Hpstr-h. (n.s.) 10 (1) (1998): 43-54

THE SITUATION OF THE LYNX (LYNX LYNX) IN

THOMASHUBER AND PETRA KACZENSKY

ABSTRACT - Nine wild lynx were translocated from the Carpathian Mountains to between 1977 and I979 in order to reintroduce this species into the Austrian . Field projects continued until 1982, when monitoring of the released animals ceased. After five years the lynx had spread as far as 120 km from the site of rc-introduction, but observations wwc few and scldom confirmed. On- ly in the of , where lynx activity was strongest, did the hunters’ association gathcr data by means of observation report forms. Lynx reports became scarce during the 1980s, and re-in- troduction seemed to have failed. when in 19x9 a series of sheep kills by lynx in Carinthia re-acti- vated the interest of the public in the lynx, and more observations were reported. The Carinthian Ilunters’ Association formed a lynx group to verify these reports. More intensive training of the men- bers of the group since 1992 has revealed that much of the information collected was not valid proof of lynx presence. There is no established lynx population in the Austrian Alps a1 present. The moat rcgiilar and reliable observations come from the original region of the releases and from wuthern Carinthia, whcrc lynx immigrating from Slovcnia may sustain the Austrian population.

Y /yna. reintroduction, status, distribution, depredation. Austria, Alps

INTRODUCTION the re-introduced lynx has tluctuated among both the public and the scientific commun- The lynx (Lynx ly~)was eradicated in the ty. Hunters and farmers opposed the re-in- eastern Alps during the second half of the troduction of the lynx, whereas the project 19th century. The last evidence of its pre- was received positively by the rest of the sence came from the Caravanche Alps, from people and the media (Anderluh 1982 1. the Carnic and the , and from The negative attitude towards the lynx the Central Alps of (Eiberle 1972, Po- among hunters reached a climax in lacsek 1978). In the western Alps, the de- 1979/80. when lynx moved into Carinthia, cline of wild ungulate populations forced where they killed large numbers of roe deer the predator to kill livestock. and this final- in small and locally owned hunting ly led to the extinction of the predator. The grounds. After all scientific activities ended situation was different in the eastern part of in 1982, the interest of the public in the the Austrian Alps. Here the great landlords lynx soon dwindled. There was no ongoing maintained wild ungulate populations in monitoring of the developiiient of the lynx high densities for hunting. The lynx was re- population with the exception of some ran- garded as a competitor and consequently ex- dom observations gathered by the hunters’ terminated. association. About 100 years after its disappearance the The re-introduced feline was no longer a lynx has returned to the Austrian Alps. Be- public theme during the 1980s. but it sud- tween I977 and 1979 a total of nine lynx denly attracted interest again when. in 1989, (six males, three females) were released in lynx were accused of having killed a coil- Turrach, district of Styria (Festetics 1980). siderable number of sheep (Table 1) in In the following years, interest in the fate of Carinthia. The Carinthian Hunters’ Associa- 44 T. Huber and P. Kaczcnsky

