erected in the spring of 1774 on the plantation of Adam Carnahan, about two miles south of the Kiskiminetas and six miles below the mouth of the Conemaugh, in the present Bell Town- ship. - As the traveler passes through Perrysville, he can see the site of this fort, famous in Revolutionary annals as the assemblying place of Colonel Archibald Lochry's unfortunate expedition. 6. Shield's Fort, or Blockhouse, erected in the spring of 1774 and located on the plantation'.of John Shields, near the Loyalhanna and less than a mile from the present town of New Alexandria. -. LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 313 7. Proctor's Fort, or Blockhouse, also called Fort Shippen, located near Old Unity Presbyterian Church, in Unity Township. It stood on the plantation of Colonel John Proctor. 8. Markle's (Maracle's) Blockhouse, sometimes called Markle's Station, erected at least as early as the spring of 1774, and located on the plantation of Gas- pard Markle, in the Sewickley settlement and about two miles from the present town of West Newton. Gaspard Markle was a Pennsylvania-German from Berks County, who settled here in 1770. His mill, which stood near the fort, was erected in 1772, and was probably the first in Westmoreland County. This fort, on Sewickley Creek, in the present South Huntingdon Township, was the first stopping place of Lochry's expedition, mentioned above. 9. Fort Barr, originally a blockhouse, erected in the spring of 1774, but later enlarged to a stockade fort, was located on the plantation of Robert Barr, about one mile from New Derry. Robert Barr's family had suffered at the hands of the Indians during the raid of Shingas and Captain Jacobs into what is now Peters Township, Franklin County, in February, 1756, his father's house being burned and his brother, James, wounded on that occasion. (Author's "Indian Wars of Pennsylvania," second edition, pages 221, 268 and 802.) But, as we shall see in a later chapter, the family suffered still more at the hands of the Indians, in Westmoreland, during the Revolution. 10. Pomeroy's (Pomroy's) Blockhouse, erected in the spring of 1774, and located on the plantation of Colonel John Pomeroy, about one half mile from Mill- wood and between this village and New Derry. Some of Colonel Pomeroy's relatives had been killed by the Indians near Shippensburg, in the Cumberland Valley, 314 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER in July, 1763. (Author's "Indian Wars of Pennsyl- vania." second edition, pages 436, 861 and 862.) As we shall see in a subsequent chapter, he was commander of Fort Ligonier for some time during the Revolution- ary War. 11. Wilson's Blockhouse, erected probably as early as the spring of 1774, and located on the plantation of Major James Wilson, about one mile northeast of the present village of New Derry. 12. Fort Palmer, erected very likely as early as the spring of 1774, and located on the plantation of John Palmer, in the present Fairfield Township, about seven miles from Ligonier. This fort is famous in the history and traditions of the Ligonier and Conemaugh valleys. Many people in its vicinity were killed by the Indians during the Revolutionary War. Unhappily, however, most of this tragic history will likely remain forever unrecorded. 13. Walthour's Fort (Fort Walthour), famous in Revolutionary annals, was erected as early as the spring of 1774, according to St. Clair's memorial, quoted above. It stood on the plantation of the Pennsylvania- German, Christopher Walthour (Waldhauer), -a little more than a mile east of Irwin and about eight miles west of Greensburg. The traveler on the Lincoln High- way passes near the site of this historic Westmoreland fort. About four miles to the northward was Byerly's Station, mentioned in former chapters. 14. Fort Allen, erected in the spring of 1774, near historic Zion (Old Harrold's) Lutheran Church, in Hempfield Township, about three miles west of Greens- burg, on the left hand side of the road leading from Greensburg to West Newton. This fort, which stood in the Herold's (Harrold's) settlement, was erected by the Pennsylvania-German pioneers of this place and Brush Creek %nd was named in honor of Andrew LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 315 Allen, of the Pennsylvania Council. In the old rec- ords, it is mentioned as being "between Wendel Oury's (Uhrig's) and Christopher Truby's." Colonel Christ- opher Truby, its commander during most of the period of its service, was one of the two original land owners of the present Greensburg, and his dust reposes in the old German Lutheran Cemetery in the capital city of Westmoreland.

