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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN Volume-8,Issue-5,(Nov-17) TECHNOLOGY ISSN (O) :- 2349-3585

THE EFFECT OF ALAKALIZATION ON MECHANICAL PRPERTIES OF BAST ______J v g shivaKrishna1,D.Venkata Rao2,A. Lakshumu Naidu3 1Scholar,2,3Assistant Professor, GMR IT, Mechanical Engineering, Rajam, .

Abstract :The instant in using natural fibers in composites : Abaca, , , , , , has increased in recent years due to their non-abrasive, (), , , Kapok, Kenaf, Piña, Pine, Raffia, combustible, non-toxic, low cost, and light weight and , , Wood. biodegradable properties. In this session discussion about : , Angora, , , the manufacturing methods by variable possible and deserve Cashmere, , Chiengora, , Human hair, , methods that permits the conversion of kenafbastfiber to rein , , , Rabbit, , Sinew, , form epoxy composites into wide variety of industrial , Vicuña, . applications products. The kenaffibers were used in the as- received condition and alkalized with a 0.06 M NaOH solution. They were combined with resin and hot- pressed to form composites. A general trend was observed where by alkalized and long fiber composites gave higher flexural modulus and flexural strength compared with composites made from as-received fibers. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the treated hemp and kenaf fibres showed the absence of surface impurities which were present on the untreated fibres. Apparent density measurements on kenaf fibres did not show significant change after alkalization with 0.06 M NaOH. Introduction Kenaf, cannabinusbast fibres are biodegradable and Environmentally friendly crops. The most rapidly expanding application for kenaf fibres at present is as reinforcement in composites. The matrix materials popularly used in natural fiber composites range from thermoplastics such as polypropylene and , to thermosets such as Composite Materials:- polyester Fibers or fibers are a class of hair-like materials that A Composite material (additionally called a synthesis material are continuous "filaments” or are in discrete elongated pieces, or abbreviated to composite, which is the normal name) is a similar to pieces of thread that are produced by and material produced using at least two constituent materials with animals. They can be used as a component of composite essentially unique physical or compound properties that, when materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make joined, deliver a material with qualities not quite the same as products such as or felt. Natural Fibers include the the individual parts. The individual parts stay isolated and following: particular inside the completed structure.

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FiberReinforced Composites: -A fiber-fortified composite (FRC) is a composite building material that comprises of three segments: (i) the filaments as the intermittent or scattered stage, (ii) the grid as the consistent stage, and (iii) the fine interphase locale, otherwise called the interface. This is a sort of cutting edge composite gathering, which influences utilization of rice husk, to rice frame, and plastic as fixings. Particulate Composite: - Concrete is most ordinarily utilized particulate composite. It comprises of bond as restricting medium and finely scattered particulates of rock notwithstanding fine total (sand) and water. It is otherwise called Portland bond concrete. their lightweight, high firmness and their high quality Structural Composites: -Organized composite is an Based on the type of matrix in the composites uncommon class of composite materials that is created by Ceramic matrix composite: ceramic matrix composites appending two thin yet hardened skins to a lightweight yet (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup thick center. The center material is regularly low quality of earthenware production. They comprise of clay filaments material. however its higher thickness furnishes the composite installed in an artistic grid, along these lines shaping an with high bowing solidness with general low thickness earthenware fiber fortified fired (CFRC) material. The grid 2. Experimental methods:- and filaments can comprise of any artistic material, where by 2.1. Materials carbon and carbon strands can likewise be viewed as a clay Kenaf raw filaments utilized as a part of this work is provided material. by MARDI (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Polymer matrix Composites: A polymer matrix composite Development Foundation) and came in twisted long strands. (PMC) is a composite material made out of an assortment of The polymers utilized were high-thickness polyethylene (PE) short or consistent strands bound together by a natural and polypropylene (PP) and were provided by Thai polymer framework. PMCs are intended to exchange stacks Polyethylene Co. Constrained (2). Furthermore, the coupling between filaments through the network. A portion of the operators utilized as a part of these tests were maleated favorable circumstances with PMCs incorporate along the polyethylene (MAPE) and maleated polypropylenes course of their fortifications. Different favorable (MAPP)which were provided by DuPont Bundling and circumstances are great scraped spot resistance and great Industrial Polymers .Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) utilized was erosion resistance. provided by Merck Sdn Bhd. Polymer matrix composites under classified into two types: 2.2. Fiber treatment:- a) thermoplastic matrix composites, b) thermoset matrix Fibers were absorbed 6% NaOH arrangement in a water composites. shower where the temperature was kept up all through at 19± Metal Matrix composites: A metal grid composite (MMC) 2ºC for 48 hr.*(.2 ) The treated fibers were flushed seven is composite material with no less than two constituent parts, times and left to dry at room temperature some time recently one being a metal fundamentally, the other material might be being placed in a broiler for 5 h at 110 ºC( 2). Scathing pop an alternate metal or another material, for example, an treatment was picked in light of the fact that it is modest and earthenware or natural compound. At the point when no less successful. Untreated strands were likewise dried in an than three materials are available, it is known as a half and oven.(10) In this examination, substance treatment has been half composite. A MMC is reciprocal to a corm. connected to the examples. The strands were treated with Based on the type reinforcement of the composites:

