Dartmouth Model United Nations April 5 - 7, 2019 Current Crisis: Duterte

Administration

Dartmouth Model United Nations Conference 14th Annual Conference – April 5 – 7, 2019 Dartmouth College – Rockefeller Center – Hanover, NH 03755 E-mail: [email protected] - http://sites.dartmouth.edu/modelun

Lauren Bishop December 5, 2018 Secretary-General Dear Delegates: Shelley Wang Director-General On behalf of the entire Dartmouth Model United Nations staff, I would like to welcome and thank you for registering for the fourteenth annual Dartmouth Model United Nations conference this Mila Escadajillo April 2019. We have been working relentlessly since the end of last year’s conference to provide a Chief of Staff better and more worthwhile Model U.N. experience for this spring’s delegates.

Brandon Zhou DartMUN is a unique conference. We pair world-class delegations and dais staff members in Charge d’Affaires smaller, more-interactive environments to facilitate an enriching experience for delegates of all skill levels. We believe DartMUN’s active, small committees ensure delegates feel comfortable Clayton Jacques immersing themselves in a competitive but supportive environment that encourages trial by error Undersecretary-General of and participation. Furthermore, DartMUN’s well-trained staff is excited to work with your General Assembly delegates this winter in committee to equip the next generation of college students with the skills to tackle complex global problems. Daniel Bring Undersecretary-General of This being said, Model United Nations is only meaningful when delegates are thoroughly Special Committees prepared. To aid in your research preparation, your committee staff has spent hours researching,

writing, and editing this Background Guide. The Background Guide serves as an introduction to Nishanth Chalasani your respective committee and an overview of the topics that you will be debating over the course Undersecretary-General of Current Crises of the conference.

Samuel Zarkower The Background Guide is intended to be a starting point for your research and is not, in itself, an Undersecretary-General of adequate exposure to the complexities of your committee’s topics. To be prepared, each delegate Future and Historical Crises should do further research and focus on processing information through the lens of their respective country or position. If you are having trouble digesting all the information, the Background Guide Bill Kosmidis contains relevant discussion questions that break down the topics. Also, as questions or ideas arise, Undersecretary-General of Ad- do not be shy in contacting your committee staff via e-mail. Committee staff are knowledgeable Hoc and can help you better understand a particular topic or how your country fits into a larger international debate. More often than not, discussing the problem with another person can open up Alec Rossi more paradigms and viewpoints that may guide you throughout the brainstorming process. Director of Finance and Public Relations As in years past, all delegates are expected to write a brief position paper before the conference to synthesize all of their preparatory research and analysis. Please see the position paper guidelines Bethany David on the conference website for specific information about content, format, etc. Committee staff will Director of Technology collect position papers at the beginning of the first committee session on Friday evening. Bring a hard copy because delegates who do not submit position papers will not be eligible for awards. I Shawdi Mehrvarzan look forward to meeting you this coming spring. Deputy Chief of Staff

Sincerely, DartMUN is a student-run, non-profit, all volunteer organization sponsored by Lauren Bishop the Rockefeller Center for Public Policy. Secretary-General DartMUN XIV

Lauren Bishop Dear Delegates: Secretary-General Hi, my name is Evan Kelmar, and I’ll be the Director for the Philippines Crisis Shelley Wang committee. I’m a junior at Dartmouth, and I am currently an Economics and Government major with a Director-General minor in religion. This is my third time chairing a committee at DartMUN, and I couldn’t be more excited to do it again. In addition to MUN, I like to draw, occasionally as a cartoonist for the school’s Mila Escadajillo newspaper. If you have any questions about anything related to Model UN feel free to ask me. Chief of Staff Working alongside me is Aaron Trauner, one of our two Crisis Managers. Aaron was born and raised in rural Wyoming. He’s a freshman this year, with an extensive background in high school Model Brandon Zhou UN. He really enjoys crisis committees and learning about the politics of countries other than the United Charge d’Affaires States. Outside of DartMUN, Aaron plays on the club hockey team, is a member of the Dartmouth