Petitions From Westmoreland Forts In June, 1774, the following petition to Governor Penn was sent from four of the forts named above, namely, Proctor's Fort, Hannastown Fort, Shield's Fort and Fort Allen: "The Petition of the Inhabitants of Westmoreland County Humbly Sheweth: That there is the greatest Reason to apprehend that this part of the Country will be immediately involved in all the horrors of an Indian War; That our Circumstances at this Critical Juncture are truly alarming. Deserted by far the greater part of our neighbours and fellow subjects, unprovided with places of strength to resort to, with Amunition, Provisions and almost every other neces- sary Store, Our houses are abandoned to pillage, Labour and Industry entirely at a stand, Our Crops destroyed by Cattle, our flocks dispersed, and the minds of our people distracted with the terrors of falling, along with their helpless and unprotected families, the immediate Victims of Savage Barbarity. "In the midst of these scenes of Desolation and ruin, next to the Almighty we look up to your Honour, hop- ing from your known Benevolence and Humanity, such Protection and Relief as to your Honour shall seem meet. And your Petitioners, as in Duty bound, will Pray." I IuIuIrn.UI - EE.I EuE

316 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER The petition from Proctor's Fort (Fort Shippen) had seventy-eight signers, nearly all Scotch-Irish, such as John Proctor, Samuel Sloan, James Campbell, Fer- guson Moorhead, Robert Ralston, James Wallace, John Taylor and James Carnahan, but such Pennsyl- vania-Germans as George Hellingbar and Henry Zane; that from Hannastown Fort, a general petition for the county, had one hundred and thirty-four signers, nearly all Scotch-Irish, such as Robert Hanna, John Erwin, William Jack, John Christy, William and David Shaw, Hugh Brownlee, James Beatty, Adam Maxwell and John Guthrey (Guthrie), but two Penn- sylvania-Germans-Joseph Studybaker (Studebaker) and Adam Oury; that from Shields' Fort had fifty signers, also nearly all Scotch-Irish, such as John Shields, Alexander Barr, Archibald Trimble and Sam- uel, John and Alexander Craig; and that from Fort Allen had seventy-seven signers, almost all Pennsyl- vania-Germans, among them being Christopher Tru- bee (Truby), Adam and Stofel Uhrig, George Bender (now generally Anglicized to Painter), Frantz Raupp, Ludwig Aterman (Otterman), Adam George, Hein- rich Klyn (now Kline), Peter Altman, Heinich Schmidt, Anthony Walter, Philip and Peter Klingen- schimdt, Christopher Herolt (Herold), Dewalt Mack- lin (now Mechling), Conrad Hiester, Nicholas Shener (Shanor), Christian Baum, Peter Uber, Adam Bricker, Conrad Houck, Peter Wannemacher (Wanamaker) and Baltzer (Balthaser) Mayer, the Lutheran catechist and schoolmaster of the Herold's and Brush Creek settlements. All the names of the signers of the Fort Allen petition are on the monument which the Pennsylvania His- torical Commission has erected to mark the site of this frontier fort. It stands on the grounds of the present LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 317 Reformed Church at Herold's and near the site of the historic Zion (Old Harrold's) Lutheran Church and schoolhouse, very likely, as pointed out in Chapter XIII, the first church and first school in that part of Pennsylvania west of the Allegheny Mountains.

