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I DEFINING FUR TRADE DIET in NORTHERN ALBERTA: AN

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I DEFINING FUR TRADE DIET in NORTHERN ALBERTA: AN DEFINING FUR TRADE DIET IN NORTHERN ALBERTA: AN EXAMINATION OF FAUNAL MATERIAL FROM FORT VERMILION I JOSHUA READ B.A., University of Calgary, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Geography University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Joshua Read, 2018 i DEFINING FUR TRADE DIET IN NORTHERN ALBERTA: AN EXAMINATION OF FAUNAL MATERIAL FROM FORT VERMILION I JOSHUA READ Date of Defence: April 18, 2018 Dr. Shawn Bubel Associate Professor Ph.D. Supervisor Dr. Kevin McGeough Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Jerimy Cunningham Associate Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Heinz Pyszczyk Adjunct Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Stefan Kienzle Professor Ph.D. Chair, Thesis Examination Committee ii ABSTRACT This thesis presents the faunal material from Fort Vermilion I (IaQf-1), a northern Alberta fur trade site. These data, totaling 49,967 faunal elements, were used to study dietary practices at the fort. Statistical values (NISP, MNI, MAU) were combined with utility indices (MUI, SCI), historical documents, and modern butchering methods to examine species and element choice. Finally, faunal data from contemporaneous forts was presented to contextualize the differences noted in the Fort Vermilion I faunal assemblage. The presence of “preferred” animals (moose, beaver) suggests that fur traders at Fort Vermilion I experienced a high degree of dietary choice, while the lack of less desirable animals (snowshoe hare, elk) indicate that starvation was not common at Fort Vermilion I. Specific faunal elements showed that selection patterns described historically were present at the fort. Overall, Fort Vermilion I shows an atypical dietary signature, making it unique among Northern Alberta fur trade posts. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the assistance, guidance, and support of several people whom I would like to thank. First, I would like to thank the undergraduate students who put in long hours cleaning, sorting, and assisting me with the cataloguing of all of the faunal material from the 2014 and 2016 excavations. Next, my committee members Dr. Kevin McGeough and Dr. Jerimy Cunningham. Both of you helped me elevate my writing and showed me a different way of examining the archaeological record. To my external advisor, Dr. Heinz Pyszczyk, I would like to extend my appreciation for the expertise you brought to this project. Not only are you indirectly responsible for this study through your work at Fort Vermilion I, you have also been an invaluable resource for technical writing and historical accuracy. To my supervisor, Dr. Shawn Bubel, I would like to say thank you for all the work you have done these last two years: as supervisor at field school helping me become a confident leader, as my academic mentor to help me improve my writing and analytical skills, and as a tireless inspiration to pursue archaeological goals, whether in an academic or industry-related career. Finally, I would like to give a special thank you to my parents and especially my wife: You have supported me through a whirlwind M.A. program, and I would not have been able to complete it without your constant encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... viii 1. Chapter 1: Project Overview............................................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 2 Analytical Framework ...................................................................................................... 2 Chapter Overview............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. Chapter 2: A Review of Fur Trade History and Literature ............................................. 6 A Historical Overview of the Fur Trade in Western Canada ........................................... 6 The Movement of the Euro-Canadian Fur Trade to Western Canada and the Peace River ................................................................................................................................. 7 Structure of Fur Trade Companies ................................................................................. 10 Health and Welfare of Fort Populations in the Peace River Region .............................. 13 Fur Trade Diet ................................................................................................................ 17 Historical and Fur Trade Archaeology ........................................................................... 26 Zooarchaeological Studies within Historical and Fur Trade Archaeology .................... 27 3. Chapter 3: Methodological Framework ........................................................................... 33 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 33 Field Methods ................................................................................................................. 33 Laboratory Methods ....................................................................................................... 37 Other Fort Assemblages for Comparison ....................................................................... 43 4. Chapter 4: Quantitative Results of Faunal Analysis ....................................................... 45 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 45 Taxa Richness ................................................................................................................ 45 Density and Distribution of Faunal Remains ................................................................. 46 Relative Importance of Taxa .......................................................................................... 47 Mammals .................................................................................................................... 47 Birds ............................................................................................................................ 49 Fish ............................................................................................................................. 50 NISP, MNI, and MAU ................................................................................................... 50 Utility Indices ................................................................................................................. 55 Bone Modification .......................................................................................................... 60 5. Chapter 5: Dietary Interpretations................................................................................... 67 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 67 Taxa Richness at Fort Vermilion I ................................................................................. 67 Element Frequency and Choice at Fort Vermilion I ...................................................... 72 Skeletal Completeness of Taxa ...................................................................................... 78 v Modification of Faunal Elements ................................................................................... 82 Burnt/Calcined ............................................................................................................ 82 Cutmarks ..................................................................................................................... 83 Spiral Fractures ........................................................................................................... 86 Gnawed Bone ............................................................................................................
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