SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Beyond Connections Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Beyond Connections Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework Marina Brutinel, Yuhan Wang, Bryan Bonsuk Koo, Elisa Portale and Dana Rysankova ©2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Publication date: June 2019 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Report design: Lauren Kaley Johnson, GCSPM, The World Bank Group CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi ABBREVIATIONS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii Access to electricity viii Access to modern-energy cooking solutions ix Gender analysis x MEASURING ENERGY ACCESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE 1 Country context 3 The Multi-Tier Framework Global Survey 5 Using the Multi-Tier Framework to drive policy and investment 11 ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY 15 Assessing access to electricity 16 Improving access to electricity 28 Policy recommendations 37 ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY COOKING SOLUTIONS 39 Assessing access to modern energy cooking solutions 40 Improving access to modern energy cooking solutions 47 Policy recommendations 52 GENDER ANALYSIS 53 Access to electricity 56 Access to modern energy cooking solutions 59 Policy recommendations 62 ANNEX 1 • MULTI-TIER FRAMEWORK 63 ANNEX 2 • SAMPLING STRATEGY 65 i SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE | Beyond Connections: Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework ANNEX 3 • COOKSTOVE TYPOLOGY 68 ANNEX 4 • SWIFT METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE 69 REFERENCES 73 TABLES Table 1 • Appliances by load level and associated capacity tiers 7 Table 2 • Distribution of enumeration areas and sampled households in São Tomé and Príncipe 13 Table A1.1 • Multi-Tier Framework for measuring access to electricity* 63 Table A1.2 • Multi-Tier Framework for measuring access to modern energy cooking solutions 64 Table A2.1 • Number of perrmenance occupied households, per district, environment (rural/urban) and connection to the grid 65 Table A2.2 • Household sample units' selection criteria 67 BOXES Box 1 • Minimum requirements, by tier of electricity access 6 Box 2 • Typology of Off-Grid Solar Devices and Tier Calculation 7 Box 3 • Typology of cookstoves in São Tomé and Príncipe 11 Box 4 • Kerosene is classified as a polluting fuel by WHO 48 FIGURES Figure 1 • Map of São Tomé and Príncipe 2 Figure 2 • Distribution of expenditure quintiles, by urban/rural and by region8 4 Figure 3 • Sample distribution for Multi-Tier Framework Survey 13 Figure 4 • Access to electricity by technology (nationwide) 16 Figure 5 • Access to electricity by technology (urban/rural) 16 Figure 6 • Access to electricity by technology (by region) 17 Figure 7 • Access to electricity by technology, by expenditure quintile (nationwide) 17 ii Contents Figure 8 • MTF Tier distribution (nationwide, urban/rural) 18 Figure 9 • MTF Tier distribution (by region) 19 Figure 10 • MTF tier distribution by technology (nationwide) 19 Figure 11 • Distribution of households by Capacity (nationwide, urban/rural) 20 Figure 12 • Distribution of households based on Daily Availability (24-hour day) (nationwide, urban/ rural) 21 Figure 13 • Distribution of households based on Evening Availability (4-hour period) (nationwide, urban/rural) 21 Figure 14 • Distribution of households based on Reliability (nationwide, urban/rural) 22 Figure 15 • Distribution of households based on Quality (nationwide, urban/rural) 22 Figure 16 • Distribution of households based on Affordability (nationwide, urban/rural) 23 Figure 17 • Distribution of households based on Formality (nationwide, urban/rural) 23 Figure 18 • Distribution of households based on Health and Safety (nationwide, urban/rural) 24 Figure 19 • Household ownership of appliances by load level (nationwide, urban/rural) 24 Figure 20 • Household ownership of appliances by type (urban/rural) 25 Figure 21 • Household ownership of appliances by type (grid/off-grid) 26 Figure 22 • Monthly household expenditure and consumption of electricity (nationwide, urban/ rural) 27 Figure 23 • Monthly grid electricity consumption by expenditure quintile (nationwide) 27 Figure 24 • Share of household budget spent on electricity by expenditure quintile (nationwide) 28 Figure 25 • MTF Tier 0 disaggregation by source of electricity 28 Figure 26 • Barriers cited for not gaining access to grid electricity (nationwide, urban/rural) 29 Figure 27 • Willingness to pay for the grid connection fee 30 Figure 28 • Distribution of households by share of budget spent on electricity on budget (nationwide, urban/rural) 30 Figure 29 • Willingness to pay for a high capacity solar home system (SHS) 31 Figure 30 • Reasons cited by households for not being willing to pay for a SHS 31 Figure 31 • MTF tier distribution of grid-connected households (nationwide, urban/rural) 32 Figure 32 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Daily Availability (over 24 hours) (nationwide, urban/rural) 33 Figure 33 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Evening Availability (over 4 hours) (nationwide, urban/rural) 33 Figure 34 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Reliability (nationwide, urban/rural) 34 iii SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE | Beyond Connections: Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework Figure 35 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Quality (nationwide, urban/rural) 34 Figure 36 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Affordability (nationwide, urban/ rural) 35 Figure 37 • Distribution of grid-connected households based on Formality (nationwide, urban/rural) 35 Figure 38 • Main issues related to grid electricity supply (nationwide) 36 Figure 39 • Share of the grid-connected households using backup source for lighting 36 Figure 40 • Distribution of cookstove types and fuel used (nationwide) 40 Figure 41 • Distribution of cookstoves and fuel used (urban/rural) 41 Figure 42 • Exclusive use of cookstoves versus stacking 42 Figure 43 • Stove stacking patterns (nationwide, urban, rural) 42 Figure 44 • MTF tier distribution (nationwide, urban/rural) 43 Figure 45 • MTF tier distribution (by region) 43 Figure 46 • Tier distribution of the Cooking Exposure attribute (nationwide, urban/rural) 44 Figure 47 • Distribution of households based on Cooking Exposure by primary cookstove (nationwide) 44 Figure 48 • Distribution of households based on Ventilation, by primary biomass cookstove (nationwide) 45 Figure 49 • Distribution of households based on Convenience (nationwide, urban/rural) 45 Figure 50 • Distribution of households based on Safety of primary cookstove 46 Figure 51 • Distribution of households based on Affordability (nationwide, urban/rural) 46 Figure 52 • Distribution of households based on Affordability, by fuel type (nationwide) 47 Figure 53 • Tier distribution by stove type 48 Figure 54 • Main stove used by expenditure quintiles 49 Figure 55 • Distribution of households using charcoal as the primary fuel by cookstove type (nationwide) 51 Figure 56 • Main fuel distribution by expenditure quintile 51 Figure 57 • Distribution of households by gender of household head, nationwide 54 Figure 58 • Distribution of male- and female- household expenditure quintiles (nationwide, urban/ rural) 55 Figure 59 • Access to finance by gender of household head (nationwide) 55 Figure 60 • Access to electricity, by technology, by gender of the household head (nationwide, urban/ rural) 56 iv Contents Figure 61 • MTF electricity tier distribution, by gender of the household head (nationwide, urban/ rural) 57 Figure 62 • Barriers to gaining access to the electricity grid, by gender of household head (nationwide) 57 Figure 63 • Willingness to pay for a grid connection, by gender of the household head (nationwide) 58 Figure 64 • Willingness to pay for a SHS, by gender of household head (nationwide) 59 Figure 65 • Access to cooking solutions by technology, by gender of household head (nationwide, urban/rural) 59 Figure 66 • MTF cooking tier distribution, by gender of the household head (nationwide, urban/rural) 60 Figure 67 • Time spent in the cooking space (minutes) per day, by gender and age and by primary cookstove type (nationwide) 61 Figure 68 • Time spent on cooking (minutes per day), by gender and age and by primary stove type (nationwide) 61 Figure 69 • Time spent preparing fuel for cooking (minutes per day),