German Settlers Love Religious Liberty and Oppose Slavery At this point, attention is called to the fact that, in all the region west of the Laurel Hill, there were no stronger Pennsylvania adherents during the territorial dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania, than the Pennsylvania Germans of the Herold's and Brush Creek settlements, who erected Fort Allen by the side of their church and schoolhouse. There were two prin- cipal reasons why the Pennsylvania Germans preferred the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania to that of Virginia: 1. The Pennsylvania-Germans were lovers of relig-, ious liberty-a principle that was planted on Pennsyl- vania soil by the Lutheran Swedes on the Delaware, before William Penn was born, and that received such a majestic impetus by the great Quaker that Pennsyl- vania soon became an asylum for the persecuted of every sect and every creed-a principle that had an uninterrupted growth in Pennsylvania, but that did not flourish in Virginia in Colonial days. Under Vir- ginia law prior to the close of the Revolutionary War, not only were children of Unitarian parents taken from them and given to Trinitarians, but clergymen of other denominations than the Established Church (Episco- pal) were obliged to receive Episcopal ordination; otherwise, they could not perform legal marriages, and could not collect their tithes. When Lawrence Wash- ington, more than twenty years prior to the time of which we are writing, sought to persuade Pennsyl- vania Germans to settle on lands of the Ohio Company, 318 318HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER these lovers of religious liberty pointed out to him that they desired to have clergymen of their own faiths, Lutheran and Reformed, mostly. This led Lawrence Washington to write to the London representative of the Ohio Company; "It has been my opinion, and I hope ever will be, that restraints on conscience are cruel to those upon whom they are imposed, and in- jurious to the country imposing them. .... They all [the Pennsylvania Germans, whom he -interviewed]A assured me that they might have from Germany any number of settlers, could they but obtain their favorite exemption." ("Writings of Washington," edited by Jared Sparks, Vol. 2, page 481; "Memorial History of the Pittsburgh Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church," by Rev. E. B. Burgess, D. ID., pages 13 and 14.) Later many Pennsylvania-Germans settled at and near Woodstock and other places in the Shenan- doah Valley. Then, in 1772, the Lutheran clergyman, Rev. John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, later renowned General of the Revolution, a Pennsylvanian, son of the Lutheran Patriarch, Rev. Henry Melchoir Muh- lenberg, and grandson of Conrad Weiser, went to the Shenandoah Valley to become pastor of the German Lutherans at Woodstock. He was obliged to receive Episcopal ordination. These facts were in the minds of the ]Pennsylvania-Germans of Westmoreland and other parts of the western country, when Virginia was endeavoring to bring Western Pennsylvania permanently under the jurisdiction of the Old Dominion. Hence their preference for Pennsylvania jurisdiction. It is no serious digression to add, in this connection, that Rev. Peter Muhlenberg, soon after going to Vir- ginia, became an intimate friend of George Washing- ton. At the outbreak 'of the Revolution, he was selected to command the Eighth Virginia Regiment. His fare- .IUi..i..hiuim

LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 319 well sermon, preached to his congregation in January, 1776, is memorable in the annals of Virginia and the Nation. On the appointed day, a large congregation greeted him. Clad in his clerical gown, he preached a burning sermon on the issues of the hour, closing with the statement: "There is a time to pray, and a time to fight; now is the time to fight." The benediction pro- nounced amidst a death-like silence, he threw aside his gown, revealing himself in the full uniform of a Con- tinental officer, and ordered the drums to beat for re- cruits. With the noble men who there gathered around him by the hundreds, he marched to the battlefields of the Revolution and to immortality, fighting valiantly at Germantown, Monmouth and Stony Point, and leading the last assault at Yorktown, when the Ameri- can arms finally triumphed. His statue stands in the Capitol of the Nation he helped to establish, and the dramatic incident at Woodstock has been immortalized by the poet, Read, in "The Rising of 1776." 