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European Discoveries: from the New World to New Technologies

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European Discoveries: from the New World to New Technologies EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES: FROM THE NEW WORLD TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES: FROM THE NEW WORLD TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES UNLOCK THE DIGITAL TREASURES CMYK TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 6 01MEDICINE Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Medicines to fight disease ............................................................................................................................................... 11 The Richness of Indian Pharmaceutical Tradition ....................................................................................................... 13 The Establishment of the Norwegian Healthcare System .......................................................................................... 15 Site Map of a Quarantine Station ................................................................................................................................... 17 Foodstuff for Troops ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 The first cholera pandemic to reach Europe ................................................................................................................ 21 Bathing in Buda – The Rudas Spa ................................................................................................................................. 23 Treating Leprosy in Norway ............................................................................................................................................ 25 The first X-Ray Experiments in Malta ............................................................................................................................ 27 Visual Pathways ................................................................................................................................................................ 29 The eradication of Malta Fever ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Egas Moniz lecturing in Lisbon ...................................................................................................................................... 33 02ENERGY AND INDUSTRY Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35 On the Making of Cannons and Missiles ...................................................................................................................... 37 Managing Water in Toledo ............................................................................................................................................... 39 A priestly project to fly............................................................................................................................... ....................... 41 Tobacco Sieving in Mexico .............................................................................................................................................. 43 Dyeing with Cochineal ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 Map of the Brennberg Coal Mine ................................................................................................................................... 47 The Steamer Dante arrives in the Maltese harbour .................................................................................................... 49 A Stamping and Dyeing factory in Lisbon ..................................................................................................................... 51 Structural design of the water mill in Pöstény .............................................................................................................. 53 The Birkeland-Eyde process ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Coal Mining at Svalbard .................................................................................................................................................. 57 Invention of the High Resolution Television System ................................................................................................... 59 Albert Einstein and Leo Szilárd’s patent for refrigerators ........................................................................................... 61 25 of April bridge, Lisbon ................................................................................................................................................. 63 First oil drilling on the Norwegian shelf ......................................................................................................................... 65 03TRANSPORT AND NAVIGATION Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 67 New Lands and a New Sky ............................................................................................................................................ 69 A Compilation of Knowledge to cross the Oceans ...................................................................................................... 71 Mathematicians helping sailors ...................................................................................................................................... 73 Portolan charts and Mediterranean voyages ............................................................................................................... 75 Painting the World: A Manuscript Atlas ........................................................................................................................ 77 Diverting Rivers ................................................................................................................................................................ 79 A Garment for Underwater Exploration ......................................................................................................................... 81 An Attack Submarine in 1808 ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Plans for the first water level gauge .............................................................................................................................. 85 A new waterway route on the Danube .......................................................................................................................... 87 Viking Ship ........................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Petition to HM the King by George Vella on behalf of cabmen ................................................................................. 91 Funicular railway system ................................................................................................................................................. 93 Letter from István Dobos to the Mayor of Gyula ......................................................................................................... 95 Improvements in airplanes with rotating wings ............................................................................................................ 97 The Kon-Tiki Expedition .................................................................................................................................................. 99 INTRODUCTION EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES: FROM THE NEW WORLD TO NEW TECHNOLOGIES The idea of ‘discovery’ - of exploring the unknown, of finding with documents and materials that witness the constant and attempting new things, of creating new objects and arte- desire to explore and to discover, and these documents facts, of innovative challenges to the conventional - has been tell thousands of different stories. The three Pillars of this constant in the history of Europe and humankind. It remains Exhibition - Medicine, Energy/Industry, Transport/Naviga- one of the most common and permanent traits of European tion - are an attempt to provide a glimpse of the multifar- history and culture, uniting the lands and the peoples of the ious variety of stories, events and personalities involved in various European nations in common enterprises, throughout discoveries of many different types, during the long history the centuries. The history of the development of science of Europe. It is thus an Exhibition not only about the discov- and technological progress is a prime example of interna- eries themselves, but also about their archival memory, tional cooperation and a key chapter in the history of Europe. recording one of Europe’s most distinctive cultural traits. Scientific and technological discoveries have been vital At a very basic level, to discover is simply to find, to put in engines for the material progress and wealth of Europe. evidence something that was not known or to explain some- As such, they provided
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