Arabic society, and is an enthusiastic skier. Clayton Jacques The other crisis manager, Sherry Liu, is also a freshman at Dartmouth. Sherry is from North Undersecretary-General of General Assembly Carolina and did Model UN during all four years in high school. She hopes to double major in math and government. Outside of MUN, she is part of the fencing team and plays clarinet. Daniel Bring In order to aid in your preparation and make the simulation as meaningful as possible, my team Undersecretary-General of and I have put together the following background information on Philippines. This Background Guide Special Committees serves as an introduction to the committee and an overview of the topics that you will be debating over the course of the conference. The Background Guide is intended to be a starting point for your research Nishanth Chalasani and is not, in itself, an adequate exposure to the complexities of our topic. To be prepared, each delegate Undersecretary-General of should do further research and focus on processing information through the lens of and developing Current Crises expertise concerning your specific position. If you are having trouble digesting all the information, the Background Guide contains relevant discussion questions that break down the topics. Samuel Zarkower Once again, welcome to DartMUN XIV. I am excited for the chance to tackle real world Undersecretary-General of problems with practical solutions. I look forward to meeting you in the spring and hope that you are as Future and Historical Crises excited as I am about DartMUN!

Bill Kosmidis Sincerely, Undersecretary-General of Ad- Evan Kelmar Hoc

Alec Rossi Director of Finance and Public Relations

Bethany David Director of Technology

Shawdi Mehrvarzan Deputy Chief of Staff

DartMUN is a student-run, non-profit, all volunteer organization sponsored by the Rockefeller Center for Public Policy.

Current Crisis: Duterte Administration DartMUN XIV

Introduction by Spain in the early 16th century, the island With a 38% plurality of votes, Rodrigo nation twice fought for its independence - Duterte rose to power in the 2016 Philippine from both the United States and Japan - and Presidential Election. As nominee of the twice overthrew its own leaders (CIA World 2 PDP-Laban Party, Duterte campaigned as a Factbook). The current constitution of the populist and outsider candidate, hoping to Philippines was ratified in 1987 and gain the support of citizens frustrated with established a bicameral legislative body with political corruption (Al Jazeera).1 He a supreme court and an executive branch 3 promised to abolish Congress, kill thousands (Philippine Government Official Gazette). of criminals, and transition from a centralized government to a more Human Rights federalized one. Some two years later, the The Philippines has long had a spotted changes are still being implemented. Where history with regards to human rights. The will they go from here? As members of this regime of President Ferdinand Marcos is specialized committee, the fate of the now considered one of the most brutal parts Philippines is in your hands. Welcome to of recent Philippine history. After declaring Rodrigo Duterte's Cabinet. martial law in 1972, Marcos gave the army the power to suppress the people, which lead Brief History of the Philippines to nearly 400 disappearances, 1400 salvages, The Philippines is an archipelago nation and 1500 other casualties according to consisting of 7,000 densely populated proclamation 1081 by the Filipino islands in the South China Sea. While it has government. Since then, though conditions no land borders, the Philippines is a hotbed have improved greatly, many are concerned for trade, geopolitical contest, and that Duterte is taking the country back down environmental change. Originally colonized a similar path.

1 “Philippines Polls: Rodrigo Duterte Headed for Victory.” GCC www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- News | Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera, 10 May 2016, factbook/geos/rp.html. www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/philippines-election- 3 “Philippine Constitutions | GOVPH.” Official Gazette of the 160509061757928.html. Republic of the Philippines, 2 “The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence Agency, www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/. Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, Current Crisis: Duterte Administration DartMUN XIV

journalists and critics of the regime. In In recent years, the international community August 2017, Duterte reportedly sanctioned has become concerned about human rights police attacks against human rights groups. in the Philippines. Some sources even claim He also jailed one of his political rivals, that human rights have reached a low point Senator Leila de Lima, on drug charges after not seen since the 1970s. Sparked by she attempted to investigate drug-related Duterte's campaign promise to kill drug killings taking place throughout the country. addicts, a "War on Drugs" has consumed the Additionally, attacks against children and island nation. Since Duterte’s candidacy, the poor have also taken place. Within one extrajudicial killings of drug dealer and year of Duterte’s rise to power, 56 children addicts — known as "salvagings" — have were reported dead; Duterte described their become increasingly common. According to deaths as "collateral damage." Duterte's Human Rights Watch, there have been over public criticism of the media has galvanized 12,000 reported deaths (HRW, Freedom some of his supporters to harass journalists House).4 However, the actual number of and make death threats. Detainees of the killings may be higher than reported. government are often tortured, and the writ of habeas corpus was suspended by Duterte Many of these deaths are ostensibly the in several islands after taking power result of violent conflict between rival (Freedom House).5 Although public gangs, but some of the so-called “rival demonstrations are currently allowed, the gangs,” “vigilantes” and masked gunmen Filipino government has resorted to violence have been reported to work closely with the to disrupt anti-government protests. police. Although the number of killings by police has decreased over time, extralegal Corruption killings have not abated. Corruption has been a constant player in the politics of Duterte’s Philippines. As of Filipino human rights violations do not November, thirty-four lawyers resisting the solely relate to drug-related incidents; the “war on drugs” have been killed (New York “salvages” have also targeted political

4 “World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Philippines.” Human Rights Watch, 11 Sept. 2018, www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country- 5 “Philippines.” Freedom House, 16 Apr. 2018, chapters/philippines. freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/philippines.