2. The Pennsylvania-Germans were opposed to slavery. The student of history will recall that the ancestors of this great racial stock inherited an abhorrence of slavery from the days when the Roman Em- pire attempted to enslave the ancient Germans-the student of history will recall that the ancient Germans were on the point of being subjugated and Romanized, when, under their great leader, Hermann, called Ar- minius by the Romans, they slew the twenty thousand Roman soldiers of the legions of Quintillius Varus, in the pathless depths of the Teutoburg Wood, in A. D. 9, causing the Roman Emperor, Augustus, to pace his. palace in anguish, exclaiming, "O, Varus! Varus! Give me back my legions! Give me back my legions!" But for this victory of Arminius over the Romans, one of the most terrible disasters that ever befell the Roman 320 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER legions, there likely never would have been an Anglo- Saxon conquest of Britain-Britain likely never would have been called England, and the great English nation might never have had an existence. Such, then, is part of the historical background of the Pennsylvania-Germans. Down the centuries had come their abhorrence of slavery. Therefore, it is not strange that the Pennsylvania-Germans, as early as 1688, under the leadership of the great scholar, Francis Daniel Pastorius, the "Pennsylvania Pilgrim" of Whittier's poem, issued the first protest against slavery on the American Continent. This spring at German- town was the source of the rill that became the mighty river that overflowed on the battlefields of the great Civil War. And yet, many so-called educated Penn- sylvanians seem to think that the agitation against slavery in America began in New England among the templed hills of the Puritans! The Pennsylvania-Ger- mans of Herold's and Brush Creek brought with them into the Westmoreland wilderness their opposition to slavery-an institution that flourished in early Vir- ginia, but an institution that Pennsylvania later abol- ished, in 1780-and they did not wish to see this institution became firmly planted in the soil of the western country. Hence, again, their preference for Pennsylvania jurisdiction. Being champions of the two principles mentioned above, it is no wonder that but very few, if any, of the Pennsylvania-Germans joined in the general flight over the mountains in the trying times of which we are writing. Furthermore, the importance of their helping to save Western Pennsylvania for Pennsvl- vania jurisdiction, is seen when we consider what would likely have happened if Virginia had been able to bring the region west of the Laurel Hill permanently under LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 321 the jurisdiction of the Old Dominion. In that case, the Braddock Road and the Forbes Road would have become the avenues over which the Virginia influence for the extension of slavery would have passed into what is now Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and these states would likely have become slave states. But owing to the fact that Virginia jurisdiction did not prevail in Western Pennsylvania, these historic roads became the avenues over which the Pennsylvania influence in opposition to the extension of slavery passed into Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and made them free states. And, mark well, these were the pivotal states in the election of Abraham Lincoln. Battle of Point Pleasant-End of Dunmore's War-Logan's Speech-Murder of Cornstalk We have seen Logan, Chief of the Mingoes, with his mind set on revenge for the murder of his family, raid- ing the Southwestern Pennsylvania frontier. We have seen the settlers abandoning their plantations and flee- ing over the mountains. In the meantime, Governor Dunmore was busy raising an army of three thousand troops to invade the Indian country. General Andrew Lewis commanded one division of the army, and Dunmore the other. Lewis' division of eleven hundred troops marched down the Kanawha River to Point Pleasant, West Virginia, where they were attacked on the morning of October 10, 1774, by one thousand Shawnees under the command of Corn- stalk. Cornstalk, as has been seen, had opposed the entrance of his tribe into war with Virginia, but the rest of the chiefs overruled him. It is claimed that on the evening before the battle he made another attempt to bring about peace, and was again overruled. The battle raged throughout the entire day, and 322 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER above its din could be heard the voice of Cornstalk as he encouraged his warriors, and shouted, "Be Strong! Be Strong!" He displayed masterly generalship, so maneuvering the Indians that the Virginians were forced into a triangle whose sides were the Ohio and Great Kanawha rivers, and whose base was the In- dian forces. His tactics won the admiration of Gen- eral Lewis and his officers. The original plan of the campaign was that the forces of both Lord Dunmore and General Lewis should meet at Point Pleasant. Dunmore had marched over the Braddock Road to Fort Pitt, then called "Fort Dun- more by him and other Virginians, with a force of twelve hundred troops, reaching that place in the latter part of August. Here his force was divided, seven hundred, under Dunmore going down the Ohio by boats, and five hundred, under Major William Crawford. going by land with the cattle. Both divisions reached Wheeling about September 30th, and then went to the mouth of the H[ockhocking, from which place Dun- more sent messengers to General Lewis, among whom was Simon Girty, ordering him to cross the Ohio, pro- ceed towards the Shawnee towns, and join Dunmore's forces near Chillicothe, instead of Point Pleasant, as originally planned. Before Lewis could carry out these new orders, he was attacked at Point Pleasant by Corn- stalk and his warriors. In the meantime, in July, Major Angus McDonald, with a force of four