lion - aware that the status of the lynx was tion. The forms denoted the date, location not known - founded a ‘lynx group’ and (often not very precisely), and typc of ob- started to train collaborators to recognise servation (kills, lynx sightings, or tracks). lynx signs. In addition. public relations on No further details were recorded. and none lynx were improved. In this paper, we sum- of these observations were confirmed by marise experiences with this new monito- trained staff. Consequently, the reliability of ring system and review the present status of these records remains uncertain, and at best the lynx in Austria. they outline the tendency of lynx move- ments. Styria was the only other district be- side Carinthia, in which lynx observations DATA AVAILABLE AND METHODS APPLIED have been collected for at least scveral years Translocation and survey of the popula- after the re-introduction. They were com- tion. The re-introduction of the lynx to piled by hunters. but these sparse data do Austria took place in scveral steps (Feste- not allow a systematic analysis. New and tics et al. 1980). The lynx were wild-caught more detailed forms were established for rc- animals from the Slovakian Carpathian porting lynx occurrence in Carinthia in Mountains, which came to Styria via Ostra- 1990, and random verification of these ob- va Zoo. The first two lynx were released on servations was introduced. The aim was to 17.07.1977, after they had been kept in an enhance the quality of the data, and we can enclosure to enable them to adapt to the now present a more authentic picture of the new environment during seven months. A lynx distribution in Carinthia. second pair was set free on 24.09.1977, af- ter an acclimatisation period of four weeks. Legal situation and compensation of los- Another two inale lynx were released on ses to livestock. The lynx is included in 28.03.1978. Three more lynx were translo- Austrian hunting law. In hunting laws of the cated, but further information about them is districts (Bundesliinder), the lynx is listed as not available. After these releases, the pro- a species with a year-round closed season. ject team monitored the movements of the Hunting licences can be issued by district first two pairs of lynx by means of radio- authorities, but have so far never been re- telemetry during several months (Von Berg quested. So far, one illegal shooting of a ct al. 1980). In the wintcrs of 1977-79, ad- lynx is known to have occurred in Carinthia ditional information was obtained by snow- in 1980. There is no evidence of further il- tracking (Sommerlatte et al. 1980, Festetics legal killings although some are probable. 1981). In an adjacent hunting ground in Compensation for livestock killed by lynx is Carinthia. a field project investigating the regulated separatcly in each district. In activity and predation of lynx in winter Carinthia and Styria, depredation by lynx continued until 1982 (Honsig-Erlenburg (as well as by brown bear) is indemnified 19x4, Gossow and Honsig-Erlenburg through an insurance sponsored by the 1985). hunters’ associations. To verify cases of In subsequent ycars, the only data gathered depredation in Carinthia, members of the were Observations by hunters. Thc Carinth- hunters’ lynx group have been instructed in an Hunters’ Association handed out lynx ob- special courses organised by the hunters’ as- servation forms, in order to gain some sociation. In Styria, a similar group is cur- information on the presence of lynx, at least rently being formed; in other districts there for this district. The forms were generally have been no C~SCSof depredation by lynx completed by hunters and collected at the so far. If they occur, compensation will be office of the Carinthian Hunters? Associa- provided from a variety of special funds. EVOLUTION AND PKbSbN'I' STATUS OF THE Distribution of lynx observations in LYNX POPI!LATION Carinthia 1983-89. After 1983, lynx records were only systematically collected Distribution of lynx records in Austria up in Carinthia (the few records from other dis- to 1982. Initially, all lynx remained close to tricts will be dealt with later). From 1983- the release site. In the second year of the re- 85 (Fig. 2a) clusters of observations oc- introduction, they covered an area of some curred in the Gurktaler Alpen. Most records 580 km2, and the number of observations in originated from central and upper Carinthia, the central area decreased. In the fourth mainly the northern Gailtaler Alpen. In year, the area had expanded to 1000 km', 1986-88 (Fig. 2b) most observations were and in the sixth year to at least SO00 km' concentrated in central and south-western (Festetics 198 1). The animals had dispersed Carinthia. Clusters were apparent in the into different directions. up to 120 km from south-western Nockgebiet (including the the release site (Fig. 1). However, observa- north- to south-eastern part of the Gailtalcr tions ceased again in the distant areas ncw- Alpen), the Karnische Alpen and the south- ly occupied, with the exception of Carinthia ern part of the (where a series of 28 where lynx Observations continued. Never- sheep were killed in 19x7; Table 1, Fig. 2b). thclcss, the general pattern of lynx distribu- Additional but isolated observations were tion in the eastern Alps in the early 1980s made in the Hohe Tauern, the Gurktaler was that of a scattered individuals rather Alpen and the Karawanken (Fig. 2b). In than an established population (Gosso~and 1989, suddenly a large number of sheep Honsig-Erlenburg 1986). were reported to be killed by lynx (Table l),

D

Figure 1. Distribution of lynx observations (dots) in Austria until 19x2 after the reintroduction of 1977-79 in Styria (star: after Honsip-Erlenburg 19x4). Lynx were spreatling concentrically from Ihe release site LIPto a distance of 120 km (lines). Broken lines represent district boundaries (see Fig. 4 for district names). open squares are district capitals. 46 T. Huber and P. Kaczensky

c: 1989

Figure 2. Distribution of lynx obscrvations in Carinthia (Austria). (a) 1983-85, (b) 1986-88. and (c) in IY89. In (a) and (b), dots mark all types of observations. For (c). dots represent kills of wildlife, trian- gles sheep killed (small triangles: 1-2, medium triangles 3-3, large triangles >S kills), diamonds lynx tracks found, and squares sightings of lynx. Rivers are shown ai thin lines, lakes as grey polygons. mainly in the Nockgebiet and in the north- observations were again reported from the ern part of the Koralpe (Fig. 2c). Further Karnische Alpen and the Gailtaler Alpcn, as Table I. Reports of livestock killed by lynx and compensation paid in Carinthia (Austria) during 1983-95.