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Times Nov 2018)6, the chief justice of the growing quickly, with a real growth rate of supreme court - an “enemy” of Duterte - was 6.7% and an added $100bn over the past two removed (Washington Post May 2016)7, and years. In thirty years, poverty has been cut in the nation as a whole dropped thirteen half, which sounds impressive until notches in the 2017 corruption index compared with its other Asian peers, which (Transparency International 2017).8 The have eliminated more poverty in a much increase in dishonesty across Filipino shorter period (Economist Nov 2017).11 In governing bodies seems counterintuitive: fact, the Philippines have consistently Duterte ran on an anti-corruption platform, underperformed in their region and, from even ousting two dozen “corrupt” officials. 1980 to 2005, saw a meagre annual increase However, closer examination reveals a of GDP per person by just over half a biased process in which a quarter of the percent. The growth it does enjoy today previously fired agents were rehired comes from foreign money in the form of (Bloomberg July 2018).9 Corruption may remittances and Western investment. Even play a key role in this committee’s work - this has only served the major provinces of especially considering the reputation many the country, mainly Manila, while the cabinet members already have. countryside is left behind. Those trapped in the country lack necessary modes Economics of the Philippines (transportation, infrastructure and money) to The Philippines has a GDP per capita of reach the city and do not have the means $8,300 based on purchasing power parity, (housing, education, and even language) to ranking 151 in comparison to the rest of the world (CIA).10 However, its economy is

6 Gutierrez, Jason. “Philippine Lawyer Who Resisted Duterte's www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_in Drug War Is Gunned Down.” The New York Times, The New York dex_2017. Times, 7 Nov. 2018, 9 Calonzo, Andreo. “Duterte's Anti-Corruption Purge Now www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/world/asia/philippine-lawyer- Revolving Door of Officials.” Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 3 July duterte.html. 2018, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-03/duterte-s- 7 Hontiveros, Risa. “Democracy in the Philippines Has Been anti-corruption-purge-now-revolving-door-of-officials. Gravely Wounded.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 16 May 10 “The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence Agency, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/global- Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, opinions/wp/2018/05/16/democracy-in-the-philippines-has- www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- been-gravely- factbook/geos/rp.html. wounded/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fa561ade5431. 11 “The Philippines Has the Most Persistent Poverty in South-East 8 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2017.” Www.transparency.org, Asia.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 25 Nov. 2017, Transparency International, 2017, www.economist.com/asia/2017/11/25/the-philippines-has-the- most-persistent-poverty-in-south-east-asia.

6 Current Crisis: Duterte Administration DartMUN XIV find and hold down jobs (Economist Nov international actors also seek to develop and 2017).12 mechanize the farming industry, mainly the jackfruit, pig and tilapia commodities. By legalizing several female hormonal contraceptives, to the dismay of the large Catholic population, Duterte has attempted to help lower unplanned pregnancies in rural areas that can scarcely afford it (Economist Nov 2017).14 Some of this increased spending will be covered by taxes, some will be paid for by China (hoping to buy influence and gain economic leverage) and some will be Some of these issues are being borrowed. Duterte was asked how he was addressed by Duterte and his spending going to pay for the free tuition fees he had program. Duterte has increased the federal just granted state university students, to budget by 12% and devoted the $68bn to which he responded, “I don’t know, we’ll improving infrastructure dramatically have to see.” (Economist Aug 2017).15 (Economist Nov 2017).13 Duterte and Duterte was lucky enough to inherit an

12 Ibid. 15 “The Philippine President's Zany Ideas Have Not Hurt the 13 “The Philippines Has the Most Persistent Poverty in South-East Economy.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 19 Aug. Asia.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, 25 Nov. 2017, 2017, www.economist.com/asia/2017/08/19/the-philippine- www.economist.com/asia/2017/11/25/the-philippines-has-the- presidents-zany-ideas-have-not-hurt-the- most-persistent-poverty-in-south-east-asia. economy?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227. 14 Ibid.

