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Institute for Land, Water and Society GW ACIAR Report Improving groundwater management to enhance agriculture and farming livelihoods in Pakistan: Literature review Report No. 147 Michael Mitchell Usman Khalid Awan Naveed Iqbal Jehangir Punthakey Institute for Land, Water and Society Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review Improving groundwater management to enhance agriculture and farming livelihoods in Pakistan: Literature review Edited by: Michael Mitchell, Usman Khalid Awan, Naveed Iqbal, Jehangir Punthakey Cataloguing in Publication provided by the Institute for Land, Water and Society (ILWS) – Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640. Mitchell, M. Awan. U.K, Iqbal, N. & Punthakey, J. (eds) (2021). Improving groundwater management to enhance agriculture and farming livelihoods: Literature review. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640. 1 volume, ILWS Report No. 147 ISBN: 978-1-86-467388-3 Project Improving groundwater management to enhance agriculture and farming livelihoods in Pakistan Funding Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, Australia Research Land and Water Resources (LWR) Program LWR-2015-036 Project No. Project Team Charles Sturt University (CSU) Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) International Waterlogging & Salinity Research Institute, Water & Power Development Authority (IWASRI, WAPDA) Balochistan Irrigation & Power Department (BID) Balochistan University of Information, Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Mehran University of Engineering & Technology (MUET) NED University of Engineering & Technology (NED) PMAS Arid Agriculture University (UAAR) Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) Sindh Agricultural University (SAU) Sindh Irrigation Department (SID) University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF) Page i Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review List of Authors Name Organisation Chapter Farooq Ahmed BID 1, 2.1 Asghar Ali UAF 3.5 (published separately) Saira Akhtar UAF 3.2, 3.3 & 3.4 Muhammad Ashfaq UAF 3.5 (published separately) Muhammad Ashraf PCRWR 1 Usman Khalid Awan IWMI, ex ICARDA 4.5 & 5 Irfan Ahmed Baig MNSUAM 3.5 (published separately) Richard Culas CSU 3.5 (published separately) Khalida Durrani BUITEMS 2.4 C. Max Finlayson CSU 1 Muhammad Ali Imran UAF 3.5 (published separately) Naveed Iqbal PCRWR 1 Syed Muhammad Khair BUITEMS 1, 2.3, 2.5 & 2.6 Tehmina Mangan SAU 4.3 Hadiqa Maqsood MUET 4.5 Aurangzeb Memon SID 4.1 Michael Mitchell CSU 1, 2.2 & 4.2 Jehangir F Punthakey CSU 1 & 4.4 (published separately) Abdul Rashid Balochistan Ag Dept 2.3 & 2.5 Faizan ul Hassan PCRWR 1 Rizwana Warraich Independent consultant 3.4 Muhammad Arif Watto UAF 1 & 3.1 Muhammad Zeeshan UAF 3.2, 3.3 & 3.4 Page ii Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review Acknowledgments The structure for this literature review was determined by participants at a workshop in February 2017 conducted by Assoc Prof Catherine Allan and Prof Max Finlayson. Dr Allan provided further support at a technical writing workshop in September 2018, and undertook a thorough peer review prior to publication. We thank them for the enthusiasm they have demonstrated for building the academic writing skills of all contributing authors to this work. Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University or any other individual or organisation consulted or involved in the research. Page iii Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review Contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................... v Preface .............................................................................................................. 7 Summary ........................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 10 1.1 Pakistan - water challenge.................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Causes and consequences of groundwater over-extraction .............................................. 12 1.3 The need to improve understanding of groundwater .......................................................... 13 1.4 The need for groundwater governance .............................................................................. 14 1.5 References ......................................................................................................................... 15 2. Balochistan............................................................................................. 20 2.1 Irrigation management ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2 Sociopolitical context .......................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Gender and youth ............................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Role of NGOs, CBOs, FOs in water management in Balochistan ..................................... 35 2.5 Economic context ............................................................................................................... 38 2.6 Energy issues, subsidies, solar power generation ............................................................. 43 3. Punjab ..................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Irrigation management ........................................................................................................ 47 3.2 Sociopolitical context .......................................................................................................... 51 3.3 Gender and youth ............................................................................................................... 54 3.4 Groundwater management in Punjab: Role of NGOs ........................................................ 57 3.5 Economic context ............................................................................................................... 61 4. Sindh ....................................................................................................... 62 4.1 Irrigation management ........................................................................................................ 62 4.2 Sociopolitical context .......................................................................................................... 66 4.3 The current status of women in rural households of Sindh and their role in water management ....................................................................................................................... 70 4.4 A brief review of water and energy in Sindh province ........................................................ 75 4.5 Groundwater and hydrology issues and context ................................................................ 75 5. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 79 Page iv Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review Abbreviations ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADB Asian Development Bank AWB Area Water Board AWM Agricultural Water Management BAP Balochistan Agriculture Project BCM Billion Cubic Metres BID Balochistan Irrigation Department BRSP Balochistan Rural Support Program BUITEMS Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences Community Based Organisation CBO International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre CIMMYT Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO Charles Sturt University CSU Di-Ammonium Phosphate DAP Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) DFAT Electric Conductivity EC Food and Agricultural Organisation FAO Farmers Organisation FO Gross Domestic Product GDP Government of Balochistan GoB Government of Pakistan GoP Health Oriented Preventive Education HOPE International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICARDA Institute for Land, Water and Society ILWS International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute IWASRI International Water Management Institute IWMI Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM Lower Bari Doab Canal LBDC Left Bank Outfall Drain LBOD Million Acre Feet MAF Managed Aquifer Recharge MAR Million Cubic Metres MCM Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan MNSUAM Page v Improving groundwater management in Pakistan: Literature review MUET Mehran University of Engineering and Technology NED NED University of Engineering and Technology NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPK Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) NRSP National Rural Support Program PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources PID Punjab Irrigation Department PIDA Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority PIEDAR Pakistan Institute for Environment-Development Action Research PLB Pishin Lora Basin PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Punjab Rural Support Program RAHA Refugee Affected and Hosting Areas project SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SAU Sindh Agricultural University SCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation Project SID Sindh Irrigation Department SIDA Sindh Irrigation Drainage
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