Year Number of Compensation Remarks events kills (OS)

1083 4 7 - 7 sheep 1987 7 28 - 28 sheep 1988 2 5 - 5 sheep 1089 25 60 128‘155 48 sheep. 10 lambs, 1 calf. 1 goat 1990 8 20 41‘700 I5 shccp. 3 lambs. I calf 1991 6 9 27’300 I fheep, 6 lambs, I cattleh, 1 calt 1992 4 4 10’500 3 sheep, 1 calf 1YY.7 1 1 2’500 1 sheep 1994 2 2 4‘000 1 sheep, I lamb 1995 4 4 7’500 3 fheep, I lamb

Total 50 96 22 I ’655

datd from January-September only not contirmcd as a lynx kill well as from the Karawanken (Fig. 2c). in (Table 2, Fig. 3a). After a critical review In conclusion, it is difficult to verify the of the material and the elimination of clear- records from 1983-89. and they can at best ly mistaken reports, I38 remained plaufible. give a general outline of lynx distribution. From the distribution of these data, we can Only the south-western part of Carinthia conclude that lynx were present in most (Karnische Alpen. Gailtaler Alpen. and - mountain chains of Carinthia (Fig. 3a). In less evident - the Nockgebiet) was constant- search of sites to capture lynx for a teleme- ly occupied. In other regions, observations try study,, we began to check lynx observa- were reported during one or two years but tions from the public. We investigated three not thereafter. Moreover, the concentration tracks, six wildlife kills in the field, and 14 of livestock depredation in only two small sheep and wildlife kills reported without [in- areas is remarkable, and these basically took ding one reliable proof of lynx action. We place within three years (Table I). tried to confirm lynx presence by snow- tracking in winter 1992/93 in the region of Distribution of lynx observations in the Gailtaler Alpen; where lynx movements Carinthia 1990-95. The sheep kills report- had been reported (Fig. 3a). A total of some ed in 1989 initiated new activities. The 500 km of snow-tracking did not produce Carinthian Hunters’ Association founded a any positive lynx confirmation. All attempts lynx group, distributed new lynx obscrva- to capture lynx in large cage-traps (with a tion forms, and urged hunters to report lynx total of 361 trapping nights) remained un- observations to mcmbcrr of the group. Arti- SLlcccsSrul. cles in newspapers generally renewed pub- This disillusioning experience forced us to lic interest. As a consequence. more lynx re-assess the wide-spread assumption of observations were reported. From 1990-92, lynx presence. The conclusion that lynx re- a total of 180 observation forms were turned ports had to be verified carefully also altered 48 T. Huher and f! Kaczensky

