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Rollback Orogeny Model for the Evolution of the Swiss Alps
Research Collection Journal Article Rollback Orogeny Model for the Evolution of the Swiss Alps Author(s): Kissling, Edi; Schlunegger, Fritz Publication Date: 2018-04 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000268411 Originally published in: Tectonics 37(4), http://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004762 Rights / License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Tectonics RESEARCH ARTICLE Rollback Orogeny Model for the Evolution 10.1002/2017TC004762 of the Swiss Alps Key Points: Edi Kissling1 and Fritz Schlunegger2 • Central Alpine orogeny driven by mantle llithosphere rollback 1Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 2Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, subduction • No hard collision between two Switzerland continents required to build up the Alps • Deep crustal root compensating loads Abstract The construction of the European Alps and the Himalayas has been related to the convergence of relatively low topography and and subsequent collision of two continental plates. Nearly all models of orogeny build on this concept, and all mantle slab of them relate the stacking of nappes and the buildup of topography to compressional forces at work in response to the collision between two continental plates. For the central European Alps, however, these models fail to explain the first-order observations of a mountain belt, which particularly includes the striking Correspondence to: isostatic imbalance between the low surface topography and the thick crust beneath the Alps. Here we E. Kissling, review and synthesize data on the geologic architecture of the central Alps, the chronology and pattern of [email protected] crustal deformation, and information about the deep crustal structure derived from seismic tomography. -
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. UNDER THE HIGH PATRONAGE OF SOUS LE HAUT PATRONAGE DU Swiss F ederal C ouncil Conseil F édéral de la C onfédération Suisse Cantonal G overnment of Z ur ich C onseil d ’Etat du Canton de Z ur ich Cantonal G overnment of Va ud Conseil d ’Etat du Canton de Va ud T own Council of Z ur ich C onseil M unicipa l de la Vil l e de Z ur ich T own Council of L ausanne C onseil M unicipa l de la Vil l e de L ausanne Board of t he Swiss F ederal Institute of T echnology Conseil de l’E cole polytechnique fédérale GUESTS OF HONOUR Dr. P h . Etter President of the Swiss Confederation Dr. P. M eierhans Councillor to the Cantonal Government of Zurich P. O guey Councillor to the Cantonal Government of Vaud J. Baumann Municipal Councillor of Zurich J. P eit r equin Municipal Councillor of Lausanne Prof. Dr. H. Pallmann President of the Board of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich Prof. Dr. h. c. A. R ohn Formerly President of the Board of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich Prof. -
Stream Visual Assessment Manual
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Stream Visual Assessment Manual Cane River, credit USFWS/Gary Peeples U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Conasauga River, credit USFWS Table of Contents Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 What is a Stream? .............................................................................................................1 What Makes a Stream “Healthy”? .................................................................................1 Pollution Types and How Pollutants are Harmful ........................................................1 What is a “Reach”? ...........................................................................................................1 Using This Protocol..................................................................................................................2 Reach Identification ..........................................................................................................2 Context for Use of this Guide .................................................................................................2 Assessment ........................................................................................................................3 Scoring Details ..................................................................................................................4 Channel Conditions ...........................................................................................................4 -
2.1 Regional Setting the Upper Schoharie Creek Watershed Is