hundred Virginia troops, marched over the Braddock road to Laurel Hill, thence to Redstone, thence to Cat Fish Camp (now Washington, Pa., the "camp" being named for the Delaware chief, Cat Fish), thence to Wheeling, West Virginia, where his force was increased to seven hundred and where he, with the assistance of Captain William Crawford, erected Fort Fincastle, later named Fort Henry in honor of Patrick Henry. Leaving LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 323 Captain Crawford in command of Fort Fincastle, Mc- Donald, in the latter part of July, marched against the Indian town of Wakatomica, near Dresden, Ohio, with four hundred troops. He destroyed this town and fought another battle in its vicinity, considerably weakening the Shawnees. At nightfall Cornstalk's forces withdrew, crossed the Ohio. and headed for the Shawnee villages. What his losses were was never ascertained, but during the battle, the Shawnees were observed to throw many of their slain into the Ohio. As for the Virginians, seventy-five of their force lay dead on the field, and one hundred and forty were wounded. A council of the chiefs was held, and although Cornstalk was bitterly opposed by many of the chiefs, he was able to persuade them to seek a peace with the Virginians. Accordingly, in November, Cornstalk entered into a treaty of peace with Lord Dunmore, at Chillicothe, Ohio. On this occasion, he made a very impressive speech, boldly charging the whites as being the cause of the war, and dwelling at length upon the atrocious murder of the family of Logan, chief of the Mingoes. It is said that his powerful, clarion voice could be heard distinctly over the whole camp of twelve acres. Among those present was Colonel Benjamin Wilson, who speaks thus of Cornstalk's address: "When he arose he was in nowise confused or daunted, but spoke in a distinct and audible voice without stammering or repetition and with peculiar em- phasis. His looks while addressing Dunmore were truly grand and majestic; yet graceful and attractive. I have heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick. Henry and Richard Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of delivery surpassed those of Corn- stalk on that occasion." I

324 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER By the terms of the treaty of peace, the Shawnees were compelled to recognize the Ohio River as the east- ern boundary of their lands. Thus Lord Dunmore accomplished what he and his Virginians set out to do in bringing on this unjust war-Virginia got title to the Shawnee lands on the Ohio "by right of conquest." Logan returned from the Holston raid at the time when Cornstalk's defeated warriors returned from the terrible battle of Point Pleasant. The chiefs assembled in council. Both Logan and Cornstalk argued for peace, and the council decided not to continue the war. A deputation of chiefs was then sent to Lord Dunmore to sue for peace. Dunmore agreed to a conference, whereupon runners were sent to invite all the chiefs to assemble at Camp Charlotte, the place of the conference. Logan refused to attend the conference. Then Lord Dunmore sent Colonel John Gibson, the alleged father of the infant of Logan's sister, whose life was spared when the rest of Logan's family was murdered, as a special messenger to invite and bring the great chieftain to the conference. Logan refused again to attend the conference, and proposed that he and Colonel Gibson take a walk into the woods to talk matters over. At length they sat down on a log under a large elm, still standing on the Pickaway plains, about six miles south of Circleville, Pickaway County, Ohio, and known to this day as "Logan's Elm." Here, with Colonel Gibson as his only auditor, and with tears streaming down his face, Logan delivered his famous speech, one of the finest specimens of elo- quence in the English language, as follows: "I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and I gave him not meat; if ever he came cold or naked, and I gave him not clothing. -

LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 325 "During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained in his tent, an advocate for peace. Nay, such was my love for the whites, that those of my own country pointed at me as they passed, and said, 'Logan is the friend of white men.' I had even thought to live with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap the last spring, in cold blood, and unprovoked, cut off all the relatives of Logan; not sparing even my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any human crea- ture. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my ven- geance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. Yet, do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan. Not one." Gibson wrote down the speech, and read it the next day at the conference at Camp Charlotte. Thomas Jefferson, in his "Notes on Virginia," published in 1781 and 1782, gave "Logan's Lament," as he called it, world-wide publicity. Colonel John Gibson, on April 4, 1800, made an affidavit before J. Barker, of Pittsburgh, as to the authorship of the great speech, and the accuracy of his translation of the same. Logan spoke in Delaware. Says Heckewelder, "For my part I am convinced that it was delivered precisely as it was related to us, with only this difference, that it pos- sessed a force and expression in the Indian language which it is impossible to transmit to our own." Thomas Jefferson challenges Cicero, Demosthenes, and both European and American statesmen to sur- pass this speech-the cry of the wrongs of the Indian race that came up from the breaking heart of Logan, and made his name immortal. It is at once bold, lofty, and sublime; and yet it is permeated with a note of 326 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER sadness. It has been recited in the schools throughout the United States for more than a hundred years. It was copied in England, and has been translated into French, German, and other modern languages as a specimen of classic oratory. The Ohio Archaelogical and Historical Society has erected a monument near "Logan's Elm" bearing the following inscription: "Under the spreading branches of a mag- nificent elm tree nearby is where Logan, a Mingo chief, made his celebrated speech." During the last few years of his life, Logan wandered from tribe to tribe, a broken man, drowning his sorrow in whiskey and rum. He was killed in a quarrel by his nephew, Tod-kah-dohs, near Detroit, in 1780. His wife was a Shawnee. He had no children. Hecke- welder states that, in 1779, Logan adopted a white woman as his sister to take the place of the sister killed by Greathouse and his band. Standing more than six feet in height, with noble features, and with the Indian gift of oratory, Logan was a fine specimen of the American Indian before ruined by the white man's whiskey. The following lines were composed for occasion of the dedication of monument near "Logan's Elm." "Logan, to thy memory here White men do this tablet rear; On its front we grave thy name, In our hearts shall live thy fame. While Niagara's thunders roar, Or Erie's surges lash the shore; While onward broad Ohio glides And seaward roll her Indian tides, So long their memory, who did give These floods their sounding names shall live. While time in kindness buries The gory axe and warrior'sbow. O justice, faithful to thy trust, Record the virtues of the just." LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 327 After making the treaty of peace with Lord Dun- more, Cornstalk remained at peace with the whites. During the spring of 1777, when most of the Ohio tribes were going over to the English, the old chief came to the Moravian missionaries in Ohio, and warned them that the Shawnees, except those in his own tribe, were going over to the British; that he was powerless to prevent them, and that ammunition was being sent them from Detroit, to be used against the Americans. On a previous visit to the Moravians with more than one hundred of his warriors, he adopted missionary Schmick and his wife, making Schmick his brother and Mrs. Schmick his sister. Seeing that there was danger of a general Indian uprising, Cornstalk late in the summer of 1777, taking with him a young chief named Red Hawk, went to Point Pleasant to warn Captain Matthew Arbuckle, of the Virginia troops, of the threatened uprising. He and Red Hawk were then arrested and detained as hostages. While thus held, one afternoon his son, Ellinipisco, came to visit his father. Unhappily, on that same day two soldiers who were out hunting on the opposite side of the river, were attacked by two Indians, who killed and scalped one of them. A company of men brought the body of the dead soldier to the fort, and then the cry went up: "Let us go and kill the Indians." The company, under the command of Captain Hall, went to the house where Cornstalk was detained. Captain Arbuckle endeavored to restrain them, but was threatened with death, if he interfered. Cornstalk's son was blamed with having brought the hostile Indians with him, but this he strenuously denied. Turning to his son, Cornstalk said: "My son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that we should die together, and has sent you here to that end. It is His will and let us 328 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER submit; it is all for the best." The old chief then arose and with great dignity advanced to meet the soldiers, receiving seven bullets in his body, and sinking in death without a groan. Ellinipisco was then instantly killed, and Red Hawk, who had hidden himself in the chimney, was dragged out and hacked to pieces. Thus, one of the bravest and noblest of the Indian race, while a hostage and on a mission of mercy, was barbarously murdered by those whom he sought to be- friend. His exalted virtues and his most unhappy fate "plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against the deep damnation of his taking of." It seems that Cornstalk had a presentiment of ap- proaching death. On the day before he was murdered, he was admitted to a council held at the fort, where he said: "When I was young and went to war, I often thought each might be my last adventure, and I should return no more. I still live. Now I am in the midst of you, and if you choose, may kill me. I can die but once. It is alike to me whether now or hereafter." In 1896, a monument was erected in the court house yard at Point Pleasant to the memory of