89 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-THE EFFECT OF ALAKALIZATION ON MECHANICAL PRPERTIES OF KENAF BAST FIBERS

3%,6% and 9% of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) for a day. The arranged and broke down.Three-point bend tests were sodium hydroxide focus has an effect on the mechanical performed utilizing an Intron-machine. The width and properties, thermo physical properties of the composites. After thickness of the specimens were measured and recorded. The the treatment, the strands were completely washed with specimens had a traverse to profundity proportion of 16:1. running water what's more, permitted to dry at raised Tests were tested at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The tests temperature 100℃ for 24 hours.(3) were conveyed out as per ASTM D 790. The flexural modulus 2.3. Density measurement of Fibers: - and flexural quality were calculated from this test. (3) Charpy The clear thickness of the fiber was measured by utilizing the affect tests were performed utilizing an Avery Denison affect Archimedes guideline which includes the immersion of a analyzer. The width and thickness of the unnotched specimens known weight of fiber into a dissolvable of bring down were measured and recorded. The tests were completed as per thickness than the fiber. Benzene with a thickness of around ASTM D 256. Crafted by crack esteems were computed by 875 kg/m3 was utilized as a dissolvable (3.10.) partitioning the vitality in kJ recorded on the analyzer by the 2.4.ManufacturingTechniques:- cross sectional zone of the specimen. SEM micrographs of Generally conventional assembling methods are connected for treated and untreated fiber surfaces were taken utilizing a the normal fiber polymer composites, which are intended for filtering electron magnifying lens Model JEOL 6310. ordinary fiber-strengthened polymer composites with Preceding SEM assessment, the tests were covered with gold thermoplastics and thermosets. These methods incorporate utilizing the plasma sputtering mechanical assembly Edwards coordinate expulsion, vacuum implantation, pressure forming, sputter coater model S150B. sap exchange shaping, intensifying and infusion shaping.(11) 3. Results and discussion Typically techniques for example, expulsion, pressure and 3.1. Apparent density of kenaffibers:- infusion shaping are utilized to present fibers into the The bulk (obvious) density includes all the strong material and thermoplastic matrix. Assembling of regular fiber polymer the pores inside the fibers. The bulk density is constantly not composites is arranged in two sorts as open and closed as much as the total density, which avoids every one of the moulding procedures.(15). Closed moulding procedures are pores and lumen because of the lightness impact caused by the perfect for proficient manufacture of predictable, quality parts caught air. Lower bulk density shows higher porosity as pores at medium and high volume with generally minimal waste and have been found to reduce the density of materials. The unsafe outflows. Open shape techniques take into account a supreme thickness of most plant fibers is in the vicinity of fast item advancement cycle as the tooling creation 1400 and 1500 kg/m3. process(11.16.)

