Aleppo Media Centre’, Funded by French Foreign Office, EU and US
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Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in Policy
Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in Policy-Making? Lyse Doucet Abstract: Syria’s devastating war unfolds during unprecedented flows of imagery on social media, test- ing in new ways the media’s influence on decision-makers. Three decades ago, the concept of a “CNN Effect” was coined to explain what was seen as the power of real-time television reporting to drive responses to humanitarian crises. This essay explores the role traditional and new media played in U.S. policy-making during Syria’s crisis, including two major poison gas attacks. President Obama stepped back from the targeted air strikes later launched by President Trump after grisly images emerged on social media. But Trump’s limited action did not shift policy. Interviews with Obama’s senior advisors underline that the me- dia do not drive strategy, but they play a significant role. During the Syrian crisis, the media formed part of what officials describe as constant pressure from many actors to respond, which they say led to policy failures. Syria’s conflict is a cautionary tale. The devastating conflict in Syria has again brought LYSE DOUCET is Chief Interna- into sharp focus the complex relationship between tional Correspondent for the bbc the media and interventions in civil wars in response and a Senior Fellow of Massey Col- to grave humanitarian crises. Syria’s destructive lege at the University of Toronto. war, often called the greatest human disaster of the She has been reporting on ma- twenty-first century, unfolds at a time of unparal- jor conflicts around the world for leled flows of imagery and information. -
An Archetypal Digital Witness: the Child Figure and the Media Conflict Over Syria
An archetypal digital witness: the child figure andthe media conflict over Syria LSE Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101253/ Version: Published Version Article: Al-Ghazzi, Omar (2019) An archetypal digital witness: the child figure and the media conflict over Syria. International Journal ofCommunication, 13. 3225– 3243. ISSN 1932-8036 Reuse Items deposited in LSE Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the LSE Research Online record for the item. [email protected] https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 3225–3243 1932–8036/20190005 An Archetypal Digital Witness: The Child Figure and the Media Conflict over Syria OMAR AL-GHAZZI1 London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), UK This article examines how children have been mediated as witnesses of the Syria conflict. I explore the symbolic demands placed on the figure of the child witness in a converging news media and social media environment, as if it can serve as the quintessentially authentic image and truthful voice able to speak beyond the complexities of geopolitics, war, and ideology, and regardless of the question of journalistic presence. I focus on two cases that unfolded in 2016 during the Russo–Syrian military campaign in East Aleppo: the image of three-year-old Omran Daqneesh, known as “ambulance boy,” and the Twitter account of seven-year-old Bana Al-Abed. -
Curated Conflicts
Curated Conflicts: Media witnessing and representation in curated news coverage of the Syria conflict Holly Anne Steel PhD University of York Sociology September 2016 Abstract This research will address the proliferation of witnessing social media and the consequent emergence of curation for online news coverage. World events are increasingly mediated; acts of violence and protest are documented by those within the conflict zone, who transmit scenes and testimonies from streets to screens around the world. These witnessing media offer new opportunities for the ways in which conflict is covered in the news, with the potential to transform representations of the conflict and those within it. News organisations have responded to these developments through the practice of curation: content from across the web is aggregated and curated onto a single page in order to cover events in real-time. This thesis will critically examine curation as a representational practice based upon witnessing social media by focusing upon a case study analysis of the 21st August 2013 chemical attack in Ghouta, Syria. It draws upon interviews with journalists who work with social media at the BBC, The Guardian and Storyful, and qualitative analyses of three curated texts produced by Al-Jazeera English, The Guardian and The New York Times. This research will empirically examine the role of social media in the newsroom, the witnessing affordances of the social media curation, and the resulting representations of the conflict. I conclude that witnessing social media largely operate backstage to provide wider contextual understanding to the journalist curator, and offer limited opportunities for media witnessing for distant audiences. -
Multi-Platform Information Operations
Understanding the Structure and Dynamics of Multi-platform Information Operations Tom Wilson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Kate Starbird (Chair) David Ribes Emma S. Spiro Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Human Centered Design and Engineering ©Copyright 2021 Tom Wilson 2 University of Washington Abstract Understanding the Structure and Dynamics of Multi-platform Information Operations Tom Wilson Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Kate Starbird Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering Information operations—efforts to distort the information ecosystem through methods such as the dissemination of disinformation in efforts to influence opinions or actions of individuals, governments or publics—are long-established methods of intelligence agencies and the military. However, the advent of social media has led to an era of renewed opportunity: the features and affordances of social media platforms, such as the interconnected social networks, abundance of user data, ability for any user to produce and disseminate content, and algorithm-driven feeds means that they are easier to deploy, and to deploy at scale. Disinformation (and information operations as the process of disinforming) disrupt decision-making, erode trust in institutions such as the media and government, and cumulatively undermine democratic 3 processes. Recent conceptualizations of information operations as they occur on social media, such as the Russian Internet Research Agency’s efforts to interfere in the 2016 US Presidential Election, focus on the explicit coordination of inauthentic accounts. However, in this dissertation I will demonstrate that information operations are more complex—the distinction between the explicitly coordinated and organic aspects are blurred and the activities far more nuanced. -