this brave and energetic warrior, skillful general, and able orator. Here he fought courageously. Here he died heroically. May his well-deserved fame be as enduring as the gran- ite of his monument-as enduring as the hills and mountains of the land he loved. A Fact Overlooked-A Conclusion Erroneously Drawn An important fact which all Pennsylvania historians have overlooked, so far as the author has been able to find, except Dr. George P. Donehoo, in his "Pennsyl- vania--A History," is the fact that Lord Dunmore's War and the territorial dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania, nearly ruined the latter Colony's Indian LORD DUNMORE'S WAR 329 trade at Pittsburgh. On account of Dunmore's war against the Shawnees, all Indians were afraid to go to Pittsburgh to trade, as by so doing they were in danger of losing their lives at the hands of Dr. Connolly's forces. The Pennsylvania traders, therefore, were very anxious to have a fort and a town at some other place. Some were in favor of erecting a stockade and town at Turtle Creek; others at Kittanning. Arthur St. Clair was in favor of the Kittanning location, as there was a direct traders' path, the Kittanning and Franks- town trails, from this place to the Juniata, and another to the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Governor Penn then gave orders for "erecting a Trading Place at the Kittanning," and in the latter part of August, 1774, Pennsylvania traders, setting out from Pitts- burgh with goods for the contemplated post at Kit- tanning, were captured and their goods seized on Con- nolly's orders. (Pa. Archives, Vol. 4, pages 551, 557, 573 to 575.) In concluding this chapter, we call attention to Theo- dore Roosevelt's statements, in his "Winning of the West," that Lord Dunmore's War was "most important" in its results; that "it kept the Northwestern tribes quiet for the first two years of the Revolutionary struggle;" that "above all, it rendered possible the settling of Kentucky and the Winning of the West;" and that, "had it not been for Lord Dunmore's War, it is more than likely that when the Colonies achieved their freedom, they would have found their western boundaries at the Allegheny Mountains." Over against the conclusion of Theodore Roosevelt, we set the conclusion of a Pennsylvania historian, who certainly has made a much more exhaustive study of Dunmore's WXar than the author of "The Winning of the West" ever dreamed of making, and whose I

330 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER power of appraising historic values is of very high order-Dr. George P. Donehoo. After quoting Roose- velt's conclusion, Dr. Donehoo says, in his "Pennsyl- vania-A History:" "The very opposite is true. Lord Dunmore's war accomplished nothing, save the laying of the founda- tion for the fearful bloodshed of the Revolution, when the Indians of Ohio arose almost to a unit to avenge their wrongs against the Americans. The Shawnee simply waited to avenge themselves upon the Virgin- ians for the deaths of their warriors at Point Pleasant, and for the murder of Cornstalk. The Delaware, Mingo and Wyandot went with them to avenge themselves for the death of Logan's family, and for all the other crimes which were committed against them during this war, which nearly drove all of the settlers across the Allegheny Mountains before the Revolution. The war of 1774 accomplished nothing but the purpose which Lord Dunmore and Dr. John Connolly had in mind when they started it-the breaking of the peace of 1765-and the driving of the Shawnee, Mingo and WVyandot into the arms of the British." Once more other scenes beckon us, and we hasten to Fort Ligonier and Westmoreland as the Revolutionary War sweeps over the western country. CHAPTER XV Fort Ligonier and Western Pennsylvania in the Revolution (1775-1776) Scenes of Horror-Scalp Bounties In this chapter, we begin the story of the Revolution- ary War, as it affected Fort Ligonier and the region west of the Laurel Hill. In this and subsequent chapters, we shall witness scenes of horror in the cabin homes of the pioneers, who rose to the defense of their border- land; we shall see the Senecas, the Shawnees, the Wyan- dots, the Mingoes, the Munsees and later other Dela- wares, instigated by the British, stain the soil of the region west of the Laurel Hill with the blood of its inhabitants. combatants and non-combatants alike; we shall see bands of Indians-sometimes by themselves, sometimes accompanied by Tories and British-hide- ously painted, roaming over the hills and through the forest seeking the peaceful abode of the industrious pioneer, who, with his devoted wife and loving children, had built a home in the western wilderness; we shall see these painted Indians, both by day and in the dead hours of the night, dashing with dreadful yells upon the defenseless family; we shall see them brain the father and husband with their tomahawks before the eyes of his wife and children; we shall see them plunge the bloody knife into the bosom of the wife and mother; we shall see her gasp out her life, quivering in the blood of her- 3'3 2 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER self and husband on the cabin floor; we shall see them tear off the bloody scalps of the