Figure 3. Distribution of lynx observations in Carinthia (Austria) (a) 1990-92 and (b) 1993-95 (Sep- tember). Triangles stand for lynx sightings. squares for tracks, and dots for kills. th attitude of the members of the hunters' for the whole of Austria. In the first year af- lynx group. From I993 to September 1995. ter the rc-introduction. observations of only 61 records were reported, of which 45 young lynx were noted and confirmed (A. were considered plausible (Table 2, Fig. 3b). Festetics, pers. comm.). but further details, We conclude from these observations that such as date. site. or number of kittens are the lynx is constantly present only in the not known. In an adjacent part of the Gurk- Karnische Alpen. the southern Gailtaler taler Alpen the prescnce of young lynx was Alpen, and south of the original place of the confirmed by direct observations and tracks releases (Gurktaler Alpcn; Fig. 4). All other up to the early 19XOs (P. Honsig-Erlenburg, records were either transient and isolated pers. comm.). Only two more observations occuiTences or unsubstantiated reports. substantiate reproduction: (1) in July 1983. a one-year-old lynx was found dead in the Reproduction and mortalities. Data on re- Gurktalcr Alpen (Metnitztal; individual no. cruitment and mortality are necessary to as- 3 in Table 3 and Fig. 4): (2) in summer sess the dynamics of a population. Observa- 1993, a female lynx with kittens was re- tions of reproduction are. however, scarce peatedly observed in the region of Turrach Table 2. Lynx observations (sightings, kills, and servations reported. During the last three tracks) collected in Carinthia (Austria) 1983-95 months of 1993 alone 10 observations accu- by mcans of questionnaires distributcd by the mulated. In 1994 there was a total of 52. and huntcrs' association. from January to August 1995 another 13 un- confirmed observations were registered. Year Lynx observations reported Lynx presence had always been confirmed for the region of its re-introduction in the 1983 35 Gurktaler Alpen. Another constantly occu- 1984 II pied region is the southern part of the Ko- 1985 17 ralpe closc to the Slovenian border (Fig. 4). 1986 24 Reliable observations were also reported 1987 26 from other parts of the district but they all 1988 19 1989 50 remained isolated and need further evalua- I990 5 0 tion to allow a more conclusive assessment IYYI 78 on the situation of the lynx in Styria. A the- 1992 52 sis is now being written on this topic (G. I993 24 Majcen, pers. comm.). 1904 20 : Valid observations wcre reported 19456 17 from the south-eastern district of Salzburg, adjacent to the lynx area in the Gurktaler "data from January - September Alpen (Styria). In February 1995, a male lynx was killed on the highway near (Gurktaler Alpen: P. Lieck, pers. comm.). Flachau (no. 7 in Table 3 and Fig. 4). Ob- Only four lynx casualties are known from servations made in the area bordering Austria. Three out of the seven animals Bavaria (Germany) and in the Pinzgau have not been confirmed. However, a credible shown in Table 3 and in Fig. 4 were shot sighting of a lynx made in August 1995 near legally in close to the Austrian bor- the Hochkonig (20 km south of the border der. The lynx shot in Prevalje (Slovenia, no. to Germany) suggests lynx presence in the 1 in Table 3 and Fig. 4) was identified as northern Salzburg district. one of those released in Austria (J. Cop, Eastern Tyrol: None of the 'few reports have pers. comm.: A. Festetics, pers. comm.). For been confiimed so far. although immigration the two lynx hunted in the Karawanken in through the Karnische Alpen or the Hohe the years 1989 and 1990 (no. 5 and 6), it is Tauern (Fig. 4) is possible. not certain whether they came from Austria Two regions 01 lynx presence exist in Aus- or from the expanding Slovenian popula- tria outside the Alps. One is in Upper Aus- tion. The male killed in a traffic accident in tria, the second in (Fig. 4; Flachau in 1995 (no. 7) was the only known Huber 1995a). Both populations originated lynx casualty in Austria during the last 12 from the Sumava National Park in the Bo- years to prcsent (Huber 1995b). hemian Forest (Czech Republic) where a to- tal of 18 lynx were released during 1982-89. Lynx occurrence in other Austrian dis- This re-introduced population is known to tricts. Styria: After the re-introductions in have expanded at least to the border with the district of Styria lynx observations were Austria (Andera and Cerveny 1994; L. Buf- not recordcd sy\teniatically. Since October ka, pcrs. comm.). Since 198X infrequent 1993 the Styrian Hunters' Association has sightings, tracks, arid kills have also con- distributed observation forms, and a lynx firmed lynx presence in the Austrian Miih- and bear group is being formed to verify ob- lviertel (Traunmuller. pcrs. comm.). In the 50 T. Huber and P. Kaczensky

Figure 4. The situation of the lynx in Austria and in bordering areas, Dark grey zones represent areas of regular, light grey zones 01 inlrequent lynx observations. Stars indicate reported cases of lynx mor- tality (individual no. ab in Table 3). question marks are unconfirmed observations. Open squares mark district capitals, broken lines district borders, solid lines international boundaries. nearby Waldviertel (district of Niedertjster- DISCUSSION reich3 Fig. 4). lynx have been reported Reliability of lynx reports. Data collected throughout the last decades. Tn 1987 and &out Lhc lynx in Austria after its re-intro- 1988. several IY~~Xkills were found duction were very lieterogeneous and con- (Forstner 1988). Lynx are still present in the tinuous records only exist for Carinthia. Waldviertel today (M. Forstner, pers. During a first period of intensive field stu- comm.), intruding from the expanding pop- dies, the situation of the lynx was well do- ulation in the Czcch Republic. cumented until the early 1980's. In subse-

Tdbk 3. Lynx inortalities in Austria and in bordering area\, from the first re-introductions in 1977 to prcscnt. M = male, F = female. For map locations of all individuals sec Fig. 4.