Hacking the European Refugee Crisis? Digital Activism and Human Rights All of This Talk of a Temporary Migrant Crisis Is Serving
Hacking the European refugee crisis? Digital activism and human rights All of this talk of a temporary migrant crisis is serving as a rhetorical excuse for postcolonial Europeanization and the redrawing of borders and mythic nationalistic lines that could be recognized as a unique form of twenty-first-century recolonization (Marouf Hasain Jr 2016, 173. Emphasis by the author) “We are here because you were there.” With this famous statement Ambalavaner Sivanandan’s pleaded to consider colonialism and migration as part of the same continuum in the 1980’s (in Gordon and Sivanandan 2014). There is a renewed urgency and relevance to take Sivanandan’s appeal seriously in order to offer an alternative account of the massive human suffering that is the so-called “European refugee crisis” (Alexander 2015): a term typically used to refer to a period beginning in 2015 when an estimated number of one million asylum seekers from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Eritrea, but also other migrants from elsewhere, arrived in the European Union by crossing the Mediterranean Sea or travelling overland (UNHCR 2015). The uprisings in Libya and elsewhere – under the heading of the Arab Spring often celebrated and perceived as harmless Facebook, YouTube and Twitter revolutions – are effectively removed from discussions of Europe’s external migration border control mechanisms. In addition, Western-coalition military interventions – including the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the Libyan, Syrian and Somali Civil Wars – exacerbated regional crises (Madörin forthcoming). This is not a crisis which belongs to Europe, but it is a life-changing crisis for those who are forced to flee their homes. -
Assembling Strategic Narratives: Information Operations As Collaborative Work Within an Online Community
Assembling Strategic Narratives: Information Operations as Collaborative Work within an Online Community Tom Wilson, Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington Kaitlyn Zhou, Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington Kate Starbird, Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington Social media are becoming sites of information operations—activities that seek to undermine information systems and manipulate civic discourse [26,36,44,47]. Through a mixed methods approach, our research extends investigations of online activism to examine the “work” of online information operations conducted on Twitter. In particular, we analyze the English-language conversation surrounding the reemergence of Omran Daqneesh (the “Aleppo Boy”) on Syrian state television, almost a year after his family’s home was bombed in an airstrike conducted by the Syrian government. We uncover: a network of clustered users that contributes to a contested and politicized information space surrounding Omran’s story; the presence of undermining narratives that serve to disrupt the mainstream media’s narrative and confuse the audience; and the techniques used when promoting, defending, or undermining narratives. In the current climate of increasing polarization in online social spaces, this work contributes an improved understanding of information operations online and of the collaborations that take shape around and through them. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing~Empirical studies in HCI • Human-centered computing~Empirical studies in collaborative and social computing KEYWORDS social media; collaborative work; information operations; Twitter, strategic narratives; online activism ACM Reference format: Tom Wilson, Kaitlyn Zhou, and Kate Starbird. 2018. Assembling Strategic Narratives: Information Operations as Collaborative Work within an Online Community. -
An Archetypal Digital Witness: the Child Figure and the Media Conflict Over Syria
International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 3225–3243 1932–8036/20190005 An Archetypal Digital Witness: The Child Figure and the Media Conflict over Syria OMAR AL-GHAZZI1 London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), UK This article examines how children have been mediated as witnesses of the Syria conflict. I explore the symbolic demands placed on the figure of the child witness in a converging news media and social media environment, as if it can serve as the quintessentially authentic image and truthful voice able to speak beyond the complexities of geopolitics, war, and ideology, and regardless of the question of journalistic presence. I focus on two cases that unfolded in 2016 during the Russo–Syrian military campaign in East Aleppo: the image of three-year-old Omran Daqneesh, known as “ambulance boy,” and the Twitter account of seven-year-old Bana Al-Abed. I argue that the mediation of witness accounts was characterized by two tendencies: an assumption of the possibility of unmediated witnessing via digital technologies, and a forceful politicization of witness testimonies that empties out their signification as fast as they circulate on social media and news media. This reflects an ecology of competing witnessing that construed children as archetypal witness figures simultaneously prone to virality and co-optation. Keywords: children, witnessing, Syria, user-generated content, news media The convergence between social media and news media has produced a news ecology saturated with witness voices and images claiming to speak the truth and to project authenticity onto news narratives. Though initially assumed to result in the empowerment of ordinary witnesses, what has inadvertently emerged is a renewed politics of doubt and a “hermeneutics of suspicion” linked to the proliferation of conspiracy theories and extreme forms of speech (see Dean, 2009; Kuntsman & Stein, 2011).