7 Current Crisis: Duterte Administration DartMUN XIV economy with low debt, so for now this increased spending is welcomed instead of scorned. The economy’s late blooming has looked good for the President, as it has been rapidly growing since he took office. This has had little to do with his economic policies, which have not had time to play out, but instead more with the large and young Filipino workers abroad and at home, sending back money and completing outsourced work from American and

European firms. Call centers (a larger industry in the Philippines than India) are a If the economy is to maintain its major employer-- an American firm, growth rate, certain things must happen. Convergys, employs 63,000 workers alone First the Philippines must show it is safe to (Economist Aug 2017).16 YouTube and do business, both physically and legally. Facebook use workers there to flag Corruption and bloated bureaucracy inappropriate behavior and sort content. This previously marred and sapped foreign whole industry of outsourcing is almost a investment. Eliminating as much of this as tenth of the economy (up from practically 0 possible, as well as providing a strong legal in the early 2000s) and remittances account system should encourage foreign business to for another 10% of GDP.

16 Ibid.

8 Current Crisis: Duterte Administration DartMUN XIV continue and grow their investment plans. However, the Philippines must be careful of Terrorism what form this funding comes in -- countries Terrorism is alive and well in the in Africa and Asia are just now becoming Philippines. The groups that carry out wise to predatory loans and the true cost of terrorist attacks are based both within the doing business with China. The Filipino country and abroad. Abu Sayyaf, The Government must also be cautious not to Communist Party of the Philippines (a.k.a cede too much of their industry and New People’s Army), ISIS, and Jemaah commodities to foreign ownership, Islamiyah all continue to carry out attacks especially land, or it will face significant across the country, each inspired by opposition from its large rural population in different causes (CIA World Factbook).17 the future. Prudent fiscal stimulus will also Whether it be a push towards communism or help with growth, but the government the establishment of a new caliphate, the should not make a habit of it, or else it will outcome of every attack similarly dampens soon find itself with large debts which will tourism and heightens insecurity amongst make it tougher for them to secure loans, natives. The most recent attacks include especially from organizations like the World bombings in July of 2018, April of 2017, Bank and the IMF. Again, the Philippines and May of 2017. The threat of terrorist has the option of securing funding from the uprisings has always plagued the Filipino Asian Monetary Fund, but this would come government and should be kept in mind at the cost of its financial independence regarding the work of this committee. from other Asian giants. Finally, the Philippines must improve its international Key Players/Characters image if it hopes to continue to draw in 1. Benjamin Erestain Diokno — business. This means both eradicating all Secretary of Budget and Management terrorist activity, something it struggled to Benjamin Diokno, the Secretary of do as recent as 2015, as well as ceasing its Budget and Management, has held vigilante killings-- if morality cannot this position under both President persuade Mr. Duterte, perhaps money can. Duterte and his predecessor Joseph

17 “The World Factbook: Philippines.” Central Intelligence www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/rp.html. Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018,

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Estrada. Before taking his post, he been working to increase rates of helped design the 1986 Philippine compliance with environmental tax program. As secretary, he has legislation and reduce carbon and instituted several reforms that have pollutant emissions. made the government of the 4. Roy Agullana Cimatu — Secretary of Philippines more transparent. Diokno Environment and Natural Resources is currently responsible for the Secretary Cimatu is a retired General efficient allocation of government who was appointed to this cabinet resources for development and sets position in 2017. He’s looking to developmental and economic goals. balance environmental care and 2. Leonor Magtolis-Briones — Secretary mining responsibilities and of Education reviewing mine closures that took Leonor Briones is the current place under his predecessor. He has secretary of the Department of no real history dealing with Education. For the past three years, environmental issues, but still holds she has addressed many systemic clout and connections in the military. problems within the bureaucracy of 5. Carlos Garcia Dominguez III — the department to increase its Secretary of Finance efficiency. As secretary, Briones has Secretary Dominguez is a the responsibility of ensuring equal businessman and politician who is access to basic education and currently serving as Secretary of maintaining quality of the material Finance. He had previously held the learned. position of Secretary of Agriculture 3. Alfonso Gaba Cusi — Secretary of and Minister of Natural Resources Energy under the Corazon Aquino Alfonso Cusi is a businessman and presidential administration. He has politician. Cusi is one of the richest significant autonomy over the members of the Duterte cabinet, so Philippines’ finances. he has significant capital resources at 6. Teodoro Lopez Locsin Jr — Secretary his disposal. Cusi is passionate about of Foreign Affairs protecting the environment. He’s