Individual Year Sex and age Cause of death Location

1 1979 M adult hunting Prevalje (SLO) 2 1980 F adult illegal hunting Metnitz. Gurktaler Alpen (A) 3 1983 subadult found dead Friesich (A) 4 1983 F adult found dead Spittal a. d. Drau (A) 5 I989 M adult hunting Karawankcn (SLO) 6 I990 M adult hunting Karawankcn, Koschuta (SLO) 7 1995 M adult traffic accident Flachau. Radstiidter Tauern (A) quent years. however, the widely dispersed These experiences show that intensified lynx observations (Fig. 1) and the irregular publicity can immediately produce more reports form various regions made it impos- records but that verification of these obser- sible to present a realistic distribution of the vations is often impos5ible and that incrca- lynx in Austria. This is especially true for sing the quality of the data is difficult the years 1983-89. One phenomenon was a (Kaczensky and Huber 1993). sudden increase in reported predation during 1987, 1989, and 1990. Sheep were killed in Status of the lynx in Austria. There has a few places (Nockgebiet. Koralpe; Huber been a surprisingly small number of repor- 199 I)but only for a short period. Reports of ted mortalities compared to the re-intro- predation decreased again after 1990 (Table duced populations in Switzerland and 1). We cannot judge whether all sheep were Slovenia. Three lynx casualties were recor- actually killed by lynx, but nevertheless, a ded in Austria in the years after the re-in- temporary peak of livestock depredation and troduction; the next dead lynx was reported a decline to moderate levels had also been only 12 years later. In Switzerland, a total observed in other re-introduced populations mortality of 103 lynx (57 from the Alps) has (Haller and Breitenrnoser 1986). been reported since the first re-introduction The fluctuations in the number of observa- in 1971 (Breitenmoser et al. 1997). In tions may also reflect changes in public Slovenia, lynx were re-introduced in 1973 awarcncss. The number or records consider- and have been legally hunted since I 978; up ably increased from 1990-92. after the to present, a total of 124 individuals were Carinthian Hunters’ Association had found- either shot or found dead in Slovenia, and ed a lynx group and encouraged members to another IS3 in Croatia (Cop 1995). Despite report lynx observations. With printed ma- these high los-ses, both countries still have terials, conferences. and pictures. their abi- lynx populations. Every established lynx lity to recognise lynx signs was improved. population - especially one existing in a cul- Nevertheless, they lacked practical experi- tivatcd landscape - will suffer losses. There- ence when they startcd to examine kills or fore. comparisons of these three countries tracks, which were increasingly reported by with re-introductions at about the same time people after 1990. This may have led to suggest that in Austria no established lynx many erroneous records, but it is impossible population exists at present. This verdict is to verify this today. The theoretical training supported by the fact that confirmed obser- of members of the lynx group had at least vations of lynx reproduction are missing al- the effect that they learned how to reproduce most entirely for Austria. an authentic lynx observation. When starting our field work in Carinthia in Conclusions. The current system of obtai- 1993, we produced a guide to identify and ning information on the status and distribu- discriminate predators’ kills (Kaczensky and tion of the lynx in Austria is inadequate. Huber 1994), and we examined possible First, monitoring of the species must be im- lynx kills together with members or the lynx proved. Such a programme should include: group. Discussions on site often disclosed - continued gathering of lynx observations that a first identification of the predator in- as at present; volved had been mistaken. Practical experi- - testing a sample of the reported obser- ence was very instructive. and as a result, vations; signs and kills were checked and reported - monitoring the status of lynx in each more carefully. The consequence was a re- wildlife management unit through annu- duction of records in 1993-95 (Table 3). al questionnaires; 52 T. Huber and P. Kaczcnsky