2.1 Regional Setting The Upper Schoharie Creek watershed is located in the southeastern region of NY State (Fig 2.1.1). Approximately 80% of the 93 mi2 main stem watershed lies within the towns of Hunter, Jewett, Lexington, and Prattsville. The remainder of the watershed lies within Gilboa and Roxbury, with small pieces in Ashland and Conesville. The entire watershed basin is 316 mi2 and receives waters from other creeks such as the Batavia Kill, West Kill and East Kill. The entire watershed basin also includes Windham and small parts of Jefferson, Stamford, and Halcot (Fig 2.1.2). Approximately 75% of the Schoharie Creek watershed is located within the Catskill Park. Figure 2.1.1 Schoharie Creek watershed counties In 1885, the Catskill and Adirondack Forest Preserves were established by the NY State Assembly. An 1894 amendment to the New York State Constitution (now Article 14) directs “the lands of the State now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed” (NYS DEC, 2006). In 1904, the Catskill Park was designated, establishing a boundary or ‘blue line’ around the Forest Preserve and private land as well. Over the years the Catskill Park grew, and now comprises roughly 700,000 acres, about half of which is public Forest Preserve. The Catskill and Adirondack Parks are nationally unique because they are a checkerboard of public and private land; a grand experiment in how nature and human society can State Land historical marker Schoharie Creek Management Plan 2.1.1 coexist in a landscape (Catskill Center1, 2006). -
Vocabulaires Et Toponymie Des Pays De Montagne
VOCABULAIRES et TOPONYMIE des pays de MONTAGNE Robert LUFT Club Alpin Français de Nice – Mercantour 2 Vocabulaires et toponymie des pays de montagne Avant-Propos Tels qu'ils se présentent à nos yeux, les paysages sont le résultat de l'action millénaire des forces de la nature sur le socle des terres émergées, conjuguée avec celle des interventions humaines. Les plaines et leurs abords collinaires sont caractérisés aujourd'hui par une agriculture mécanisée, par l'importance des réseaux de voies de communication, ainsi que par une urbanisation envahissante. Au cours de la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle, les paysages agricoles ouverts, traditionnellement formés de champs et de bocages microparcellaires, ont cédé la place à de vastes étendues dénudées, indispensables à la pratique des nouveaux modes de culture. Par ailleurs, beaucoup de villages et de bourgs dépérissent ou se transforment en cités-dortoirs de grandes agglomérations de plus en plus envahissantes. Pour décrire son paysage de plaine le citadin, désormais majoritaire, n'a plus recours aux termes nuancés de quelqu'un qui tire son existence des produits de la terre ; son mode d'expression est plus technique, mais aussi plus pauvre que celui du cultivateur d'antan. Dans les zones de la montagne, au contraire, l'aspect du paysage a peu évolué, malgré l'apparition de nouvelles techniques agricoles. Les formes variées du terrain imposent leur marque aux paysages dont les structures naturelles sont celles d'espaces clos, limités par des barrières rocheuses et des cours d'eau, infranchissables par endroits. Ces milieux âpres dont, il y a peu encore, il était difficile de s'échapper sans d'importants efforts physiques, limitent les échanges. -
Monitoring Wilderness Stream Ecosystems
United States Department of Monitoring Agriculture Forest Service Wilderness Stream Rocky Mountain Ecosystems Research Station General Technical Jeffrey C. Davis Report RMRS-GTR-70 G. Wayne Minshall Christopher T. Robinson January 2001 Peter Landres Abstract Davis, Jeffrey C.; Minshall, G. Wayne; Robinson, Christopher T.; Landres, Peter. 2001. Monitoring wilderness stream ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-70. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 137 p. A protocol and methods for monitoring the major physical, chemical, and biological components of stream ecosystems are presented. The monitor- ing protocol is organized into four stages. At stage 1 information is obtained on a basic set of parameters that describe stream ecosystems. Each following stage builds upon stage 1 by increasing the number of parameters and the detail and frequency of the measurements. Stage 4 supplements analyses of stream biotic structure with measurements of stream function: carbon and nutrient processes. Standard methods are presented that were selected or modified through extensive field applica- tion for use in remote settings. Keywords: bioassessment, methods, sampling, macroinvertebrates, production The Authors emphasize aquatic benthic inverte- brates, community dynamics, and Jeffrey C. Davis is an aquatic ecolo- stream ecosystem structure and func- gist currently working in Coastal Man- tion. For the past 19 years he has agement for the State of Alaska. He been conducting research on the received his B.S. from the University long-term effects of wildfires on of Alaska, Anchorage, and his M.S. stream ecosystems. He has authored from Idaho State University. His re- over 100 peer-reviewed journal ar- search has focused on nutrient dy- ticles and 85 technical reports. -
Connecting Quartz Fluid Inclusion, Fissure Monazite Age, and Fissure