2.4.1. Classification of composites fabrication methods on basis of moulding

Fiber density is accepted to be firmly identified with the

2.5. Measurements: mechanical properties, dampness assimilation, homogeneity Tensile tests and three-point flexural tests were directed with and level of request of the fiber. an Intron testing machine. Elastic tests were performed at a 3.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): strain rate of 0.02 for every min and a gage length of 50 mm. The morphology of effect break surfaces of the composites Flexural tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 1 was seen by checking electron magnifying instrument (SEM) mm/min and a traverse length of 32 mm. Five examples were at room temperature (1). A JEOL (show JSM-6300F) SEM

90 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-THE EFFECT OF ALAKALIZATION ON MECHANICAL PRPERTIES OF KENAF BAST FIBERS with field discharge gun and quickening voltage of 10 kV was questionable due to the plan of the short kenaffibers are not utilized to gather SEM pictures for the composite specimen. A adjusting appropriately and furthermore the thickness is not gold covering of a couple of nanometers in thickness was the same along the specimen length (17). It has been covered on affect crack surfaces. The specimens were seen accounted for by few analysts that, this situation happened due perpendicular to the cracked surface.(9) to uneven fibers circulation amid the manufacture. The 3.3 Tensile strength: kenaffibers are hard to physically isolated and outwardly scatter equitably amid assembling (24). Short kenaf filaments had obviously permeable structure in the cross segment. (25) 3.4 specific properties:-

fig 3.3(a) Tensile strength of kenaffibers with polypropylene under different impact load. From the histogram, clearly 6 % NaOH treated specimens gave better tensile strength values as looked at than others. At the point when the NaOH fixation is expanded to 6%, an estimate of 0.4% augmentation is seen1. This was clarified by the addition of consistency that respects the improvement in quality, due to the evacuation of the polluting influences(2). In any case, the pattern was decreased when the centralization of NaOH was expanded up to 9% because of high fixation connected that respects harm the filaments between laminar holdings( 2). The outcomes in view of 6% NaOH treatment is content for both kenaf and support and 6% NaOH an obvious that treatment of filaments by alkalization helps in the ideal soluble base focus for alkalization treatment of kenaf enhancing the mechanical interlocking and synthetic holding filaments. For this reason, these parameters were utilized as between the matrix and fibers bringing about better the standard for correlation amongst glass and kenaf mechanical properties15. The alkali treatment improve the strengthened composites. Plainly all the particular properties fiber surface attachment attributes by natural and artificial are fundamentally influenced by the concoction treatment of impurities as well as delivering a rough surface geology.(16) the kenaf strands. For each situation the mechanical properties 3.3. Elasticity of modulus: of PP composite strengthened with alkali– silane treated kenaffiber are much superior to those strengthened with untreated and soluble base treated kenaffiber. The change in the mechanical properties of the composite strengthened with alkali– saline treated fiber is so noteworthy, truth be told, that the particular elastic and flexural qualities equal those of glass

fiber strengthened PP. The particular rigidity of the kenaf/PP Fig 3.3(b) elastic modulus of untreated and treated composite is 96% of that of the glass fiber composite. The kenaffiber. comparing an incentive for particular flexural quality is 89%. The estimations of flexible modulus for short kenaffibers are

91 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-THE EFFECT OF ALAKALIZATION ON MECHANICAL PRPERTIES OF KENAF BAST FIBERS

The particular ductile modulus of this kenaf/PP composite production. Injection molding upsurges ductile and flexural additionally thinks about well with that of the glass composite properties by enhancing the fiber scattering. Compression at 82% of its esteem. The great particular tractable and molding converts the isotropic properties of the composites flexural properties of these short fiber non-woven kenaf/PP and decreases the variations in physical properties as it neither composites proposes that they could dis cover application as harms nor situates the fibers amid processing. substitutes to manufactured fiber composites in a few 3.6 Stress – strain diagram:- applications. 3.5MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS

Fig.3.6.1 typical stress strain diagram of kenaffiber Every one of these methods can be additionally separated by The stress–strain graph for the kenaf. The curve in the kenaf the volume of production produced and the type of basic was unmistakably straight (.20 ) applications in industry appeared by composite items. Selection of manufacturing process relies upon many variables including materials, cost, measure and mostly the volume of 4.List of reported work on kenaffiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composite and thermosets polymer composites manufacturing techniques and properties prepared form the reference paper s.n Resin Type Manufacturin Physical Mechanical properties References o Of g techniques property fibre Density Flexural Flexural Young’s Tensile (kg/cm^3) strength modulus modulus strength ( Mpa ) ( Gpa ) (Gpa) (Mpa) 1 Poly ester Bast Stainless 123 13 1.pdf fibre steel mould 2 Unsaturated Bast ------1.44 ------26.5 393-773 3.pdf Poly ester fibre - 3 Natural rubber Bast Double 6.pdf fibre blending 4 Epoxy Bast ------1.45 53 930 8.pdf fibre