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Secretary Locsin is a politician, 8. Eduardo Manahan Ano — Secretary diplomat, lawyer, and former of the Interior and Local Government journalist. He served as the United Secretary Ano is a military man Nations ambassador for a year before turned politician. He is a devout being appointed as Secretary of Catholic, who has earned a Foreign Affairs. He aims to improve reputation of virtue, professionalism, the Philippines’ image abroad and integrity, and discipline. He is maintain its diplomatic ties. He has a passionate about counter-terrorism, strong social media following, where but his ethics keep him from he voices his views such as his brutality. He is working to maintain opposition to the usage of indigenous order and keep local governments in Filipino languages in debates and his line. support for the death penalty. 9. Menardo Ilasco Guevarra — 7. Francisco Tiongson Duque III — Secretary of Justice Secretary of Health Secretary Guevarra understands the Secretary Duque is a physician power of the law in bringing about turned politician. He was educated in order. The law is a strong political the United States, and as Secretary, tool, and one Secretary Guevarra he’s worked to increase investments means to use to keep this in health. He is not truly political and administration in power. Secretary is a man of science. He does not Guevarra has strong connections to approve of corruption or bribery and other judges in the Philippines and to is a very serious man. He is genuine the police force. in his wish to improve public health 10. Delfin Negrillo Lorenzana — in the Philippines. For these reasons, Secretary of National Defense he’s very popular among the public Secretary Lorenzana has had a long and in the medical community. He career in the military, which has many connections in the Western culminated in his being named world because of his time as a Secretary of National Defense. He is student in America. passionate about helping veterans, but his years of service have made

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him wary of war generally. He has Philippine business community and become an unlikely pacifist and will very little sympathy for the favor diplomatic solutions before Philippine workers. One of his top military ones. priorities is increasing foreign direct 11. Silvestre Hernando Bello III — investment. Secretary of Labor and Employment 14. Saidamen Balt Pangarungan — Secretary Bello was a former Justice Chairperson of the National Secretary, Solicitor General, lawyer, Commission on Muslim Filipinos and businessman. He is a human (NCMF) rights advocate and has a close As Chairperson of the National relationship with the workers. He is Commission on Muslim Filipinos, more sympathetic than the rest of the Pangarungan is committed to peace cabinet to the Philippines’ minorities in the Philippines. His top priority is and low-income groups. an end to the violence, at any cost. 12. Fortunato Tanseco de la Peña — He has great legitimacy among Secretary of Science and Technology Muslims and non-Muslims in the Secretary de la Peña is a former Philippines because of his strong engineer, committed to advancing ancestry. the Philippines technologically. He is 15. Catalino Salandanan Cuy — not deeply political and is passionate Chairperson of the Dangerous Drugs about working for the betterment of Board the Philippines. He hopes to develop Cuy is a retired police director who the Philippines’ economy and is now committed to eradicating combat climate change. drugs. He has seen the devastating 13. Ramón Mangahas López — Secretary effects of drugs firsthand as he of Trade and Industry watched his drug-addict father kill Secretary Lopez is a businessman, his mother when he was young. He who believes the key to stability and supports Duterte’s policies on drug growth in the Philippines is strong eradication, which have been businesses. He has strong deemed harsh by others. He has connections to the leaders of the

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strong connections in the police force from his time as an officer. military politics and policy. He holds 16. Lt. Gen. Macairog S. Alberto — connections in the other branches of Commanding General of the the armed forces and advocates a Philippine Army (AFP) more cautious military approach. He Lieutenant General Alberto was the is also a devout Catholic and wary of chief of the military's intelligence using brutality. unit, until his appointment as the 18. Lieutenant General Carlito Galvez Jr. leader of the Philippine army. He — Chief of Staff for the Philippine still has intelligence operations Navy (PN) active and has extensive surveillance Lieutenant General Galvez is a wise capabilities. He wants a stronger military leader, who has spent his presence for the military in the whole life at sea. He feels strongly Philippine government and supports that the Philippines must assert a military action. strong claim to the South China Sea 17. Lieutenant General Galileo Gerard R and is in charge of the current Kintanar Jr — Commanding General patrols. If it came down to it, he of the Philippine Air Force (PAF) would advocate going to war over Lieutenant General Kintanar has had the territory, without hesitation. a long career in the Air Force. However, he is very educated in

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