father and mother; we shall see them dash out the brains of the helpless children, or carry them away into captivity. Our flesh will creep and chills will run down our pulses as we contem- plate these scenes of horror. But before we come to a conclusion that the Indian was "In truth, the veriest devil That e'er clutched fingers in a captive's hair," let us remember that the bloody deeds of white rene- gades equalled, and often exceeded, the most horrible atrocities committed by the Indians; let us remember that many white men, actuated by an unrelenting hatred for the whole Indian race, made no distinction between good Indians and bad Indians, but were simply Indian hunters and killers at all times, whether in peace or in war, and without regard to age or sex; let us remember that Pennsylvania offered bounties for Indian scalps in the French and Indian War, in Pontiac's War and in the Revolutionary War, even the scalps of Indian women and of boys down to the age of ten years; let us remember that Virginia offered bounties for Indian scalps during the French and Indian War, even the scalps of boys down to the age of ten years; let us remember that the Puritans of New England offered bounties for Indian scalps without any distinction as to age or sex, the climax of Puritan malignity; let us remember the massacre of the peaceable Conestogas during the Pontiac and Guyasuta War, the blotting out of one of the most historic Indian tribes in America; let us remember the cold-blooded murder of the ninety-six peaceable, friendly, unarmed and defenseless Moravian Delawares at Gnadenhuetten, Ohio, by militia from PENNSYLVANIA IN THE REVOLUTION 333 Washington County, Pennsylvania, during the Revolu- tionary War; let us remember that the eternal pages of history will say that the American Indian never committed more horrible tortures upon captives white or red, than civilized white men-Christians, both Catholic and Protestant-committed upon one another in the days of religious persecutions only a few centuries ago. Let us remember these unspeakably horrible deeds committed by the children of light; and then let us be honest enough to admit that there is no record of more horrible deeds committed by the untutored children of the forest. And let us remember the British scalp bounties during the Revolutionary War, before we conclude that the American Indian was the most hellish of men. There is not a darker chapter in the history of modern times -- there is not a darker chapter in the history of thes-e world since men began to record events, than the account of the butchery of old men and defenseless women and children, during the Revolutionary War, by Indians instigated by the British and in the British pay. Chil- dren were slaughtered before the eyes of their agonized parents; wives were slaughtered in the presence of their husbands; children were compelled to gaze upon the bloody and mutilated corpses of their parents; the smoke of burning settlements, like the Hannastown settlement, darkened the heavens, and hung as clouds of gloom over many beautiful valleys; in the cabin homes of the pioneers was heard the cry of deepest lam- entation-an agonizing cry that went up to God, as the Indian allies of the British carried away the bloody scalps of loving parents and tender babes, to receive the British scalp bounty for their ghastly service in the British cause. The aged father, whose form was bent 334 HISTORY OF FORT LIGONIER by a life of toil and hardship on the frontier; the aged mother, whose hair was silvered by child-birth pain and a life full of care and rich in service; the widow, linger- ing by the grave of her buried love; the matron, devoted and ministering to her children; the young man of talent, promise, and joyous parental hope; the boy just opening into adolescence; the maiden in the loveliness of grace, beauty, and virtue; the child, angel-eyed and silken haired, prattling at its parent's knee; the tender and helpless babe on its mother's breast-the merciless Indian dashed out the brains of all these, tore off their reeking scalps, carried them to British agents, and received the British scalp bounty for their dreadful work. In weighing the conduct of an individual, of a group of individuals, or of a nation, we should take into con- sideration their mental endowment, moral standard, social aptitude and the kind of temptations they meet or that may have been thrust upon them. And so, in reading the accounts of the Indian atrocities during the Revolutionary War, we should not lose sight of the fact that the British gave their Indian allies these scalp bounties as an inducement, well knowing that Indian warfare meant suffering and death to the innocent and the helpless. The Indian had no back-ground of centuries of Christian civilization-no knowledge of the God of Revelation. Who, then, stands with the greater condemnation before the Judgment Seat of Almighty God? Is it the untutored Red Man, with passions wild as the storms of his native mountains? Or, is it the anointed children of civilization, education and Christi- anity, who were the instigators of his deeds of blood and death? (For various scalp bounties mentioned above, see Pa. Col. Rec., Vol. 7, pages 75, 76, 88, 89; also Vol. 9.