92 ISSN:-2349-3585 |www.ijrdt.org Paper Title:-THE EFFECT OF ALAKALIZATION ON MECHANICAL PRPERTIES OF KENAF BAST FIBERS

5 Poly-l-lactic acid Bast ------1.43 6 2 1.3 62 10.pdf fibre 6 Bio degradable Bast ------Random- 22000 335 14.pdf fibre 5000mpa 7mm- 13000mpa 5mm- 14500mpa 7 Epoxy Compression 1.34 123 13 16.pdf mould 8 Polypropylene ------1.4 1.4 34 34 18.pdf 9 PLA resin 1.2 71.5 4.9 35.2 32.5 22.pdf 10 polypropylene Double 1.45 74 23 27.pdf blending 5. Conclusion:- banana peel reinforced epoxy composites." Int J SciEng Res 4 The following conclusions are based on the findings (2013): 844 Reported in this paper: [3] Sharifah H. Aziz, Martin P. AnsellʺThe effect of • A little positive change in fiber thickness was watched for alkalization and fibre alignment on the mechanicaland thermal kenaffiber after 6% NaOH treatment showing cell wall properties of kenaf and hemp composites: densification. Part 1 – polyester resin matrixʺ 2003 • Standard covering polyester resin are reasonable for the [4]C.I. Ogbonnaya 1, M.C. Nwalozie *, H. Roy-Macauley, produce of normal fiber composites with valuable building D.J.M. Annerosev ʺGrowth and water relations of Kenaf properties. (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)under water deficit on a sandy • The alkalization treatment has enhanced the mechanical soilIndustrial Crops and Products 8 (1998) 65–76 properties of the short kenaffiber altogether when compared [5] MohdIShaifulSajab a, Chin Hua Chia a, SaraniZakaria a, with untreated short kenaffibers. SaadMohdJani b, Mohd Khan Ayob c, Kah Leong Chee c, Poi • It is likewise fascinating to feature that, 6% NaOH yields the SimKhiew d, Wee Siong Chiu e ʺCitric acid modified kenaf ideal convergence of NaOH for the concentration treatment. core fibres for removal of methylene bluefrom aqueous • Compression molding was utilized to manufacturing solutionʺ 2012 kenaffiber fortified polypropylene composites into sheet [6] H.M. Akil⇑, M.F. Omar, A.A.M. Mazuki, S. Safiee, frame. Mechanical test results and SEM examinations Z.A.M. Ishak, A. Abu Bakar ʺKenaffiber reinforced demonstrate that treatment of kenaf filaments fundamentally compositesʺ 2011. enhances the ductile and flexural properties of kenaffiber [7]C.W. , B.F. Yousifb ʺPotential of kenaf fibres as fortified polypropylene composites reinforcement for tribological applicationsʺ 2007 REFERENCES [8]Naidu, A. Lakshumu, B. Sudarshan, and K. Hari Krishna. [1] MohdSuhairilMeona, MuhamadFauziOthmana, "Study on Mechanical Behavior of Groundnut Shell Fiber HazranHusaina, Muhammad FairuzRemelia, Reinforced Polymer Metal Matrix Composities." International MohdSyaharMohdSyawala ʺImproving tensile properties of Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (2013) kenaffibers treated with sodium hydroxideʺ 2012 [9] AlirezaAshori a,*, Warwick D. Raverty b, [2] Naidu, A. Lakshumu, D. Raghuveer, and P. Suman. NaftyVanderhoek b, John V. Ward ʺSurface topography of "Studies on characterization and mechanical behavior of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) sized papersʺ 2007