Gnos et al. Swiss J Geosci (2021) 114:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-021-00391-9 Swiss Journal of Geosciences ORIGINAL PAPER Open Access Episodes of fssure formation in the Alps: connecting quartz fuid inclusion, fssure monazite age, and fssure orientation data Edwin Gnos1* , Josef Mullis2, Emmanuelle Ricchi3, Christian A. Bergemann4, Emilie Janots5 and Alfons Berger6 Abstract Fluid assisted Alpine fssure-vein and cleft formation starts at prograde, peak or retrograde metamorphic conditions of 450–550 °C and 0.3–0.6 GPa and below, commonly at conditions of ductile to brittle rock deformation. Early-formed fssures become overprinted by subsequent deformation, locally leading to a reorientation. Deformation that follows fssure formation initiates a cycle of dissolution, dissolution/reprecipitation or new growth of fssure minerals enclos- ing fuid inclusions. Although fssures in upper greenschist and amphibolite facies rocks predominantly form under retrograde metamorphic conditions, this work confrms that the carbon dioxide fuid zone correlates with regions of highest grade Alpine metamorphism, suggesting carbon dioxide production by prograde devolatilization reac- tions and rock-bufering of the fssure-flling fuid. For this reason, fuid composition zones systematically change in metamorphosed and exhumed nappe stacks from diagenetic to amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks from saline fuids dominated by higher hydrocarbons, methane, water and carbon dioxide. Open fssures are in most cases oriented roughly perpendicular to the foliation and lineation of the host rock. The type of fuid constrains the habit of the very frequently crystallizing quartz crystals. Open fssures also form in association with more localized strike-slip faults and are oriented perpendicular to the faults. -
Structure, Geometry and Kinematics of the Northern Adula Nappe (Central Alps)
Swiss J Geosci (2014) 107:135–156 DOI 10.1007/s00015-014-0175-7 Structure, geometry and kinematics of the northern Adula nappe (Central Alps) Mattia Cavargna-Sani • Jean-Luc Epard • Albrecht Steck Received: 13 May 2013 / Accepted: 28 October 2014 / Published online: 21 November 2014 Ó Swiss Geological Society 2014 Abstract The eclogitic Adula nappe of the Central Alps zone involving the entire nappe and responsible for the (cantons Graubu¨nden and Ticino, Switzerland) displays an emplacement of the Lower Penninic sediments and the exceptionally complex internal structure with the particu- Middle Penninic nappes in the eastern part of the Lepontine larity of enclosing numerous slices of Mesozoic cover Dome. rocks (Internal Mesozoic) within the Palaeozoic gneiss basement. This study is principally based on detailed lith- Keywords Alpine orogeny Á Fold structures Á ological and structural mapping of selected areas of the Nappe emplacement Á High-pressure metamorphism Á northern Adula nappe. Specific focus was placed on the Switzerland Á Pennine zone Mesozoic slivers embedded in pre-Mesozoic basement (Internal Mesozoic). The most pervasive structures are related to the Zapport deformation phase that is responsible 1 Introduction for the development of a fold-nappe and ubiquitous north- directed shear. Locally, the structures in the upper and Eclogitic rocks in mountain belts are commonly associated frontal part of the nappe can be assigned to the older with a suture zone tracing old subduction zones (Ernst ductile Ursprung phase. These earlier structures are only 1971; Dal Piaz et al. 1972; Ernst 1973). Nappes containing compatible with top-to-S shear movement. -
Basement Lithostratigraphy of the Adula Nappe: Implications for Palaeozoic Evolution and Alpine Kinematics
Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2014) 103:61–82 DOI 10.1007/s00531-013-0941-1 ORIGINAL PAPER Basement lithostratigraphy of the Adula nappe: implications for Palaeozoic evolution and Alpine kinematics Mattia Cavargna-Sani • Jean-Luc Epard • Franc¸ois Bussy • Alex Ulianov Received: 6 March 2013 / Accepted: 8 July 2013 / Published online: 20 August 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract The Adula nappe belongs to the Lower Penni- are pre-Alpine in age. Consequently, me´lange models for nic domain of the Central Swiss Alps. It consists mostly of the Tertiary emplacement of the Adula nappe are not pre-Triassic basement lithologies occurring as strongly consistent and must be rejected. The present-day structural folded and sheared gneisses of various types with mafic complexity of the Adula nappe is the result of the intense boudins. We propose a new lithostratigraphy for the Alpine ductile deformation of a pre-structured entity. northern Adula nappe basement that is supported by detailed field investigations, U–Pb zircon geochronology, Keywords Adula nappe Á Central Alps Á Palaeozoic and whole-rock geochemistry. The following units have basement Á U–Pb dating Á Zircon been identified: Cambrian clastic metasediments with abundant carbonate lenses and minor bimodal magmatism (Salahorn Formation); Ordovician metapelites associated Introduction with amphibolite boudins with abundant eclogite relicts representing oceanic metabasalts (Trescolmen Formation); Palaeozoic basement rocks in the Alpine realm experienced Ordovician peraluminous -
Guidelines for Mountain Stream Relocations in North Carolina