additional training for members of lynx indebted 10 Gerhard Anderluh. Dietrich Senitza groups: and Wultcr Kulterer. We acknowledge Prof. Hart- initiation of annual track counts along inut Gossow from the Institutc of Wildlife Bio- test transects to obtain an index of lynx logy and Game Managcment, Agricultural Uni- presence, for assessing population trends versity ol‘ for supervising the lynx pro- and be comparisons with other countries ject. For data collection we were supported by or regions; the Salzburg Hunters’ Association (Hcrman Kris- co-operation with lynx specialists from tan), the Styrian Hunters’Association (Karl Italy and Slovenia in order to establish a Sirowatka), the Austrian League for Protection of super-regional monitoring programme; Nature (Hannes Augustin). Christoph Aate, Bem- continuing public education to improve hard Gutleb, Peter Honsig-Erlenburg. Erwin acceptance of lynx by hunters and far- Lick, Gerald Majcen and Paolo Molinari. Last mers. hut not least, wc thank Urs Breitenmoser and Christine Brcitenmoser-Wursten l‘or their hclp in We conclude that lynx have not established producing this paper and Anja Jobin for assis- a viable population in Austria. To achieve tance with graphics. this goal, various strategies must be consi- dered, including the renewed release of ani- mals. For southern Austria, the immigration ZUSAMMbN FASS LING of Slovenian lynx is crucial and should be Dcr Luchs ist in den osterreichischen Alpen supported by all means. An important step in der zweiten Hiilfte des 19. Jahrunderts was to stop the shooting of dispersing lynx ausgerottet worden. Seine Riickkehr nach in northern Slovenia. Today, the species is 100 Jahren erfolgte durch ein Wiederein- only open for hunting in a central area in thc hurgerungprojekt im Gebict der Turrach in south of the country (Cop and Frkovic der Steierinark. In den Jahren 1977-79 wur- 1998). A monitoring system should now be den 9 Luchse freigelassen. Die ersten vier established for areas where hunting is pro- Tierc wurden kurze Zeit radiotclemetrisch hibited - including, for instance, track ubcrwacht, gezieltes Ausfiihrten im Aus- counts as proposed for Austria. The re-co- burgerungsgebiet (Turrach und Flattnitz) Ionization of the Austrian Alps through lynx dauerte bis 1982. Die Luchse wanderten in immigrating from Slovenia provides anoth- verschiedene Richtungeri ab (Abh. I ). er advantage: People tend to accept natural Beobachtungen kamen bis BUS I20 km Ent- intruders more easily than animals inten- fernung. Am konstantesten hielten sich die tionally released. And, as the return of large Nachweise in Kh-nten. Nur in diesem Bun- predators into a cultivated landscape is in- desland erfolgte die AufLeichnung von volved, people’s attitudes are crucial, as be- Luchshinweisen von Anrang an kontinuier- came evident again when the brown bear lich. (Ursits awtos) returned to the Austrian Alps Ab 1980 sammelte die Kiirntner Jiigcrschaft (Rauer 1995). Bcobachtungen mittels Meldckarten. Fur die Periode 1983-89 (Abb.2 a-c) zeigen diese Meldungen nur einen Trend fur die ACKNOWLEU(itMENTs. The lynx work has been fi- Luchsverbreitung in Kiirnten, da die nancially supported by the Carinthian Hunters’ Angaben z.T. sehr durftig und viele nicht Association, the Zentralstelle der osterreichis- mehr uberpriifbar sind. Auffiillig sind die chen Landesjagdverblndc and the Austrian Min- raunilich konzentrierten Schafrisse in den istry of Sciencc. The collaboration with thc Jahren 1987, 1989 und 1990 (Tab.1). Aus- Carinthian hunters was very important. We are geliist durch die dern Luchs zugeschriebene hohe Zahl an Schafrissen