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[10]Masud S. Huda a, Lawrence T. Drzal a, Amar K.Mohanty b, M. Angeles Dı´azDı´ez b, 2007Angel L. Ortiz b b, ManjusriMisra Effect of fiber surface-treatments on the [23]Naidu, A. Lakshumu, and PSV RamanaRao."A Review on properties of laminatedbiocomposites from poly(lactic acid) Chemical Behaviour of Natural Fiber (PLA) and kenaffibers Composites."International Journal of Chemical Sciences 14.4 [11] Wanjun Liu a, Lawrence T. Drzal a, Amar K. Mohanty b, (2016). ManjusriMisraʺInfluence of processingmethods and fiber [24]Zampaloni, M., F. Pourboghrat, S.A. Yankovich, B.N. length on physicalproperties of kenaffiber reinforced soy Rodgers, J. Moore, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty, and M. Misra, based - Part B 38 (2007) 352–359 2007.Kenaf Natural Fiber [12] M. Zampaloni b,*, F. Pourboghrat a, S.A. Yankovich a, Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: A Discussion on B.N. Rodgers a, J. Moore a,L.T. Drzal b, A.K. Mohanty c, M. Manufacturing Problems and Solutions, Composites Part A: MisrabKenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene Applied Science andManufacturing 38, p. 1569. composites:A discussion on manufacturing problems and [25] Shibata, S., Y. Cao, and I. Fukumoto, 2008. Flexural solutionsPart A 38 (2007) 1569–1580 Modulus of The Unidirectional and Random Composites [13]B.F. Yousif a,⇑, A. Shalwan a, C.W. China, K.C. Ming Made from Biodegradable Resin andBamboo and Kenaf Flexural properties of treated and untreated kenaf/epoxy Fibres, Composites Part A: Applied Science and composites. Materials and Design 40 (2012) 378–385 Manufacturing 39, p. 640. [14]A.M. MohdEdeerozey, HazizanMdAkil , A.B. Azhar, M.I. [26]TsakaldimiMarianthiKenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core ZainalAriffin 2007 and rice hulls as componentsof container media for growing [15] H. Komiyama a, A. Kato b, H. Aimi a, J. Ogihara a, K. Pinushalepensis M. seedlings Bioresource Technology 97 Shimizu 2007 (2006) 1631–1639 [16]Naidua, A. Lakshumu, and D. NageswaraRaob."Studies [27]M. Bernard a, A. Khalinaa,c, Aidy Ali b,*, R. Janius a, M. on Characterization and Mechanical Behavior of Natural Faizal c, K.S. Hasnah c, A.B. SanuddinThe effect of Clay."Int. J. of Multidisciplinary and Current research (2013). processing parameters on the mechanical properties [17]Arbelaiz, A., G. Cantero, B. Fernández, I. Mondragon, P. ofkenaf fibre plastic compositeMaterials and Design 32 (2011) Gañán, and J.M. Kenny, 2005. Flax Fiber Surface 1039–1043 Modifications: Effects on FiberPhysicoMechanical and [28] Naidu, A. Lakshumu, V. Jagadeesh, and MVA Flax/Polypropylene Interface Properties, Polymer Composites RajuBahubalendruni. "A REVIEW ON CHEMICAL AND [18] Srinivas, K., A. Lakshumu Naidu, and MVA PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBER RajuBahubalendruni. "A Review on Chemical and Mechanical REINFORCED COMPOSITES." Journal of Advanced Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites." Research in Engineering and Technology 8.1 (2017): 56-68. International Journal of Performability Engineering 13.2 [29] SUMAN, P., A. LAKSHUMU NAIDU, and PSV (2017): 189. RAMANA RAO. "PROCESSING AND MECHANICAL [19] Gita N. Ramaswamy a,_, Terry Sellers b, Weiying Tao c, BEHAVIOUR OF HAIR FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER Le Grand Crook 2007 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES˝. [20] Shinichi Shibata a,*, Yong Cao b, Isao FukumotoFlexural modulus of the unidirectional and random compositesmade from biodegradable resin and bamboo and kenaf fibres. 39 (2008) 640–646 [21] FulvioArdente, Marco Beccali, Maurizio Cellura, Marina Mistretta 2006 [22] Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa a,*, Antonio Macı´as-Garcı´a

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