GUIDELINES FOR MOUNTAIN STREAM RELOCATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA By P. J. Wingate, W. R. Bonner, R. J. Brown, B. M. Buff, J. H. Davies, J. H. Mickey and H. M. Ratledge DIVISION OF INLAND FISHERIES NORTH CAROLINA WILDLIFE RESOURCES COMMISSION MARCH 1979 -1- INTRODUCTION Relocations of North Carolina's mountain trout streams traditionally have been a routine practice during road construction. This practice has been extremely destructive to the state's fishery, wildlife and recreational sources, because proper environmental consideration was not given to these values during project designs. These values, however, must be included in future stream location decisions. It is recognized that some stream relocation is unavoidable, but damage to the abeam and its associated riparian vegetation can be mitigated with careful planning. Studies have shown that fish and wildlife resources can be maintained and even enhanced over those existing in the original channel, If careful planning and certain design criteria are utilized in relocating stream section. The following criteria constitute the recommendations of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and are based on reviews of pertinent literature, field experience and consultation with representatives of appropriate stale and federal agencies. This report present standard guidelines for stream relocations which will facilitate road project reviews by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission and assist engineers in designing projects. These guidelines only cover normal relocation projects. Those projects which have unavoidable engineering problems, or involve highly productive or important trout waters will require special review and recommendations by trained fishery biologists. To identify the proper person for consultation, contact the Division of Inland Fisheries, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611, phone 919-733-3633. -
Shass Mountain Peat Landslide
SHASS MOUNTAIN PEAT LANDSLIDE Factual Report MGE0780RP0001 Shass Mountain Peat Landslide Factual Report F01 16th October 2020 rpsgroup.com FACTUAL REPORT Document status Version Purpose of document Authored by Reviewed by Approved by Review date Various F01 Factual Report WM GC 16/10/2020 (JOC and GMcE) Approval for issue Gareth McElhinney 16 October 2020 © Copyright RPS Group Limited. All rights reserved. The report has been prepared for the exclusive use of our client and unless otherwise agreed in writing by RPS Group Limited no other party may use, make use of or rely on the contents of this report. The report has been compiled using the resources agreed with the client and in accordance with the scope of work agreed with the client. No liability is accepted by RPS Group Limited for any use of this report, other than the purpose for which it was prepared. RPS Group Limited accepts no responsibility for any documents or information supplied to RPS Group Limited by others and no legal liability arising from the use by others of opinions or data contained in this report. It is expressly stated that no independent verification of any documents or information supplied by others has been made. RPS Group Limited has used reasonable skill, care and diligence in compiling this report and no warranty is provided as to the report’s accuracy. No part of this report may be copied or reproduced, by any means, without the written permission of RPS Group Limited. Prepared by: Prepared for: RPS Working Group under Ministers Supervision Lyrr 2, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, IDA Business & Technology Park, 23 Kildare Street, Dublin, D02 TD30 Mervue Galway, H91 H9CK MGE0780RP0001 | Shass Mountain Peat Landslide Factual Report | F01 | rpsgroup.com Page i FACTUAL REPORT Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... -
Zitierte Literatur Zu Ringler: Pfingsthochwasser 1999 in Südbayern
Zitierte Literatur zu Ringler: Pfingsthochwasser 1999 in Südbayern Literatur Assmann, O., Beck, J., Seifert, K. et al.(1998): Gesamtkonzept zur Regelung naturschutzfachlicher Einflüsse auf die Ammerschlucht.- Reg.v.Obb, unveröff. Auerswald, K. (1997): Schädigung von Oberflächengewässern durch laterale Stofflüsse in überlasteten Böden.- Tag.ber.Ing.ökol.Vereinigung IÖV 1993-1996 (Augsburg): 22-31 Auerswald, K., Durlesser, A., Haider, J., Kainz, M. (1997): Berechnung des Oberflächenabflusses kleiner Wassereinzugsgebiete mit dem SCS-Curve-Number- Verfahren.- Tag.ber. 1993-1996 Ing.ökol.Vereinigung IÖV (Augsburg): 94-103 Badri, A., Giudicelli, J., Prevot, G. (1987): Effects of flood on the benthic macroinvertebrate community.- Acta oecol./Oecologia generalis 8: 481-500 Bauer, F. (1968): Die Verlandung natürlicher Seen.- Festschr.Kongr.Wasser Berlin, 53-79 Bauer, F. & Burz, J. (1986): Der Einfluß der Feststofführung alpiner Gewässer auf die Stauraumverlandung und Flußbetteintiefung.- Die Wasserwirtschaft 58 (4): 114-121 Baumgärtel, R., Zehm, A.(1999): Zur Bedeutung von Fließgewässerdynamik für naturnahe Rheinufer.- N+L 74 (12):530-534 Bayley, P.B. (1995): Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems.- Bioscience 45(3): 153-158 Bazin, P., Gautier, E. (1996): Un espace de liberte’ pour la Loire et l’Allier.- RGL 71(4): 377- 386 Becht, M. (1986): Die Schwebstofführung der Gewässer im Lainbachtal bei Benediktbeuern.- Münch.Geogr.Abh., B 2, München Becht, M., Wetzel, K.F. (1989): Dynamik des Feststoffaustrages kleiner Wildbäche in den Bayerischen Kalkvoralpen.- Gött.Geogr.Abh. 86: 45-52 Becht, M. (1991): Massenumlagerungen auf Schutthalden in den nördl. Kalkvoralpen unter Starkregeneinfluß.- Nachr.Dt.Geol.Ges. 46: 11-12 Becker, M. (2000): Hochwasser in Bayern – Entstehung und Ablauf am Beispiel des Pfingsthochwassers 1999.- Seminarvortrag Veranst.progr.