grundete die das langfristige Uberleben der Art in Oster- Karntner Jiigerschaft eine Luchsgruppe, reich nicht garantiercn konnen. deren Mitglieder im Erkennen von Luchsnachweisen ausgebildet wurden. Die erhBhte Aktualitat der Art fuhrte zu vie1 REFERENCES mehr Hinweisen. Von 1990 bis 1992 erfol- gten 180 Meldungen (Tab.’), von dcnen I30 Andera, M. and Cerveny, J., 1994. Atlas of als miiglicli eiiigestuft wurden - der Luchs the distribution of the niarnmals of the schicn in weiten Teileti Karntens verbreitet Surnava Mts. Region (SW Bohemia). Ac- (Abb.3a). Eine im Winter 1992/93 dui-chge- ta Sc. Nat. Brno, 28: 1-111. fuhrte stichprobenartige Kontrolle der Mel- Anderluh, G.. 1982. Reaktionen auf die dungen brachte jedoch kcine konkreten Hin- Wicdereinburgerung des Luchses in weise auf Luchs. Bei den ineisten Fiillen Osterreich. CIC workshop, Sotchi handelte es sich um Fuchs oder Hund. 1993- (USSR). Manuscript, 10 pp. 95 gingen die Mcldungeti zuruck und die Berg von, F. C., Sornmerlatte, M. and Fes- Hinweise verteilten sich auf die Karnischen, tetics, A., 1980. Radiotelcmetrische Kon- die Gailtaler und die Gurktaler Alpen: die trolle von Luchsen nach ihrer Wiederein- Hohcn Tauern und die Karawanken burgerung in Osterreich. In: Festetics, A. (Abb.3b). (ed.): Der Luchs in Europa. Kilda Verlag, In del- angrenzenden Steiermark treten Greven. pp. 297-317. Luchse regelmlssig im Aussetzungsgebiet Breitenmoscr, U,, Breitenmoser-Wursten, in den Gurktaler Alpen und iin sudlichen Ch. and Capt, S., 1998. Re-introduction Teil der Koralpe an der Greiize zu Slowe- and present status of the lynx (Lvns &79) nien auf (Abb.4). In Salzburg kann die An- in Switzerland. Hystrix, 10: 17-30. wesenheit des Luchses im Siidosten des Cop, J., (1995): PO dvch desetletjih od Landes (Lungau) zusammenhiingend mit naselitve risov v Sloveniji. Lovec, 6: dem Vorkomnien in den Gurktaler Alpen 231-238. bestatigt werden. Aus Osttirol gib1 es Cop, J. and Frkovic, A., 1998. The re-intro- einzelne Hinweise. Bisher fehlt jedoch eine duction of the lynx in Slovenia and its sichcre Bestatigung der Anwesenheit des present status in Slovenia and Croatia. Luchses. Oline gut geschulte Pcrsonen siiid Hystrix, 10: 65-76, nicht ube.prufte Luchshinwcise iiiinier niit Eiberle, K., 1972. Lebensweise und Bedcu- Skepsis zu bewerten. Im Gegensatz zu den lung des Luchses in der Kulturlandschaft. ebenfalls wiederangcsiedel ten Populationeri Mammalia depicta (Beih. Z. Siiugetierk.), in Slowenien iind dcr Schweiz sind in Oster- 8: 1-65. reich N achwei se erfolgreicher Festetics, A., 1980. Die Wicdcreinburgerung Fortpflanzung und Totfunde ausserst spkr- des Luchses in Europa. In: Festetics, A. lich (Tab.3, Abb.4). All dies Bcfunde (ed.): Der Luchs in Europa. Kilda Verlag. lasscn den Schluss zu, dass in Osterreich Greven, pp. 224-254. derzcit keine etablierte Luchspopulation ex- Festetics. A., 198 1. Die Wiederansiedlung istieit. Fur die Zukunft braucht es ein lan- des Luchses am Beispiel der Ostalpen. desweites und sogar Iandcrubergreifendes Natur und Landschaft. 56: 120-122. Monitoring-System Lur besseren Erfassung Festctics. A., Von Berg. F.C. and Somnier- des Status und der Vei-breitung des Luchses latte, M.. 1980. Die Wiedcreinburgerung in Osterreich und den angrenzenden Gebi- des Luchses in Osterreich - Ein eten in Italien und Slowenien. Die derzeil- Forschungs- und Artenschutzprojekt. In: ige Situation muss driiigend verbessert wcr- Festetics, A. (ed.): Dci- Luchs in Europa. den. da die vorhaiidenen einzelnen Luchse Kilda Verlag, Grcven. pp. 268-284. 54 T. Hubcr and P. Kaczcnsky

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